PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 10
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,500,482 words · 1483 reading sections
Section 661
16. Sok (TjD) or Sukkdh (n~p), a booth or canojiy of leafy boughs, as a habitation for man or beast ("booth," Lev. xxiii, 42, 43; Neh. viii, 14, 15, 10, 17; Job xxxi, 20; Jon. iv, 5; "pavilion," Psa. xxxi, 20 ; "cottage," Isa. i,8; "tabernacle," iv, 0), such as Jacob constructed (Gen. xxi, 17), and the Israelites occup…
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Torgau, Convention ov. Among the German Re- formers tliere was considerable difference of ojiinion on various subjects, which opinions were advanced and sup- ported with great warmth. All good men friendly to the new Church were desirous of a termination of so many bitter contests, because it was manifest that the papi…
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ISUMEXT. Torquemada (Lat. Turrecremata'), Juan de, a, celebrated Spanish Dominican, was born at Valladolid in 1388. He became a friar in 1403 ; accompanied his superior to the Council of Constance in 1417; graduated from the University of Paris in 1424; taught theology there; was admitted doctor of the Sorbonne in 142…
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Torrey, Reubeu, a Congregational minister, was born at Weymouth, Mass., April 3, 1789, and was a graduate of Brown University in the class of 1816. He was licensed to preach in 1817 by the Khode Island Congregational (Consociation, and, while pursuing his theological studies, preached more or less in different places. …
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TORTOSA, COUNCIL OF 498 TOSAPHOTH Water-tortoise of Palestine {hmys Cwpica). these, several marsh-tortoises {Emys, etc.) are common in tlic lr<v;h waters of tliose regions, and are particular- ly iniiil)lesomo to iiorses wadingc or drinking (see Wood, hibk A iiiinals, p. 507 sq.). See Zoology. Tortosa, Council of {…
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See U.irnum, Romanism as If Is (index); Jardine, On the Use of Torture in the Criminal Laiu of Krie/land (Lond. 1839, 8vo); Maclanrin, Introduction to Criminal Trials ; Nicolas, Si la Torture est vn Moi/en Sir a verifier les Crimes Secrets (1681, r2mo) ; Reitemaier, Sur la Question chez les Gives et les Eomains; Mitter…
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(1810, 8v()) : — Tlistorical View of the Protestant Dissenters in Enyland under Kiii'i William (1814, 8vo) : — besides single sermons, works on baptism, etc. See Allibone, Diet, of Brit, und A vier. A uthors, s. v. ; Darling, Ci/cloj). Biblioi/. s. v. Toulouse, Councils of (Concilium Tolosanuni). These councils were h…
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14. Forbids the laity to have in their possession any copy of the books of "the Old and New Test, except the Psalter and such portions of them as are contained in the Breviary or the Hours of the Ble^^sed Virgin; most strictlv forbids these works in the vulirar tongue. 16. Declares all wills to be void which are not m…
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Tournon, Charles Thomas, Maillard de, an Italian cardinal, was born at Turin Dec. 21. 1008. He received his education at the Propagaixla at Rome, where he sidisequently tanglit. He was made chatiiberlain of honor, and in 1701 was raised to the dignity of patriarch of Antioch, and confided with the difficult mission of …
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.5. Orders each Chnnli to maintain its own poor, that they may not be obli^^ed to wander uboul. 6. Forbids clerks and lay persons to give letters com- mendatory {i>p>xti)liU7)i), iuid allows this to bishops oidy. 12. Orders married bishops to live with their wives as with sisters. 1.5. Or<lers that monks who leave t…
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4. Is directed airainsr ilie All)igenses, ,ind foibids all in- tercourse with them : forbids even to ^'ive them a retreat or protection, or to buy and sell with them. 5. Forbids to let churches to priests for an annual rent. S. Forbids monks to lenve tlieir cloisters iu order to practice medicine or to learn the civi…
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See Mansi, xv, 1001. — Landon, Manual of Councils, s. v. Tousi, Councils of {Concilium Tulleme, or apud Saponarias),v/eTe held at Tousi, a place in the diocese of Toul. I. This conncil was held in June, 859. Charles the Bald and the sons of the emperor Lothaire were present. Thirteen canons were iniblished, of which …
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bj' his son Jotham in the forests ((•ho7-eshim) of Judah (2 Chron. xxvi, 10; xxvii, 4). Remains of such fori ilicat ions may still be seen, wiiich, though not jierhaps themselves ol remote anticpiity, yet very probably have succeeded to more ancient structures built in the same places Ibr like purposes ( Robinson, Bibl…
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The towers belonging to the style described in the arti- cle Saxon AiicniTECTUiiK (q. v.) are square and massive, not of lofty proportions, and a|)parently never were ]iro- vided with stone staircases. Some of them are consid- erably ornamented, as at the churches of Barnack and Earl's Barton, Northamptonshire; and oth…
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Tow^ers, .Joseph, LL.l)., a Dissenting min- ister, was born in South- walk, London, in 17o7, and was apprenticed to Mr. Goadby, printer, at Sherborne, Dorsetshire, in ITo-l. He returned to London in 17(U. where he worked at his trade, and afterwards became a book-seller. He was ordained a preacher in 1774, and was chos…
