PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 10
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,500,482 words · 1483 reading sections
Section 901
3. A theory involving fewer gratuitous assumptions is that in the middle of the ephod, or within its folds, there was a stone or plate of gold on which was en- graved tiie sacred name of Jehovah, the Skeiii-ZKunme- phoras/i (q. v,) of Jewish Cabalists; and that by virtue of this, fixing his gaze on it, or reading an i…
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7. The latest Jewish interpreter of eminence (Kalisch, on Exvd. xxviii, 31), combining parts of the views ('2) and (3), indentifies the Urim and Thummim with the twelve tribal gems, looks on the name as one to be ex- plained by a hendiadys (light and ])erfection = perfect illumination), and believes the high-priest, by…
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In opposition to this view of a direct Egyptian origin of the objects in question, it has been forcibly urged (1) that the words Urim and Thummim do not, in fact, mean Truth amlJustice; (2) that, with the exception of the single and undistinctive use of the term "judgment" (IJS'i'^) in connection with the choshen, or p…
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UrLsperger, Johann August, a German theolo- gian and controversialist, was born Nov. 25, 1728, and during most of his public life was pastor and senior at Augsburg. He was possessed of great learning and penetration, and was a fearless and earnest tliinker. He was also a foremost champion of evangelical truth against t…
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Ursinus, Johanii Heinrich, a Protestant theo- logian of Germany, was born at Spires, Jan, 26, 1608, and died at Ratisbon, May 14, 1667, where he had been superintendent since 1655, He is the author of Anale.ctorum Sacrorum Libri Duodecim (Frankf, 1668- 70, 2 vols.) : — Compendium Histor. de Ecclesiar. Ger- manicur. Ori…
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See Adam. Vit. German. Theologorum; Heppe, Gesch, d. deutsch. Protestantismus ; id. Dogniatik d. deutsch. Pro- testantismus, i, 158-160; Sudhoff, Olevianus v, Uisinus (Elberfeld, 1857) ; id. Lebeu d. Vdter d. refurmirt, Kirche, vol. viii; Gillet, Crato von Crafftheim (Frankf. 1860); Herzog, Real-Enci/Hop. s. v.; Smith…
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1673). It adds to the three solemn vows of Augustine a fourth, which requires tiie instruction of female youth. The garb consists of gray skirt, black robe, leathern girdle with iron buckle, black cloak without sleeves, a head -cloth with short white veil, and a large black thin veil over all. The French congregations …
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Usher (or Ussher), James, an illustrious prelate, and a great luminary of the Irish Church, was born at Dublin, Jan. 4, 1580. He was educated at Trinity Col- lege, Dublin, being one of the first three scholars ma- triculated. In IGOl he was ordained ; in 1603 he became chancellor of St. Patrick's, and soon after profes…
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USSERMANN 684 USURY uteil to David Kimchi (see SteiiischiioidGr, Jeirh/i Lit- erdture, p. 132). There were two editions, published siiniiltaneously, as has already been intimated : one was intended for the Jews, and tlie other was designed to acqnaint Spanish - speakinfj Christians with tlie Old Test. New editions o…
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Usury (Ti'ir'.?i neskek, lit. a biting, i. e. extortion ; TOKOQ, yield; twice [Neh. v, 7, 10] ii.^S'0,mashshd,debt') is used in the A. Y. in the Old-English sense of interest for money loaned, and not necessarily in the odious and later signification, an unlawful contract for the loan of money, to be returned again wit…
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But the taking of usury in the sense of receiving a reasonable rate of interest for the use of money em- ployed in merchandise belongs to a different category, and is nowhere forbidden; nor is it more contrary to the law of love than the plying of merchandise itself for the sake of gain. Hence it is referred to in Now-…
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UTGARD 686 UYTENBOGAERT the Church to respect among the laity, and might in- troduce a purer morality among the ijeuplo. '1 lie stat- utes he had prepared were tlien adupttil; the clergy promised to conform to them, and i)ledgLHl tiiemselves to hold two synods annually, at which reports should be rendered concerning…
