PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 10
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,500,482 words · 1483 reading sections
Section 1021
1. The crosier was a badge of diffnify or authority in the form of a shepherd's crook, curved at the upper end and pointed beneath. 2. The pastoral staff' is the same as the crosier. 3. The pectoral is a square plate of g(dd or silver, either jewelled or enamelled, sometimes worn by English and other bishops on the b…
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change ; and, since the rubric of this Prayer-book has not been formally repealed, a ritualistic movement in the English Ciiurch has reintroduced, in some places, almost every detail of the Roman costume in the com- munion and other services — an innovation which has given rise to vigorous resistance in many instances,…
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Veto Act is the popular designation of the cele- brated act on calls passed by the (Jeneral Assembly of tlie Cluirch of Scotland, May 31, 1834, and whicli, being afterwanls declared by the courts of law and the Su- preme Legislature to be illegal and beyond the powers of the Church to enact, gave rise to a collision be…
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Via, Alessandro della, an Italian engraver, flour- ished at Venice about 1730. He engraved some por- traits and other sul)jects in an indifferent style, among which is one of the Virgin and Infant Christ, with St. Sebastian and other saints, after Paul Veronese. See Spooner, Jiiog. Hist, of the Fine Aiis, s. v. Via Do…
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Vicar is one who supplies the place of another. Anciently, when a church was appropriated to any of the religious houses, the monks sup])lied the cure by one of their own brotherhood, and received the reve- nues of the Churcli to their own use. Afterwards, in almost all appropriate churches, it became customarj' tliat …
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likely to reduce the natural rebellion and corruption of the human heart as tliat which God has actually ailopt- ed, namely, by the iiresentation, in the person of the Redeemer, of a specimen of perfect holiness suffering the penalty due to the sinful race from pure motives of philanthropy and piety. This spectacle at …
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Vice (Viccius), FmEDHictr, a Lutheran theologian, was born Sept. 9, 1629, at Breslau, in Silesia. He stud- ied at Wittenberg, and was permitted to lecture there. In 1658 he was appointed co-rector at St. ^lary Magda- lene's in his native place; in 16(!5 he was made dea- con of .St. Elisabeth's; in 1667 professor of the…
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The Obotrites (frequently written Abodrites) were a branch of the stock of Wends or North (Jerman Slavs. They were coarse, cruel, false, and indolent, l)iit given to hospitality towards strangers. Their i^riests held the first |ilace in the public estimation, and exercised a leading influence over public affairs, besid…
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Fine A rts, s. v. Vicentino, Marco, a Venetian painter, son and pupil of Andrea, practiced his art at Venice with con- siderable reputation, and executed many works for tlie churches antl for the collections. His fame, however, is derived more from his father's name than from his own works. See Spooner, Biog. Hist, of…
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Victor OF TuNL'NA was a bishop who died about A.D. 56(5. He was one of the defenders of the so-called Three Chapters (q. v.), and was im|)risoned and banish- ed because of his resistance in op])osing Justinian's edict in condemnation of the chapters. He composed a Chronicon ah Orbe Condito, of which the part extend- in…
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2. Aiitipope against Alexander III. He was pre- viously a cardinal, Octarianiis. Enthroned in 1159, he was recognised and protected by the em|ieror Frederick Barbarossa and en<lorscd by the synods of Pavia in 1160 and of Lodi in 1161, hut never ecpialled his rival in ecclesiastical power or in moral influence. He died …
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Bread formed ■' the staff of life" to the ancient He- brews even more than to ourselves ; but the modes of preparing it have been noticed under other heads. See Bread; Mill. On a remarkable occasion a calf, tender and good, was taken, slain, dressed (roasted, most probably [Cren. xxvii, 7; Exod. xii,8,9; Judg. vi, 19;…