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As to the varied condition of cities in pre-exilian times of Palestine we have only disconnected notices. The oldest ones of the land were destroyed by a natural or miraculous combustion in Abraham's time (Gen. xix, 24 sq.). During the conipiest by the Israelites many were destroyed by fire (Josh, vi, 24, 26 ; xi, 13),…
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The gates of cities were guarded during the day by sentinels, who looked out from the turret on the walls into the distance (2 Sam. xviii, 24 sq. ; 2 Kings ix, 17 sq. ; comp. Ezek. xxvii, 11), and either with the voice or with a horn gave the news (Jer. vi, 17 ; Ezek. iii, 6). Night patrols are also mentioned (Cant.' …
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To'wnley, James (2), D.D., an eminent Wcsleyan minister, was born in ^Manchester, England, !May 11, 1774. His early education was received at the school of Hev. David Simpson (q. v.) of Macclesfield. The training of his pious mother and the impressions made upon his heart by the funeral services of his lamented teacher…
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TOWNSEND 509 TRACHONITIS Tour in Italy in 1850, u-ith an Account of an Tntervicw with the Pope at the Vatican (I80O, 8vo). Soe AUibone, Diet, of Brit, and A mcr. A uthurs, s. v. ; Darling, ( 'ydup. Jiihlioi). s. V. Townsend, John, an English Dissenting minis- ter, was iMini M.ircli -'4,1757, in the jiarish of Wliit…
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Tozer, Henry, a learned Puritan divine, was born at North Tawton, Devonshire, in 1002; was educated at Exeter College, Oxford, and was chosen fellow in 1623. Having taken orders, he was engaged in moder- ating, reading to novices, and lecturing in the chapel. He was adverse to overturning the establishment of the Churc…
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At first sight it might appear as if Trachon, or Tiri- ckonitix (Tfio\iov, or Tpa^^^dji iric), were only a (ireek name applied to one of the subdivisions of the ancient kingdom of Pashan ; yet there is evidence to show that it is a translation of a more ancient Shemitic appella- tion, descriptive of the physical nature…
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It is a remarkable fact that the great cities of Ar- gob. famed at the time of the Exodus for their strength, exist still. The houses in many of them are perfect. The massive city walls are standing ; and the streets, though long silent and deserted, are in some places com- lilete as those of a modern town. The city ga…
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A peculiarity of written language is that its dissemi- nation challenges co-operation from many not called to the office of preaching. Copyists, printers, purchas- TRACTS AND TRACT SOCIETIES 512 TRACTS AND TRACT SOCIETIES trs, ami distributors may in their several spheres co- operate to bring tlie triitb dt'diod by m…
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The present is a rcailing age, and while, on the one hand, it is important to antagonize the evils resulting from bad reading in all its forms, on the other hand there is no community in which many persons may not be found who will have little, if any, good reading that is not brought to them by the hand of benevolence…
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h\ the 17th century several traces are found of asso- ciations for promoting the printing and sale of religious works, while much good resulted from the efforts of in- dividuals, both in England and on the Continent. At lengtli, movements on a larger scale began to be made in the line of associated efforts for the diff…
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The Reports of the society from year to year have been replete with interesting details, not only of progress, but also of results; and yet it may safely be inferred that the good which has been directly and indirectly accom- plished tln-(,ngh its instrumentality has not "half been told. F:ternity only can reveal the f…
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jyvPAN.— Active measures are in progress for the prep- aration and diffusion of Christian tracts and books in Japan Bnt as vet such efforts are limited to the various missions aided by the principal Bible and Tract societies of England and America. AusTiiAT.iA.— Tract Society of Sydney, 1S23 ; Tract So- cietv of Van D…
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As a summary showing of the work accomplished by a distributing tract society, the following items are copied from the Report of the New York City Mission and Tract Society for 1880 : KESlir.TS OF fifty-three YEAKS' PRACTIOAT. WORIC. Years of missionary labor l,21f> Missionary visits 2,342,205 Tracts in English and…
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In addition to facts heretofore stated, it must be borne in mind that tlie Sunday-school unions (q, v,") of the United States have to a large extent provided the Sunday-school tracts and books used by the different churches, and thus covered an important department TRACY of publication embraced within the operations …
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In this respect, however, a notable division existed among the Jews themselves, which has been transmit- ted to the modern rei^resentatives of the two great par- ties. The leading tenet of the Sadducees was the ne- gation of the leading tenet of their opponents. As the Pharisees asserted, so the Sadducees denied, that …
