PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 10
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,500,482 words · 1483 reading sections
Section 541
The author of Shilte llar/f/ibhorim (c. 2) gives the *ireck KinfiaXo}' as the equivalent of tuph, and says it \vas a hollow basin of metal, beaten with a stick of brass or iron. The (li/of the Arabs is described by Russell (Aleppo [1st ed. J, p. 94) as "a hoop (sometimes with pieces of brass fixed in it to make a jing…
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TIME 411 TIME Mosaic legislation certainly a different import from the Rabbinical onlinance (see Yriemoet, Obsei-r. Misc. p. 284 sq. ; Gerdes, />« Festo Claiu/oris [Duisb. 1700; also in his Exercit.Acad.Y). See New Moon. Nor does the expression " in the end of the j'ear" (nyi'il nX^B"), with reference to the Feast o…
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Prior to the exile the individual months were usual- ly designated by numbers (the twelfth month occurs in 2 Kings xxv, 27; Jer. Iii, 31 ; Ezek. sxix, 1 ; comp. 1 Kings iv, 7) ; yet we find also the following names : Ear-month (2'^2Xn ^"IH, Exod. xiii, 4 ; xxiii, 15; Deut. xvi, 1, etc.), corresponding to the later Nisa…
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4. Bay (U'^, so called from its heat; n'mipa). The civil day (i/iii^3'/'/^Epoj', 2 Cor. xi, 25) was reckoned by the Hebrews from sundown to sundown (Lev. xxiii, 32) ; most other ancient nations computed time according to the moon's course ( I'liny, ii, 79; Tacit. Germ. c. xi; C;T3sar, Bell. Gull, vi, 18; Isidore, Oriff…
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Tini'nah (Ileb. Timnali', f'>i^Pi.porHo7i), the name of several places in Palestine, which appears in the orig- inal, either simple or compounded, in several forms, not always accurately represented in the A. V. We treat under this head only the simple name, reserving the com|)ounds for a separate article. See also Tim…
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TDINITE 4U TIMOTHY niches for lamps: the trailing boughs of the bushes above hang down pictures(juely, and half cover the cn- i ranee. ^Vitllin are three kokim. or cells, and through the central one it is possible to creep into a second cham- ber witii only a single grave. C)ther tombs exist far- ther east, one havi…
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Tini'othy (Tt/noSrEoc, i. e. Timotheus [q. v.], as the name is given in the A. V. Acts xvi, 1; xvii, 14, 15; xviii, 5; xix, 22; xx, 4; Rom. xvi, 21 ; 1 Cor. iv, 17; xvi, 10; 2 Cor. i, 19; Phil, i, 1 ; ii, 19; Col. i, 1 ; 1 Thess. i, 1 ; iii, 2, 6 ; 2 Thess. i, 1), one of the most interesting of Paul's converts of whom …
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A great obstacle, however, presented itself. Timo- thy, though inheriting, as it were, from the nobler side (Wettstein, ad loc), and therefore reckoned as one of the seed of Abraham, had been allowed to grow up to the age of manhood without the sign of circumcision, and in this point he might seem to be disclaiming the…
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TIMOTHY 416 TIMOTHY ciders of Ephesus (ver. 17-35) renders it unUkcl.v that lie was tlien left tliere with authority. The absence of liis name from eh. xxvii in like manner leads to the conclusion tiiat he did not share in the perilous voyage to Italy. He must iiave joined him, however, apparent- Iv. soon after his …
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4. Legendary Notices. — Timothy continued, according to the old traditions, to act as bishop of Ephesus (Euseb. Hist. Kccles. iii, 4, 2 ; Const. Ajwsf. vii, 46 ; see Lange, lie Tim. Episcopo Ephes. [Lips. 1755]), and died a martyr's death under Domitian or Nerva (Niceph. Hist. Eccles. iii, 11; Photius, Cod. 254). The g…
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2 Tim. Ignatius seems to allude when he writes to Poly- carp (c. 6), " Please him whose soldiers ye are, and from whom j'ou receive paj''" (comp. 2 Tim. ii, 4) ; and Poly- carp (.-1 d Pliilippen. c. 5) : " He has promised us that if we walk worthily of him, we shall reign with him" (comp. 2 Tim. ii, 11, 12). To the epi…
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Ti:^[OTIIY, FIRST EPISTLE TO 418 TIMOTHY, FIRST EPISTLE TO tion to the aiithorsliip of Ecclcsiastes. If the Pastoral Epistles are not Pauline, the writer clearly meant them to pass as such, and the (iiiiintis (kcijrif-mU wonlil be there in its most tiagrant form. They would have to take their place with tlie Pseudo-Cl…