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Utraqiiists, a name at first given to all those members of the Western Church in the 14th century w'ho contended for the administration of the eucharist to the laity sub utrague specie, i. e. in both kinds. The name was applied especially to the Calixtines (q. v.) in the 15th century. See I'isher, IJist. of the Ref. p.…
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Uythage, Conrad Cornelis, a Dutch scholar of the 17th century, is the author of Tlpjn 11P5, Revela- tio Punctationis sive Dissertatio de Antiquorum sine Pundis Legendi Ratione deque Vocalium Novitate (Lugd. Bat. 1680) :— niTipS ^bs fTnp, De Ledione ScripturcB S. Scriplorunique Rahhinorum absque Pundis (ibid. 1680) : —…
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As to later opinions, Josepiuis says that Uz founded Trachonitis and Damascus (Atif. i, 6, 4). The former province lies in Bashan, and extends as far south as Bostra. It may have formed part of the land of Uz. Jerome appears to identify Uz with Damascus and Trachonitis, following Josephus (Qucesf. in Gen. x, 25; com]).…
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Uz'za (Heb. Uzza', ST", strength^, the name of three Hebrews. See also Uzzah. 1. (Sept. 'AL,a ; Vulg. Oza.) First named of the two sons of Ehud the Benjamite, born to him after the re- moval of his former cldldren (1 Chron. viii, 7). B.C. ante 1612. See Shaiiahaim. 2. (Sept. 'O^a; Vulg. /l2«.) Apparently the propri- …
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the ministry, but, if an irregularity at all in this re- spect, the sin of those who, being ministers, dare to ar- rogate to themselves powers and prerogatives which be- long only to higher officers Fairbairn. The whole proceeding was very disorderh^, and contrary to the drstinct and far from unmeaning regulations of …
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After the murder of Amaziah, his son Uzziah was chosen bj' the people to occupy the vacant throne, at the age of sixteen ; and for the greater part of his reign of Hfiy-two years he lived in the fear of (iod, and show- ed himself a wise, active, and pious ruler. He began his reign by a successfid expedition against his…
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4. Son of Zechariah and father of Athaiah, the last a descendant of Perez the son of Judah resident in Je- rusalem after the Exile (Neh. xi, 4). B.C. ante 536. 5. A priest of the "sons" of Harim who renounced his Gentile wife married after the return from Babylon (Ezra X, 21). B.C. 458. Uzzi'el [some Uz'ziel] (Ileb. …
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Vaccaro was successful. But Giordano soon carried all before him in art, and Vaccaro, attempting to comjiete with him in fresco, which he had not studied in his youth, lost his reputation. One of his best works is a Hull/ Famili/, at Naples. He died at Naples in 1070. See Spooner, Bii)f/. Hist, of the Fine A ?is, s. v.…
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Vagnucci, Fkancesco, an Italian painter, was a native of Assisi, where he flourished in the first part of the 16th century. There are some of his works in the churches of that city, whicli Lanzi says are "executed in the sjiirit of the old masters," i. e. somewhat dry and hard. See Spooner, Biog. Hist, of the Fine A rt…
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Vaill, Joseph (2), D.D.. a minister of the Con- gregational Church, son of the preceding, was bora VAILL 69? VATSIINAVAS at Hadlyme, Conn., July 28, 1790. He graduated from Yale College in DSll, anil immediately iiegan to teach. For six months he was princiiial of Morris Academy in Litclilield, Conn., and for the s…
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1. The Ramamijas, or iSri Vaishnavds. or Sri Sam- pradai/ins, who derive their origin from Ramainija, a celebrated reformer, native of Perumbur. in the south of India. He was born about the middle of the Tith century, and is considered by his followers as an incar- nation of Sesha, the serpent of Vishnu. The most strik…
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1. Declares that it shall not he necessary to exnmhie the Gallicau bishops before receiving them to comninn- ion, hut that it shall be enough to be assured that they are not exconimuuicated. 2. Declares that the offerings of penitents dyins: sud- denly without receiving the communion may neverthe- less be received, an…