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TRADITION 518 TIIADUCIANISM brew account, nor, in fact, any contemporary account, of the history of the Jews in Palestine, exce|)t wliat may be contaiiieii in the short works eiititleci Ezra and Neliemiah. The last named of these works docs not carry the history much later than one hundred years after the return fro…
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Traditores (snrrenderers or traitors), a name ap- plied by the ancient Christians to those persons who de- livered up their Bible and sacred utensils of the Church to the heathen in time of persecution. See Bingham, Christ. Antiq. bk. xvi, ch. vi, § 25. Traducianisni is the belief that the souls of chil- dren, as well…
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issue edicts for the gradual sup- pression of the new teaching which transformed men into hat- ers of the gods. The adminis- tration of the younger Pliny as governor of Bithynia was com- plicated with matters growing out of the rapid extension of Christianity and the consequent rage of the heathen population within his…
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2. Used as the Greek word is by Luke (Acts, ttt sup.) "the physician," and, in this special sense,. by him only, ill the New Test., it would be interesting to inquire what precise meaning it had in the medical terminology of the time. From the time of Hippocrates, who uses it to describe the loss of conscious pcrcciiti…
1,081 wordsSECTION 695Section 695
In the Old Test, a state of supernatural ecstasy is evidentlv denoted by the "deep sleep" which fell upon Adam during the creation of Eve ((Jen. ii, 21), and dur- ing which, as appears from the narrative, he was made aware of the transaction, and of the purport of the at- tendant circumstances (ver. 21-24). See Marriag…
1,034 wordsSECTION 696Section 696
Trani, a name common to some Jewish authors, of whom we mention the following: 1. Isaiah da, so called after his native place Trani, a seaport town of Naples, and, by way of abbreviation, Rid=^^~\, from the initials ^rX":;": n^rU-'"' 'i, i. e. R. Isaiah da Trani, flourished about A.D. 1232-70. He may be regarded as th…
1,316 wordsSECTION 697Section 697
These systems of philosophy in Germany, "that na- tion of thinkers and critics," have, each in its turn, in- fluenced the science of Biblical philology; and whether it be the moralism of Kant, or the idealism of Fichte, or the deeper transcendentalism of Hegel, it makes Scripture speak its own dogmas, and consecrates t…
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out by their labors as to sink down in sleep, till startled from their slumbers by the glory of the Lord shining round about them ; for, as Jesus prayed, the fashion of his countenance was altered, " and his face did shine as the sun, and his raiment was white as the liglit. And behold there talked with him two men, wh…
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The transfiguration is so fine a subject for the paint- er that we are not surprised to learn that it employed Raphael's best hours, and_ that his portraiture of it is confessedly the highest of all efforts of pictorial genius. The original work, still unfaded, though more than three centuries have passed over it, hang…
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2. E;iyp1. — According to the doctrine of the old Egyp- tians, the human race originated after the pure gods and spirits had left the earth; and this they did be- cause the dajmons, who inhabited the earth, had revolt- ed against them, and tainted it with guilt. In order that the diemons might purify themselves, the go…
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TRANSPORTATION 526 TR ANSUBST A NTI ATION the doctrine of evil spirits. This considerahle step to- wards reciinoiliiifi; the existence of stiffening witli that of a merciful tJod was distinctly set forlli liy Porphyry and Origen, and passed, in all proliuljility, with all the strange heresies of "Illuniinatidn," thr…
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II. The Doctrine. — In the Confession of the Synod of the fourth Lateran Council, transubstantiation is thus defined: "There is only one universal Cliiirch, beyond which no man can in any way be saved. In which Je- sus Christ is himself the priest and sacrifice, whose body and blood are really contained in the sacramen…
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IIL Aryuments. — The doctrine of transubstantiation is defended by a literal interpretation of the words spoken by our Lord at the last supper, " This is my body," " This is my blood." From these words it is ar- gued that there is the real bodily presence of Christ's body, which is accounted for by the miracle of a cha…
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Trapp, Joseph, D.D., an English divine, was born at Cherrington, (iloucestershire, in November, 1679. Educated at first by his father, he was afterwards placed under the care of the master of New College, Oxford, TRAPPISTS 528 TRASK and in 1695 entered AVadham College in the same city. He was chosen a fellow of his…
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In 1851 JNIuard founded an order of Trappist (ireach- ers in the bishopric of Sens, who established themselves in a convent near Avallon. Tliey observe the Trajipist ride and wear the habit of the order, but by dispensation are allowed to break the vow of silence and serve the Church by preaching. See Per Katholik, Sep…