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3. In Eastern climes the chief meal, or what we term <linner, is, in consecpiencc of the heat of the middle pe- riod of the day, deferred till towards evening, a slight repast being taken before noon (.\dam, Rom. Antiq. p. 377, ed. iVIiijor; Potter, ii, 625; Chardin, iv; Jahn, i, 2). But from (jen. xliii, 16, 25, it a…
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Vidal (DE LiENDo), Diego (called the Yoiinqer), a Spanish painter, nephew of Diego the elder, was born at Valmaseda in 1602. He studied theology and paint- ing at Rome, and was canon of the Cathedral of Seville. There are some i)f his works in the sacristy of the Ca- thedral of Valencia, whicli evince considerable skil…
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Viel, De. See Duvbil. Vienna, Council of (Concilium Vindohmense), was held i\Iay 10, 1267, by Guy, cardinal-legate. A consti- tution in nineteen articles was published, very similar to that drawn up in the Council of Cologne in the year preceding. By cauou 3, clerks having wives or coucubiiies were or- ^aENNE 118 …
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Vieux, Renaud le, a French historical painter, flourished in the latter part of the 17th century. He visited Rome for study, and when he returned to France produced many works of considerable merit. He paint- ed several pictures for the Church of the Penitents at Avignon from subjects in the history of John the Baptist…
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Ill the field of morals, Vigilantius draws still nearer to the evangelical position, particularly upon the ques- tion of the celii)acv of the priestliood, which he con- demned, as he did monasticism, with its voluntary vows of poverty and solitude. He reasoned that it is better to contribute regularly to the relief of …
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which induced him to purchase its cessation at the cost of a retraction, in which he approved of the decisions of the late council and the condemnation of the Three Chapters. He died, however, in 655, before he cotdd resume his throne. See Anastasius, Lib. Pontifical., in Mansi, vol. ix ; Liberatus, lireviarium ; Victo…
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Vigils {rir/ili(F, pfrnocta/innes, Trai'vvxi^^Q) is the term by which are designated in the Romish Church the ceremonies of preparation for the observance of one of the great feasts. It originally designated merely the nocturnal religious services of the early Christians in times of persecution, but afterwards was appl…
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Vignoles, Alphoxse des, a Reformed theologian of (jermany, was born Oct. 9, 1649, at the Castle Au- bais, in Lower Languedoc. He studied at Saumur, Par- is, and Oxford, and after his return from the latter place he was, in 1675, appointed pastor at Cailar, where he commenced his chronological studies. After the Revocat…
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Vila, Lorenzo, a Spanish painter, son of Senen, was born at Murcia in 1G82. He was taught by his fa- ther, and executed some very acceptable works for the churches, after which 1^ became an ecclesiastic. He died in 1713. See Spooner, Biog. Hist, of the Fine A i-fs, s. v. Vila, Senen, a Spanish painter, was born in the …
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The term nW, c/iaro//;, from mn, to breathe, to live, qn. place oflioing, though others prefer to derive it from the Arabic chawa, convolrit, in gyriim se flexit, whence chewaon, a tent, or a cluster of tents, an abode of nomads, also denotes a village. The term occurs only in the plural, and only in reference to certa…
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VILLAMENA 784 VILLEGAIGNON Gelehrlen-Lex. s. v.; Winer, ffandhuch dcr ihenlog. Lit- eriitur, i, •220 ; Fiirst, Bil/I. Jud. iii, 478 ; Hoefer, Nouv. Jiiofi. (leneralc. s. v. (B. 1'.) Villamena Fkancesco, an Italian designer and ('i)i;raver, was born at Assisi about loOG. He went to liotne (luring the pontificate of …
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1. Francois, born in 1614, and died Nov. 1, 1682. was the son of Pierre, a public functionary of his native city. As lieutenant of the presidial, he aided in the war against the Huguenots, who pillaged his house in 1662. He left an Abregedu Sacrament de VAutel,\\\\\c\\ Balthasar, one of his sons, published in 1594. 2.…
