PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 10
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,500,482 words · 1483 reading sections
Section 1321
he was consecrated bishop at Worms, having previous- ly been a simple presbyter. On his return, he found the Saxons unwilling to recognise a bishop placed over them by the conqueror and endowed with the .right of exacting tithes: but he labored with persistent zeal to effect a firm establishment of the Ctiurch among th…
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William of Auvergne (also called of Paris), a French prelate and theologian, was born at Aurillac about the close of the 12th century. He succeeded Bartlu'lemy as bishop of Paris in 1228. He took a large part in the civil affairs of Louis X. At the same time he too deeply interested himself in the contro- versies of th…
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WILLIAM mi •WILLIAMS behalf of the Protestants, and largely undermine the designs of Philip. In 15(54 he brought about the re- moval of Cardinal Granvelle, tlie principal enemy of the Protestants, but could not prevent the introduction of the Inquisition, and the increasingly strong hand of persecution. At length th…
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William, the Trohvere translated into Anglo- Norman verse accounts of miracles of the Virgin and legends of the saints. See Wright, Biog. Brit. Lit. (Anglo-Norman Period), p. 464. ■William of Waynflete. See Waynflete. William of Wycumb, an English clergj-man of the 12th century, became prior of Lathony, and chap- lai…
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John Bale and of Griffith Williams (1664) : — Sermons and Treatises (1665). See Chalmers, Biog. Diet. s. v. "Williams, John ( 1 ), D.D., a distinguished Eng- lish prelate, was born at Aber-Conway, Carnarvonshire, Wales, iMarch 25, 1582. He was admitted to St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1598; graduated there in 1602…
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Williams, Philip, D.D., an English clergyman of the 18th century, became a fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1730, and was rector of Starston and Bar- row. He published a volume of Observations (1733), some controversial works, and a number of Sermons. Williams, Robert, was one of the earliest Meth- odist mi…
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WILLIAMS 1000 WILLIAMS he did not aim to be its ruler. His purpose was to found a commonwealth in the I'orm of a imre democracy, wlierc the will of the majority should govern, but only in civil affairs, leaving matters of conscience to be settled be- tween the individual and his God. The original con- stitution, whi…
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"Williams, Solomon, D.D., a Congregational min- ister, son of the Kev. AVilliam Williams, of Hatfield, Mass., was born June 4, 1700. He graduated at Har- vard College in 1719, and was ordained pastor of the Church in Lebanon, Conn., Dec. 5, 1722. In 1746 he became involved in a controversy on the nature of justi- fying…
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liance and trust, and a lofty experimental faith. It im- mediately became pojjular among all denominations of Christians, holding a place in the affections of the Church with Robinson's " Come, thou Fount of every blessing." The fourth verse is usually omitted: "Musing on my habitiition, Musing on my heavenly home, Fi…
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Willibrod (or Willibrord). See "Wilbrord, St. "Willis, Henry, one of the early Methodist preach- ers in America, was a native of Virginia. He entered the ministry in 1779, and was one of the most domi- nant spirits of the times, energizing, by his'irrepressible ardor, the work of the Church throughout two thirds of it…
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Williston, Seth, D.D., a Presbyterian minister, was born at Suffield, Conn., April 4, 1770. He studied at Dartmouth College, where he graduated in 1791. Having applied himself to the study of theology, he was licensed to preach Oct. 7, 1794, and was afterwards employed for some months in supplying, temporarily, several…
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Of Biblical willows by far the most interesting is the weeping willow, or Avillow of Babj'lon {S. Babylonica'). With its long lanceolate, finely serrated, and pointed leaves, with its smooth, slender, purplish, drooping branches, it has in all modem times been the symbol of sorrow. Before the Babylonian Captivity the w…
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WILLYMOTT 1005 WILSON 1851, when, owing to ill-health, he retired with the title of emeritus professor. He died Sept. 29, 1853. Dr. VVillson, in intellectual reach, and comprehension and acuteness, ranked among the first of men. He had a wide-spread reputation as an eloquent preacher. There were moments when he was …