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2. A nachronism. — It has been urged (chiefly by Eich- \wrn, Eiideit.\).Z\b) against therecepfion of the Pastoral Epistles that they cannot be fitted into the records of Paul's life in the Acts. To this there is a threefold an- swer. (1.) The difficulty has been enormously exagger- ated. If the dates assigned to them m…
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Carefully elaborated as this part of Baur's attack has been, it is, perhaps, tlie weakest and most capricious of all. The false teachers of the Pastoral Epistles are pre- dominantly Jewish, voiioctdciaK-aXoi (1 Tim. i, 7j, be- longing altogether to a different school from that of Marcion, giving heed to "Jewish fal)le…
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5. In I Tim. i, 20 mention is made of Hymenffius as a heretic whom the writer makes Paul say he had ex- communicated; but this is a mistake, for in 2 Tim. ii, 17 we tind Hymenreus still a member of the Church at Ephesus, and such a mistake could not have been made bv Paul. Here, however, it is assumed without proof (I)…
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10. De Wette maintains that the injunction in v, 23 is so much beneath the dignity of an apostle that we cannot suppose it to have proceeded from such a writer as Paul. But what is there in such an injunction less dignified than in many injunctions of an equally famil- iar nature scattered through Paul's epistles? And …
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hardly have been passed over in silence either by Luke in the Acts, or by Paul himself in writing to the Co- rinthians. Indeed, the theory of unrecorded travels of this kind is altogether gratuitous. There is no period after the formal appointment of Paul as a missionary during whicli it was possible, so fully have we …
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The precise date of the tirst epistle we have, never- theless, no means of fixing. In Phil, ii, 24 the apostle expresses a hope of visiting that Church shortlv. Car- rying out this intention, he would, after his liberation, proceed to Macedonia, whence we must suppose him passing into Asia, and visiting Ephesus (A.D. 6…
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TIMOTHY, SECOND EPISTLE TO 423 TIMOTHY, SECOND EPISTLE TO etc. (Bed. 1837, 8vo) ; Leo, Comment ariiis CLips. 1837-49, 2 vols. 8vo); Matthies, A"///oV. [iiicliul. Tit.] (Greifsw. 1840, 8vo); Mack [K. (.'.], Conniieiitdi- [iiiclud. Tit.] (Tub. 1841, 8vo); *Scliarlin,n-, r/;/<-/-.s(/t7(. etc. (from the Danish, Jeii. 184C…
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Shall we, then, assign the epistle to a later period of that same imprisonment '? Against this also lie difficul- ties. Before we can admit it, we must suppose that Timothy and ]\Iark, who did not accompany Paul to Rome, had shortly after followed him thither, and, after remaining awhile, left Paul, and were again requ…
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(3.) The position of Paul as suffering (i, 12), in bonds (ii, 9), expectiuL' "the time of his depaiture" (iv, G), forsaken 1)V almost all (ver. 16)— not quite decisive, but tending to B" rather llnin A. The langujige of the epistles belouildug to the liist imprisonmeu: iniply, it is true, bonds (Phil, i, 13. ICi; Epli.…
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On the whole, it is believed that the evidence pre- ponderates strongly in favor of the later date, and that the epistle, if we admit its genuineness, is therefore a strong argument for believing that the imprisonment of Acts xxviii was followed by a period, first of renewed activity, and then of suffering. II. Place.…
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land to Marseilles by a thirty days' journey (Diod. Sic. V, 2) ; but Strabo (iii, 175) tells us that the Pha'uicians alone carried on this traffic in former times from tiades, concealing the passage from every one; ami that on one occasion, when the Bomans followed one of their vessels in order to discover the source o…
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Tindale, William. See Tyndale, William. Tingstad, Johan Apolf, a Protestant divine, doc- tor of theology, and bishop of Strengnas, in Sweden, where he died Dec. 10, 1827, is the author of De Orlu et Cognitione Linguarum Orientalium ((ireifswalde, 1708) : — Animadrersiones Philologica: et Criticce ad Vaticirdum Huhacuc…