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The ship in the meantime continued its voyage, im- peded by storms and constantly requiring the services X.— D d'd of all hands at the pumps. A careless sailor burned off its rigging. The provisions gave out, so that rats and mice were eagerly devoured, as were also shoes and log- wood chips. The water also failed. Bu…
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Villiers {de Vile de Man), Philippe de, grand- master of the Knightsof Rhodes, gnnulsiin of tlie French marshal Jean de, was born at Heauvais in 14()4. He was at first grand-hospitaller of the order, later (1513) ambassador to the king, and on Jan. 22, 1521. was elect- ed grand-master in place of Caretto. It was a time…
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VINCENT 787 VINCENT I?eneLHctiiies. A piEclagogical work from the pen of Vincent, entitled l)e Inslitutlune FUiorum Rcfjioruin sen Nobiliuin, lias likewise become famous. It was pub- lished at Basle in 14S1 by Amerbacli, in a volume con- taining also the Tructatus de G rutin Dti ; the Liber de Laudibus Vir<)iiiis Gl…
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Editions of Vincent were published by Baluzius, Cos- ter, and Kliipfel — the latter in Augsburg, 1843. Con- cerning him, see Tillomont, Menurires, xv, 143-147; Dupin, Nouvdle Biblioth. iv, 114 sq. ; Cave, Hist. Lit. i, 425 ; Elpelt, J)es heil. Vine. v. Lerinum Frmuhnumjs- huch, sein Leben u. s. Lehre (Hreslau, 1840); V…
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of these priests in the army and among the victims eluding one of his arms, in the keeping of Pari, in Apu- of the war on the German" border. They collected Ha. See Tillemont, Memuires, v, 215; Ilerzog, Rml- money for the support of the sufferers, and even denied EncyUop. s. v. themselves bread that the hungry might b…
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Vincent, William, D.D., a learned English di- vine, was born in Loudon, Nov. 2, 1739. He ])assed through every gradation of the School of Westminster, and in 1757 was elected scholar of Trinity College, Cam- bridge. In 17t)'2 he returned to Westminster as teach- er, and in that capacity he proceeded from the lowest to …
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The third period of Da Vinci's life begins with this return to Florence. Pietro Soilcrini. the gonfaloniere, now had him enrolled among the artists iu the employ of the government, and procured him a pension. In 1502 Cesare Borgia, captain-general of the pope's ariny, appointed hiiti his chief architect and engineer, a…
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Vine. This well-known and valuable plant is the subject of frequent Biblical notjce and a conspicuous element of ( )riental agriculture. I. The following Hebrew words denote the vine : 1. Gephen ("Sii), or, more definitely, y^YjAew haii-y('n/in (""'"v!' "??)i "f frequent occurrence in the Bible, and used in a general…
1,369 wordsSECTION 1053Section 1053
VINE V92 VINE new grape, another a leaf, and a third even a bunch of the same [)reciuiis materials. See Tk.mple. Even before Israel ruuk jiossession, the land of prom- ise was a land of vineyards (Dcut. vi, 11; xxviii, 29; Numb, xiii, 23) ; and it is interesting to observe with what minuteness the divine legislator…
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^^- the ample foliage affords a delightful shadow 5^5^ (see 1 Kings iv, 25 ; Mic. iv, 4). ~-^-z_-,.- Besides planting the vine and protecting „._ it from aggressors, such as jackals or "little foxes" (Cant, ii, 15), and that wholesale de- stroyer "the boar out of the wood" (Psa. Ixxx, 13), to say nothing of unscrup…
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WlNK-FAT. Approaching Hebron, Dr. Bonar describes the square towers in gardens, corresponding to those mentioned in lsa. V, 2 ; Matt, xxi, 33, and aiids, " These towers seem of considerable size, as if meant for something more than watching; and we are told that in summer the inhabi- tants of the city take up their re…
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is the very life and renovation of his reawakened im- mortality, his "soul thirsteth for God, the living (iod ;" and with great joy it is fliat he draws water from tlie wells of salvation. If true to his privileges, if planted by the river and consfantly resorting to God and the word of his grace, the inner life will b…