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Travis, George, an English clergyman, was a na- tive of Roy ton, Lancashire, and was educated at St. John's College, Oxford. He became vicar of Eastham and rector of Hendley, Cheshire; prebendary of Chester in 1783; and archdeacon <if Chester in 178G. He died Feb. 24, 1797. He published, Letters to Ediiuird Gibbon, etc…
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17 ; vi, 1 ; vii, 20, " treasure-house"], a store or deposit). See also Aslitim. In 1 Chron. xxviii, 11, the treasury of the Temple is called T\'^^, ymzak ; and means sub- stantially the same as the Kopliai'cii; of Matt, xxvii, 6, namely, the hoard of money contributed towards the expenses of that edilice. The same thi…
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The tree of the knowledf/e of f/ood and evil, of which they were forbidden to eat under penalty of excision from the tree of life, and consequent death, which also occupied a conspicuous place in the garden, was the divinely appointed test of good and evil, the means whereby God would try and prove the faithfulness and…
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Tremellius, EM3iAN.rEL, a learned Protestant di- vine, was liorn at Ferrara in 1510. By birth a Jew, he w.is educated in tiie Jewish faith; but he was convert- ed to Christianity by the teachinij, it is said, of cardi- nal I'ole and ^l. A- Flaminio. 'riirons;h the influence of Teter JJartyr he smjn after joined the Kef…
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Trent, tiiI': Council of {Concilinni Ti'idcniinnm), was belli in Trent, a city of Tyrol, Austria, on the left bank of the Adige. It has a cathedral binlt entirely of marble in the Byzantine style. In the Church of St. Maria Maggiore are the portraits of the members of the council, which was held in this building. This …
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In the congregatien held Jan. 22, the party in favor of entering at once upon the subject of reform was much increased, but the three legates contiuued their op|)osi- tion to their scheme. Subsequently, however, they pro- posed that they should always take into consideration together one subject relating to the faith a…
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2. Of the transmission of t)iar. sin to his posterity. 3. Of its remedy, i. e. holy b:iplism. 4. Of iiifMUt baptism. .5. Of the concupiscence wluch still remains in those ■who have been baptized. A great dispute arose between the Franciscans and Do- minicans concerning the immaculate conception of the Blessed Virgi…
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After this the decree explains the nature and eft'ects of jusiitication, saying that it does not consist merely in the remission of sin, but also in sanctilication and inward renewal. That Vne final cause of jnstitication is the glory of God and of Jesus Christ and eternal life; the eficieiit cause is God himself, who,…
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It renews the ancient canons against uon-resident prel- ates, and declares that every prelate, whatever be his dig- nity, being absent for six months together from liis dio- cese, without jnsi and sufficient cause, sliall be deprived of the fourth part of his revenue; and that if he remain away during the rest of the y…
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Session X (June 2, 1547). — At this session, however, there were but six archbishops, thirty-six bishops, one abbot, and two generals of order.s present; the rest con- tinuing to sit at Trent. It was deemed advisable to prorogue the session to Sept, 15 ensuing; but the quar- rel between the pope and the emjieror having…
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To this decree there were added eleven canons, anath- ematizing those who held certain heretical doctrines on the subject of the holy eucharist, and especially those contained in the ten articles jjroposed for exami- nation in the congregtition held Sept. 2. Thus, can. 1 cmidemns the opinion contained in the first of …
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4. Anathematizes those who teach that the ■npeaftimpoi, of wlioin James speaks, are old persons, and not priests. •After this the question of reform came before them, and fourteen chapters upon the subject of episcopal jurisdic- tion were published. 1. Forbids the granting of dispensations and permis- sions by the co…
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In congregations held on March 2, 3, and 4, they de- liberated about graiitiiig a safe-conduct to the Protes- tants, and a decree upon the subject was drawn up. On March 11a general congregation was held, in which twelve articles of reform were ])roposed for ex- amination, which gave rise to great dispute and were dis…
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In the congregations held after the twenty-first ses- sion, the question was concerning the sacrifice of the mass; and all the theologians agreed unanimously that the mass ought to be regarded as a true sacritice under the new covenant, in which Jesus Christ is offered un- der the sacramental species. One of their argu…
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.5. The Church, in order tlie better to set forth the maj- esty of so great a sacrifice, has established certain cus- toms— such as saying some thimrs at mass in a low voice, others aloud; and has introduced certain ceremonies— as the benediction, lights, incense, ornaments, etc., after the tradition of the apostles. …
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Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.