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TIPPELSKIRCH 427 TIRATIIITE ing to aid him in his enterprise, passed the stream (Xenoph. Anab. i, 4, 11). There, too, Darius Codo- mannus crossed on his flii;ht from Issus (Arrian, Exji. Al. ii, 13); and Alexander, following at liis leisure, made his passage at the same point {ibid, iii, 7). A bridge of boats was us…
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Ti'rathite (Heb. Tirati', "^PlS'llPl, patrial from some unknown n"Tri, Tirauh [a (/ate (Gesenius) or fssure (Fiirst)] ; Sept. 'Apya^ivfi v. r. Qapyabiijx and TaSreip ; Vulg. canentes'), the designation of one of the three fam- ilies of Scribes residing at Jabez (1 Chron. ii, 55), the others being the Shimeathites and S…
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it not for the possibility that Tirhakah rided overEthi- t)pia before becoming king of Egypt. In connection with this theory it must be observed tliat an earlier Ethiopian of tlie same dynasty is called in the Bilde "So, king of Egypt," while this ruler is called " iirha- kah, king of Ethiopia,"' and that a I'haraoh is…
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/Cx T reached the I'illars of Hercules is not sup- \'^^\ " ported by other evidence. It is probable l-*^ " that at the close of his reign he found the I ^ / K Assyrians too powerful, and retired to his ^^■"^ Etiiiopian dominions. — Smith ; Fairbairu. Hieroglyphic See Wilkinson, Anc. Egypt, i, 140 sq. ; Cartoucli Bmn-g…
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Tir'zah (Heb. Tirtsah', n^nP, delight ; Sept. eeprrd V. r. [in the case of No. 2] OtpniXd and Ofp/ita ; Vulg, I Thersa), the name of a woman and also of a place. See also Cypress; Tizite. I 1. The last named of the five daughters of Zelophe- had, of the tribe of Manasseh, whose case originated the TIRZAH 430 TISCr…
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Tiscliendorf, Loinxuvrr FRiEnmcii Constantin VON, the most prominent scholar in the department of New-Test, palieography, was born Jan. 18, 1815, at Len- genfeld, in Saxony. Having been prepared at the gym- nasium at Plancn for the university, he entered, at Easier, 1834, aged nineteen, the halls of Leijisic. Here Gott…
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As to his publications, they are very numerous. We must here f)ass over his essays, reviews, etc., and shall confine ourselves to his most important works. Besides those already mentioned, they are, in chronological order, Code.r Ephidi mi Si/ri Rescriptits (Lips. 1843-45, 2 vols.) : — Mouuiiii iiiii Siii-ra Ineditu si…
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Tischei", Johann Fkiedrich Wilhelji, a German Protestant divine, was born at Tautschen, near Torgau, in the year 1767. In 1792 he was called to the pastorate of his native city; in 1794 he was appointed superin- tendent at Jiilerbogk; four years later he was called to Plauen, and in 1823 to Pirna, having in the meantim…
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Tisri, or rather Tisiiid ("I'j'i'ri, from "iirn, to bei/in), was the Rabbinical name of tlie first montli of the civil and the seventli month of the ec(desiastical year, in which fell the festival of Atonement and that of Tal)er- nacles. In 1 Kings viii, 2 it is termed the month of F.thaniin, that is, the month of stre…
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It will be seen that the book of Deuteronomy only mentions the second or vegetable tithe as well as its triennial conversion into the poor tithe, omitting alto- gether the first or Levitical tithe; while the books of Leviticus and Numbers, which discuss the Levitical tithe, pass over in silence the second or feast tith…
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On the other hand, Rlaimonides says the third and sixth years' second tithe was shared between the poor and the Levites, i. e. that there was no third tithe .^7Je Jur. Pdiip. vi, 4). Selden an"d Michaelis remark tliat the burden of three titiies. besides the lirst-fruits, would be excessive. Selden thinks tliat the thi…
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2. The priestly tithe, also called tithe of the tithe O'^.'-i/T^ "'b?.^; "'b>:2n I"? "'bS'P, Numb, xviii, 26); the heave-offering of the tithe C^bi'O r''3^~Pl), cnrap- ■)(>)Q ciTTapxi] (Philo, De Nom. Mut.), or StvTspn^eicarai (Jerome, on Ezek. xlv'). This tithe had to be sepa- rated by the Levite from the tenth he had…