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()n Alfonso Valdes, see Kauraer, Gesch. Europas seit d. 15. Jahrh. i, 264, Docum. Inedif. para la Hist, de Es- pana, vol. xxiv ; iMiiller, f/isf. von d. Protestation u. Ap- j)ellation, etc. (Jena, 1705), p. 18-190 ; Saubert, Wunder- werck d. Auyspurfj. Confession (Nuremb. 1631), p. 220, etc. ; Jonas, in Niediier's Zeit…
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Juan Valdes was a theologian of the first rank in ability, though largely self-trained, and though he nev- er entered into orders. Sand, the editor of the Biblio- theca Antitrinitariorum (1684), places him at the head of his catalogue on the authority of a passage in a Uni- tarian publication of 1567, said to be cited …
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14. Enjoins l)isho|)s not to give their clergy or peojile cau>e to complain against them on account of their vexa- tions. 15. Herommends them to lead an exemplary life. l(j. Orders them to preach and instruct their people both in town and countiy. 17. Bids them be careful to make their visitations with- out burdenin…
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Valens, in Roman mythology, according to Cicero, was the name of the second Mercury. Some declared him to be the father of Trophonius. Valens, the Roman emperor, the brother and co- Augustus of Valentinian I, is important to Church his- tory as the last political representative of Arianism in the East. He was nominate…
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Valentine, George M., a clergyman of the Church of England, of whose birth or early life no record re- mains, distinguished hiniself in the University of Cam- bridge, and graduated at Trinity College in 18"29. He was ordained in the same year to the curacy of Port- ishead, near Bristol, where he gave himself wholly to …
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VALENTIN us 699 VALENTINUS entimis's bones to be removed to Passaii. The diocese and Church of Passaii have since claimed the saint as their earliest incumbent and representative. The Acts oj" faints from which the BoUandists give a description of this saint are not older than the 11th century; while a leaden tablet…
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VALERIAN roo VALESIO traiisitoriness. He constitutes man out of psychical •■mil liylical elements, but, lie is not aware that the psy- chical has imi)lanted in it. pneuniatical germs which the Sophia designs for further development. Such de- velopment, receives a decisive impulse tlirough Ihe in- tervention of the R…
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Another (iiuseppe Valeriani was a Jesuit, and painted under (Element VIII several religious pictures, tiie best of which are in the Chiesa del Gesu. Valerio, Saml'ei,, a .Jewish physician who flourish- ed in the island of Corfu in the 16th century, is the author of "ib"!;!! T^, or a commentary on the book of Esther (Y…
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Valette, Louis, a Protestant theologian, was born May 24, 1800, in Savoy. For a number of years he was chaplain to the ambassador at Naples. In 1851 he was called to the Lutheran Churcii des Vilettes at Paris, where he also acted as chaplain to the duchess of Or- leans. He was soon called to the presidency of the Lu- t…
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Vallee, Geoffroi, a French deist of the latter part of the IGth century, was the son of the contndler of the public domain, lie gave himself up to philosophical speculations, which ended in rejecting all religious be- lief. In consequence of an infidel work which he wrote, entitled La Beatitude des Chresfiens (2d ed. 1…
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(1.) The Valley of Shin ar ("ii'5^ f^?pS), the rich plain of Babylonia (Gen. xi, 2). See Shinar. (2.) The Valley of Jericho ('yU'^'} n^pS), the lower end of the Ghor, or plain, through which the Jordan VALLEY V03 VALLEY flows into the Dead Sea (Doiit. xxxiv, 3). See jEit- icno. (3.) The Valleti of Lebanon ("psa^n…
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(9.) The Valley of the Hyenas (d-irbsn 1J), a ra- vine in the tribe of Benjamin (1 Sam. xiii, 18). See Zeboi.m. Other ravines, such as the valley of vision (Isa. xxii, 1, 5), of slaughter (Jer. vii, 32; xix, 6), are fanciful names, and still more tropical, the valley of the shadow of death (Psa. xxiii, 4). 4. Ndchal …