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are oak-galls, which he found growing plentifully on dwarf oaks (^Querciis i/ifccforia) in the country beyond the Jordan. He tells us that the Arabs asked him to bite one of these galls, and that tliey laughed when they saw his mouth full of dust. "That these galls are the true Dead Sea apples," it is added, "there can…
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Vines, Kiciiaui), a learned English divine and pop- idar preacher, was born at Blaston, and educated at Magdalene College, Cambridge. From the university he was elected schoolmaster at Hinckley; entered into holy orders, and obtained the rectory of Weddington. In 1644 Mr. Vines was chairman of the assembly of di- vines…
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Ancient Egyptian Vineyard, with a large tank of water. VINEYARDS 797 VIOLA lously cured (2 Kings iv, 39-41). It is to this also that Moses alludes in his prophetic (lescriptioii <if' the ("utiire degeneracy of the Israelites, "For their vine is of the vine of Sodom, and of the fields of (Jomcirrali : their grapes a…
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The old English viol, like the Spanish vifiuela,via9, a six -stringed guitar. Mr. Chappell (Pop. Mus. i, 246) says "the position of the fingers was marked on the finger-board by frets, as in guitars of the present day. The 'chest of viols' consisted of three, four, five, or six of different sizes; one for the treble, o…
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Viibius, in IJoman mythology, is the name under whhdi llippolijtiis lived after Diana had raised him from the dead. She married him to tlie nymph Egeria m the sacred forest at Aricia, and he had a son. whom he also called Yirbius; tliis son fought in tlie army of rurnus against .Eneas. Viret, Peteij, a Swiss reformer,…
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8\ in one (Prov. xxx, 19) vtorrjr, and in two (Gen. xxiv, 43; Isa. vii, 14) Trap^'ivoc. The same word is also rendered cirijo in the Vidg. in these two passages; in Exod. ii, 8, /(«f//(i ,• in Vs,a.\-x.v\\\,-2iy. jiivencida ; in Cant, i, 3 and vi,8, adolescent ula ; and in i'rov. xxx, 19, adolescentiu, after the Sept. …
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Virgin Chimes are the first chimes rung after twelve o'clock on Christmas-eve; also the first chimes rung on a peal of bells newly consecrated. Virgin Mary. See Mary. Virgines Dki orCiiRisxi is a common name forvvns (<\. v.). As early as the 2d century bfidily mortification and a contemplative life were regarded by m…
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Virgo Virginum ( Virgin ofrirgins) is a devotion- al title in the l>atin Church for the Virgin Mai~y. Virllis, in Roman mythology, was a surname of Fortviia, a goddess of luck for men, just as Fortiina Mulkbris was a goddess of luck for women. As early as the time of Ancus Mircius or of Servius Tullius, a tenijile was…
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Visconti was the name of an illustrious family of Lombardy, which separated itself from the sovereignty of Milan at the close of the 13th century. The follow- ing members are of ecclesiastical importance : 1. Giovanni de', fourth son of Matteo the Great, was born in 1290, and, having entered the monastic life, was mad…
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If we are to believe the votaries of Vishnu and those who have written in praise of him, we must believe that he stands alone as the incom]iarable chief of the liiadil pautheoii. He is presented to us under almost ol \ishuu. innumerable aspects. As the supreme deity he formed heaven and earth. He is the indefinable o…
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Visit C^pQ, £7r«Tic£7rrojuo(). Little mention is made in the Bible of ceremonies or complimentary visits of a social character. See Courtesy. Guests were wel- comed with water to wash their feet (Gen. xviii, 4; xxiv, 32; Judg. xix, 21 ; 1 Sam. xxv, 41 ; Luke vii, 44, etc.; comp. Shaw, Travels, p. 208); just as in moder…
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The Visitatio liminnm should be made by the prelate in proper person, but, in case of need, a substitute spe- ciallv authorized may be employed by him. The in- creased facilities of travel in modern times have made such visitations a matter of regular recurrence, and the substitution for them of a written report is now…