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asmuch as the poor tithe took its place (Maimonides, lad Ha-Chezuka, Hilrhoth Mathamith Anjim, vi, 4). The poor could go into a field where the poor tithe was lying and demand of tlie owner to satisfy their wanls. The minimum quantity to be given to them was de- fined as follows: If the tithe be of wheat, i cab; tiarle…
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During the monarchy, the payment of tithes was neglected, and it seems that the kings claimed them for themselves (1 Sam. viii, 14, 15, 17; with 1 Mace, ii, 35). It w-as, however, re-established at the restoration of re- ligion by the pious llezekiah (2 Chron. xxxi, 5, (!, 12), and after the return of the .Jews from th…
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The introduction of tithes into England is ascribed to Offa, king of Mercia, at the close of the 8th centurv ; and the usage passed into other divisions of Saxon iMigland, and was finally made general by Efhelwolf. Tliev were made obligatory in Scotland in the 9th century, and not long after in Ireland. At first the ch…
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chael Angelo. Declining the office of the leaden seal, he returned to Venice, only to receive an invitation from Cliarles V to visit the court of Spain, and reached Madrid in 1550. Here he became a gentleman of the emperor's bedcliamber, a count palatine of the empire, received the Order of St. Jago, and had bestowed u…
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In the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States, canon 19 of 1882, "of the titles of those who are to be ordained priests," declares — "No person shall be ordained priest unless he shall produce to the bishop a satisfactory certificate from some church, parish, or conirregation that he is engaged with them, an…
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2. His Known Journeys. — Taking the passages in the epistles in the chronological order of the events referred to, we turn first to Gal. ii, 1, 3. We conceive the jour- ney mentioned here to be identical with that (recorded in Acts xv) in which Paul and Barnabas went from Antioch to Jern.salem to the conference which w…
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451, G74 ; ii, 2, 7, 124). It has been more recently given by Prof. Stanley {L'orintlmuis, 2d ed. p. 348, 492), but it has been worked out by no one so elaborately as by Prof. Lightfoot {Camb. Journal of Classical and ,Sacred I'hiloloyy, ii, 201, 202). There is some danger of con- fusing Titus and the brother- (2 Cor. …
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3. Tnidiliimiiri/ Close of his Career. — Whatever else remains is legendary, though it may contain elements of truth. Titus is connected by tradition with Dalma- tia, and h(4 is said to have been an object of much rev- erence in that region. This, however, may simply be a result of the passage quf)ted immediately above…
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As to internal features, we may notice, in the first place, that the Epistle to Titus has all the characteris- tics of the other Pastoral Epistles. See, for instance, TTiariiQ 6 Xoyof (iii, 8), iiyiannwaa SiSaaKaXia (i, 9; ii, 1; comp. i, 13; u,S), (jiij(f>povtiv, <Tt!j(f)pioi', moippiU'iijt; (\, 8 : ii, f>, 6, 12), (T…
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As contirmatory of this have been adduced the two other facts above referred to as mentioned in the epis- tle itself, viz. the visit of Apollos to Crete, and Paul's in- tention to winter at Nicopolis. From Acts xix, 1 we learn that during the time Apollos was residing at Cor- inth, whence he had gone from Ephesus, Paul…
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been finally apprehended and taken to Rome, whence he wnite the Second Ei)istle to 'I'iinothy. Other possible combinations may be seen in BirUs [Hone Apvslolicw, at the end of his edition of the lloroe I'aulince, p. '299- 301) and in Wordsworth {Greek Testament, iii,41«,421). It is an undoubted mistake to endeavor to i…
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Titus, bishop OF BosTRA, in Arabia, was driven from his see, under Julian, A. U. 362; returned imder Valen- tinian ; antl died about A.D. 371. He wrote Contra Manichaos Lib. Ill, which is extant in a Latin transla- lation in J3iblii>t/i. I'atr. torn. iv. A discourse On the Branches oj' Palm, (ireek and Latin, and a Com…