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"Wilson, Adam, D.D., a Baptist minister, was born at Topsham, IMe., Feb. 3, 1794. He was a graduate of Bowdoin College in the class of 1819, and during his freshman year he joined the newly constituted Baptist Church in his native town. He studied theology with Rev. Dr. Stoughton, of Pliiladelphia, and was ordained in …
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strong mind; an able, energetic, and popular preacher; "his record is on high." See Sprague, Annals of the A/ner. Pulpit, iv, 300; Nevin, Churches of the Valley. (J. L, S,) Wilson, Hugh Nesbitt, D.D., a Presbyterian minister, was born at Elizalieth, N. J., IMay 7, 1813, He early felt the power of religion and united w…
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Wilson, John Makemie, D.D., a Presbyterian divine, was born in iNIecklenburg County, N. C, in 17G9. He graduated with the highest honor at Hampden Sid- ney College in 1791 ; studied theology privately under the direction of the Rev. James Hall, D.D. ; was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Orange, N. C, in 1793, a…
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Wilson, Sir Thomas (1), LL.D., a statesman and divine of the reign of queen Elizabeth, was born at Stro- by, in Lincolnshire, about 1524. He was educated at Eton and at King's College, Cambridge, where he grad- uated in 1546. He took orders in the Church of England; became tutor to the two sons of Charles Brandon, duke…
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Onental Out dooi ^ edb foi Ladies. at the time the translation was made, and was not a bad representative of the original. The word occurs in Spenser: "For she had laid her mournful stole aside. And widow-like sad loimple thrown away." "But (she) the same did hide Under a veil that loiwpled was full low ; And over a…
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"Winckelmann, Johann, a Lutheran theologian of Germany, was born in 1551 at Homburg, in Hesse. He studied at different universities; received the de- gree of doctor of divinity at Basle in 1581, and was ap- pointed court preacher at Cassel in 1582. In 1592 he was called as professor of theology to Marburg; in 1607 he r…
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Glass has been introduced into Egypt in modern times as a protection against the cold of winter; but lattice- work is still the usual, and with the poor the only, con- trivance for closing the window (Lane, Modern Egypt. i, 29). When the lattice-work was open, there appears to have been nothing in early times to preven…
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The intoxicating quality oi ydyin is confirmed bj' Rab- binical testimony. The Mishna, in the treatise on the Passover, informs us that four cups of wine were poured out and blessed, and drunk by each of the companj' at the eating of the Paschal lamb, and that water was also mixed with the wine, because it was consider…
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Moreover, tirosh generally follows "corn " in the trip- let "corn, wine, and oil," and hence the term applied to the consumption of corn is carried on, in accordance WINE 1012 WINE with the grammatical figure zeugma, to the other mem- bers of tlie clause, as in Deut. xii, 17. In the only pas- sage where the act of …
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3. Chemer, "l^Il (from "i^H, cestuavit.ferbuit), or in its Chaldee form, chamdr, "i^H (Sept. olvoc, koKoi;), is "vinum a fervendo et fermentando dictum" (Gesenius, Thesaur. p. 493). The word occurs eight times — twice (Deut. xxxii, 14; Isa. xxvii, 2) in its Hebrew and six times (Ezra vi, 9; vii, 22; Dan. v, 1, 2, 4, 23…
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7. Mi'sek, TjOp (from T|0"2, to mix, or mingle), is wine mixed with water or aromatics (Sept, Kfparrf^ta; Vulg. mistum). It occurs only once (Psa. Ixxv, 9) ; but the participial noun TiO^P, mimsdk, is found in Prov. xxiii, 30; Isa. Ixv, 11, in a similar senses wine highly spiced, to improve its flavor and enhance its i…
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(2.) IWf I'Kuf- sweet, or " new wine," which, as well as the former, seems, from the use made of it (Acts ii, 13), to signify wine of an intoxicating (luality. "These men are full of new wine," to which charge Peter replies, "These men are not drunken as ye suppose" (v, 15), al- though Dr. Lees's interpretation is fair…
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In the laws of Moses wine is frequently mentioned as forming the usual drink-offering that accompanied the daily sacrifice (Exod. xxix, 40), the presentation of the first-fruits (Lev. xxiii, 13), and other oflFerings (Numb. XV, 6). It appears from Numb, xxviii, 7 that strong drink might be substituted for it on these o…