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Viso, Fray Cristobal del, a Spanish painter of the 17th century, resided at Madrid, and at one time held the office of commissary -general of the Indies. He painted all the saints of the Order of San Francisco for the chapter-house of the convent of that order at Cordova. He was a monk of the same order, and died at Ma…
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and rearranged his materials, and the accounts of those who again prepared his writings for the press (viz. his son, Samuel Vital of Damascus; the polygrapher Jacob Zemach, a Portuguese physician in Palestine, 1619-52; and his German pupil Bleir Poppers at Jerusalem, ob. 1022), and, lastlv, a comparison of the differen…
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Vitellius, Erasmus, a Polish bishop, was born about 1470, at Cracow, of obscure parentage. He stud- ied in the university of that place at the expense of the family of Ciolek de Vitellio, whose name he as- sumed. In 1491 he became doctor at the university, and in lo04 was nominated by prince Alexander as bishop of rioc…
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Vitry, I^DOUARD i>e, a learned French pliilologer and numismatist, was born about 1670. He entered the Order of St. Ignatius, studied at Paris, and was engaged VITRY 807 VIVES all bis life in antiquarian pursuits. He died about 1730, For his productions, see Biographie Unicerselle, s. V. Vitry, Machsor of p^a'^'l …
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The following years were spent by Vives at Bruges in undisturbed quietness engaged in literary occupa- tions. The ripest fruit of liis mind is the work De Dis- ciplinis Lib. XX (Antwerp, 1551), a cyclopedic presenta- tion of the sciences, which is characterized by a wide reading, frequent exercise of penetrating and so…
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Vliet, John George van, a Dutch painter and en- graver, was born at Delft in 1610. He was a disciple of Uembrandt, hut little is known of his work as a paint- er. He left about ninety prints, from his own designs, after Rembrandt and after J. Lievens, which are exe- cuted in an excellent manner and with good effect. A…
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As a controversialist, Voetius was vehement, and not careful as respects the choice of his weapons. His works afford abundant evidence that he believed, in a practical way, that the end hallows the means. His most violent campaign was that directed against the Cartesian philosophy in the persons, at first, of the Utrec…
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VOGEL 810 YOLANUS Vogel, Paul Joachim Siegmtind, a Protes- tant tluMilogiaii t»f (icrinanv, was liorii Jan. 13, 1753, at Nureniborg. For a luimljcr of years he acted as teach- er in liis native place; was called to Altdorf in 1793 as deacon and professor of theoloi^y; and in 1>S()8 he was called to Krlangeii as doct…
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Vois, Reni$ de, a French ecclesiastic, was born in Poitiers in 1665, and entered the Order of the Carmel- ites under the name of Theodore of St. Rene, by which he is chiefly known. After fulfilling the charge of com- missary-apostolic in England, and that of commissary- general of the Carmelites in France, he resigned …
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iibersetzt und mit Anmerkungen, etc. (Hanover, 1788) : Primce. Linece Grammatics Hebrcece, etc. (Lips. 1788): — Jeremias au/'s Neue iibersetzt, etc. (Zelle, 1795). See Winer, Handbuch der theol. Literatur, i, 293, 555, 599. 607 ; Fiirst, Bibl. ,hid. iii, 486 ; Steinschneider, Bibliog. Handbuch, p. 144. (B. P.) Volney…
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prisoned as the alleged author of lampoons on Louis XI V, which appeared alter the king's death. In the Bastile he wrote part of his epic the /Jeiniiidc, and completed hi.s tragedy (Kdipe ; on reading whicli the regent re- leased hin). On account of an altercation with a ciiev- alier Hohan-Chabot, he was banished, and …
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Volterra, Francesco ni, an Italian architect of the 16ih century, was originally a carver in wood, but devoted himself to architecture, and, among other edi- fices, erected the Church of San Giacomo degli Incurabili at Rome, the Lancillotti Palace, and the nave of the Church della Scala. This last is stately in appeara…
963 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.