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Vallonia, in Roman mythology, was the nymph of valleys. Valois, Fklix he, a pious Frenchman who. in com- pany with John of Matha (q. v.), founded the Order of Brethren of the Holy Trinity, for the redemption of cap- tives, in the early part of the 13th century. He led a solitary life at Ceriroi, in the diocese of Meai…
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VAN ARSDALE roo VAN BUNSCHOOTEN trihuted among the attendants. Then follows the reci- tation of mantras and texts, the performance of the mu- (lra,or <^esticnlations with the lingers, the whole termi- nating with the most scandalous orgies. The members of this sect are very numerous, especially among the 15rahminica…
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VAN BUREN" 706 VANDALS wards the president's seat, bowing as he cnmo up, and said, "Mr. President, I want to talk.'' N(il)()dy knew him, and tlie president asked, "Arc you a member of this bod}', sir '?'' " No, sir," was the reply, " but I want to talk." The president reminded him that none but members had a right t…
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Van Cleef, Cornelius, D.D., a minister of the Re- formed (Dutch) Church, born at llarlingen, N. J., Sept. IC, 1799, He graduated at Dickinson College in 1823, and at New Brunswick Theological Seminary in 1820; was licensed at Philadelphia in 11S2(); missionary at Pal- atine, N, J„ in 1826; at Manayunk, Pa,, 1827 "to 18…
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ishments decreed by Roman emperors against Donatists, Mauichieans, and other heretics. After Hunneric'.sdeath, in 48G, a temporary lull took place in the fever of perse- cutions, which coutiiuied as long as his successor, Gun- danunid, occupied the throne; but when Thrasimuud be- came king, Sept. 24, 49(5, the troubles…
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Van der Sloot, Frederick William, a minister of the German Reformed Church, was born in Dessau, Germany, Nov. 11, 1773. His father was a minister. Educated in Europe, he emigrated to the United States in 1801. Licensed and ordained in 1802, he took charge of seven congregations in Lehigh and Northampton counties. Pa. I…
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Van Doren, Isaac, a Reformed (Dutch) and Presbyterian minister, was born at Griggstown, N. J., in 1772. He was educated in the College of New Jer- sey, studied theology privately, was licensed by the Classis of New Y'ork, and ordained about 1798. In VAX DOREN 709 VAN DYCK 1802 he settled in Hopewell, Orange Co., N.…
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Van Duzer, Joseimi E. A., a minister in the Meth- odist Episcopal Church, South, was born in New York city, Sept. 14, 1852 ; was left motherless when an infant; received a fair academic education and a good com- mercial training; married in early manhood; received license to preach in 1873, and united with the Florida …
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College, Oxford, about 1628; but before matriculation renounced tlie Church of lingland and refused to take the oath of allegiance. He travelled in France, Hol- land, and Switzerland, and com[)leted his education at (Jeneva, where he became confirmed in the rciinblicau principles which he had imbibed, and avowed the Pu…
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{\y. J. K. T.) Van Haiiingen, John M., a Reformed (Dutch) minister, nephew of the foregoing, was born at Sourland (now Harliugen), N. J., 1701; graduated from Queen's College in 1783; studied for the ministry with Dr. Livingston ; was licensed by the Christian Synod of the Dutch Reformed Churches in 178(5; and settled…
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Van Husen, Stkphex, a Baptist missionary among the Teloogoos, was born at Catskill, N. Y., Dec. 5, 1812, and received his education at the Hamilton Literary and Theological Institution, now Madison University. He received his appointment Aug. 23, 1838. He did not reach the field of his labors, Nellore, until iNIarch 21…
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isfactory (Eccles. i, 2); to lying (Psa. iv, 2); to idols (Dent, xxxii, 21); to whatever disa])points our hopes (Psa. Ix, 11). In ordinary language the term is apiilied to the man who wishes you to think more highlj' of him than what he really deserves. Hence the vain tnan Hatters in order to be flattered ; is always f…