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Tobey, Zalmon, a Baptist minister, was born in Norfolk, Conn., July 27, 1791. His parents were Con- gregationalists. He pursued his collegiate studies for a time at Williams College, and then became a mem- ber of Brown University, where he graduated in the class of 1817. In the fall of this year, he was ordained to the…
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published by A. Jellinek (Leips. 1855-58). The whole MS. is in the Bodleian Library at Oxford {Cud. Vri 124). See Fiirst, Bibl. JuJ. iii, 427 ; (iriitz, Gesch. d. Juden, vi, 159; Valio, Cyclop. &.v.\ Etheridge, /H/roJ. ^o lleb.TAt- enilure, p. 233, 40f); De' Rossi, IHziomirio iStoi-ico (Ger- man transl.), p. 314; Z\.\n…
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II. Vesign and Contents. — The object of this book is to show that God, in his mysterious providence, perrilits sore calamities to befall the most |)ioiis and God-fearing in the very act of, and apparently for, obeying his com- mandments, but that he at the same time exercises a special care over them in the midst of t…
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(2.) The opinion that it is a moral fiction was first thrown out by Luther {Vorrede aufs Buch Tobia [Bi- ble, ed. 1534]), and has since been maintained by Rai- nold {Censur. i, 72G), J. A. Fabricius, Biuldeus {Hist. Ec- cles. ii, 489), Paul Fagius, Eichhorn (Einleit. p. 401 sq.), Bertholdt (Einleit. v, 2477 sq.), De We…
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2. The religious character of the book is one of its most important and interesting features, inasmuch as it shows the phases of faith which obtained prior to the advent of Christ, and exjilains many points in the New Test. Few probably can read the book in the Sept. text without assenting to the favorable judgment of …
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IV. Ori'/iiKil Language, Versions, Condition of the Text, etc. — 1. The whole complexion of the book shows that it is of Palestinian origin, and hence many have as- sumed that the languages in which the traditional story was first written down were Hebrew and Aramaic. In- deed, Jerome tells us that he made his Latin ve…
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TOBIT, BOOK OF 448 TOBIT, BOOK OF more fluent in style, as well as more explicit in its ren- clerini^.s, and it is to be rcgrctteil that it lias survived as a tVaginent, containing only i, I-vi, l'2(/>ihl. Lot. ii,70()). I here also existed another Latin version, as is evident from the quotations of this book contai…
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The Catholic Church— bishop Gray, Ilgen .... B.C. 6S9-600 Ewiild " :{f)0 Her/.reld 300 Beilholdt 250-200 Eichhniii A.D. 10 Fiilnicius 100 Griitz 1^0 But though internal evidence leaves it beyond the shadow of a doubt that the book was compiled after the Babylonian captivity, yet the arguments adduced by Griitz {…
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As to tlie Reformed Church, though Luther was the first who separated the deutero-canonical from the canon- ical books, yet he entertained the highest opinion of the book of Tobit. " If it is history," says the great Re- former, " it is tine holy history ; but if fiction, it is indeed right beautiful, wholesome, profit…
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TOCHEN 450 TODD Geogr. PttlestincF. ah A iino CCCXXXHT usque nd A mum J/ (Dresden, 187.')). Ti.bler liied Jan. -.'l. 1«71, at ;\hi- iiicli. The interesting lite oftliis man will be found in Helm's Dr. Titus Tobler,der Piddxtinafdhrer : Kin ap- rieuzellisches Lebensbild : Xdch handscliHJ'Uichen Quelkn bvarbdM (Zurich…
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Todd, John (1), a Presbyterian minister, was a graduate of Nassau Hall in 1749, and was taken on trial by the New Brunswick Presbytery, May 7, 1750. He was licensed Nov. 13, and went to Virginia. A call was laid before the Presbytery May 22, 1751, and he was or- dained on its acceptance. He was installed, by Han- over …
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Togarmah, however, as a geographical term, is connect- ed with Armenia, and the subsequent notices of the name (xxvii, 14; xxxviii, 6) accord with this view. Armenia was, according to Strabo (xi, 13, 9, 529), dis- tinguished by the production of good horses (comp, Xenoph. .4?»(i. iv, 5, 24; Herod, vii, 40). The coun- t…
1,244 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.