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Van Meter, Henry L., a Bajitist minister and missionary to Burmuh, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Si'pt. 21, 1824, and was a graduate of the University of PeiHisylvania and of the Hamilton Literary and Theo- Ingical Institute. He was appointed by the American I>.iptist Missionary Union as a missionary to Bassein, Ihirm…
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VAX NEST 714 VAN NOSTRAND comctli ill in its season." He dieil Sept. 14. 1864. See A Memorial for his Fumilif (1864). (\V. J. K. T.) Van Nest, Peter, a Methodist Episcopal minister, was born in IJLilikhcui townsiiip, llinitinntlon Co., N..I., Aug. 5, 1759. In 1771 lie went to reside in Philailcl- pliia, I'a. Sliori…
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Vanni, Cavalier Raffaelle, an Italian painter, second son of Francesco Vanni, was born at Sienna in 1596. He studied with his father, wlio died when Raf- faelle was fourteen years of age. He afterwards studied at Rome, where he made such progress as to rival liis father. Among his finest works are the Birth of the Virg…
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Van Ranslaer (or Renslaer), Nicholas, was ordained as a deacon by Dr. Earle, bishop of Sarnm, and as a presbyter by the bishop of Salisbury ; was chaplain to the ambassador of the States-General at London ; minister of the Dutch Church at Westminster; and lecturer at St. Margaret's, Loathbury, London. He came to Aitier…
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VAX SAXTVOORD 716 TAX VECIITEX alioiis past the only hereditary title known among us." His private influence was immense. lie so administer- ed iiis vast estates as to win the contidenee of the ten- ants and of tlie whole community in his guileless wis- dom and unsullied and unseKish integrity. His chari- ties were …
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Van Til, Solomon, a learned Dutch theologian, was born Dec. 26, 1644, nt Weesp, near Amsterdam, of a fam- ily originally from the duchy of Cleves. He studied at Alkmaar and the University of Utrecht; but an imped- iment in his speech induced hiin to change from theol- ogy to medicine. Under the advice of Burman, how- e…
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Van Vleck, Paulns, a Reformed (Dutch) minis- ter, whose relation to that body was somewhat irregu- lar. The first account we have of him, he was a school- master and precentor at Kinderhook, N. Y., in 1702, and l)reaching occasionally, from which, on complaint, he was made to desist. He was ordained by Beruariius Freem…
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metropolitan charge, he was elected in 1841 , by the Gen- eral Synod, to the chair of didactic and polemic theol- oi;v in the Theological Seminary at Xew Uninswick. He was also chosen by the trustees of Hutgcrs College professor of tlie evidences of the t.'hristian religion and of logic in that institution. Both of the…
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Van Wagenen, Jonathan, a preacher of the Baptist denomination, was born at New Paltz, Ulster Co., N. Y. On his father's side he was of Dutch de- scent, and on his mother's he was of Huguenot stock. His father was a highly respected citizen. Jonathan Dubois, his grandfather, was county judge and a mem- ber of the conven…
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In the Bhagarida- Purdna , another legend is also connected with this avatar, which still more distincfly proves that it was viewed in a purely religious light at the Puranic period. According to this legend, .Jayu and Vijayu, two doorkeepers of Vishnu, once offended some JIunis who claimed admission to the paradise of…
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Varick, Rudokphus Vox, a clergyman of the Re- formed (Dutch) Church, was settled upon Long Island. in what is now Kings County, over the churches of Brooklyn, Flatlands, Bushwick, Flatbush, New Utrecht, and (iravesend, 1C85-94. With dominies Selyns, Del- lius, and Daille, he stood firm against the high-handed proceedin…
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VARIOUS READINGS V21 VARIOUS READINGS 1. A ccidental variations, or errata, from various causes. (1.) Merely clerical errors, or slips of the pen; words omitted or repeated, misspelled or partially written. This is a numerous class, rarely of any importance, to which copyists of long documents are always liable. The…
1,101 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.