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upon the innocent, and spent the money thus unjustly obtained upon wine, which they quaffed in the house of their gods; as Dathe renders: "])ecunias hominibus innocentibus extortas compotationibus absunnint in templis deorum suorum." Mixed wine is often spoken of in Scripture. This was of different kinds. Sometimes it…
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III. Teachim/ of the Scriptures in i-espect to the Use of Wine. — 1. As appears from the foregoing examination, tlie Bible makes no distinction between intoxicating and non-intoxicating wines — never refers or alludes to such a distinction. Yet wine, ■j^]|i = oii'oc, is constantly spoken of in precisely the same way th…
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IV. TAtei-nture. — This is quite copious. We mention, in addition to the works noticed above, only the most important and modern. General treatises on the manu- facture, etc., of wines have been written by Henderson (Lond. 1831), Kedding (ibid. 1851), L^enman" (ibid. 1864), Thudichum (ibid. 1872), and others, but they …
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Of the written products of his life a small number be- long to the department of symbolics — namely, the Cmn- jKirative Darstellunr/ des Lehrbef/riffs der rerschiedenen christlichen Kirchenparteien (1824, 2 ed. 1837), a thor- oughly scientific work: — his edition of the Augsburg Confession, with notes (1825) :— and two…
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Complete in Christ. His works, in addition to those mentioned, are, A Trip to Boston (Bost. 1838, 12mo): — Three Bints on a St/stem of Popular Education (Phila. cod. 12mo) : — Bow Shall I Govern my School? (eod. 12mo), atldressed to young teachers: — Letters to School Children (Bost. IGmo): — Commentaries on the Laws o…
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Winslo-OT", Myron, D.D., LL.D.. an eminent Con- gregational missionary, was born at Wiiliston, Vt., Dec. 11, 1789. He was of the same stock as tlie two govern- ors Winslow of Massachusetts, and the Kenelm Winslow mentioned in the English history of tlie 16th century. At the age of fourteen he entered a store as a clerk…
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Wiiiter, Samuel, D.D., an English clergyman, was born in 1603; became provost of Trinity College, Dublin, and died Dec. 29, 1666. Wisdom (prop. i^^rC' chokmdh, ffo^ia), in a gen- eral sense, is a comprehensive knowledge of things in their proper nature and relations, together with the power of combining them in the mo…
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This purpose is developed in three sections, the con- tents of which are as follows : 1. The First Section (i, 1-vi, 21), which contains the real problem of the book, opens with an admonition to the magnates of the earth to follow the paths of right- eousness, since God only reveals himself to and abides with those wh…
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The integrity of the book is not only impugned by those who dispute its unity, but by some who admit that it has a regularly developed plan. Thus Grotins will have it that it is imperfect and unfinished, having been mutilated by some accident of time ; while Cal- met, who also maintains that the book is unfinished, hes…
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With these facts before us, we entirely differ from Gfriirer {Philo, ii, 207 sq.), Diihne (Jiid.-alexandr. Reli- qionsphilos. ii, 153 sq.), and others, who maintain that the author of this book derived his leading tenets from Alexandrian, ami more especially from Platonic, philos- ophy, and fully concur with Ewald (iv,…
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Next in point of antiquity is the theory that Philo is the author of this book, as is seen from the remark of Jerome, " Nonnnlli scriptorum veterum hunc esse Phi- lonis Jud;ei affirmant" {Pra-f. in Libr. Sal.). This view was also adopted by De Lyra, Luther, Kainold, Calovius, bishop Cosin, and others. But against it it…
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Sept.,theSyriiicandArabicver8ions,Clem- ent of Alexandria, TertulhaD, etc B.C. cir. lono 50(1 4.50-.sno 222-217 150-130 14&-50 Pubei- Grotius Welte, Brack Gutman, Lutterbeck, Davidson Griuini Some ancient fatliers, De Lyra, Lutlier, bishop Cosiu, Gr.itz, etc A.D. cir. 30-50 All, however, that can be deduced …
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The style of the book is very uneven. Some por- tions of it are truly sublime, and will bear comparison with any passages in the best classics ; as, for instance, the delineation of the sensualist (ii, 1 sq.), the picture of future judgment (v, 15 sq.), and the description of wisdom (vii, 22-viii, 1) ; while in other p…
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WISEMAN 1025 WISHART times very considerable differences of text existed. An important j\IS. of the book in tlie Britisli Museum {Eg- ertoii, 1040, Srec. viii) has not yet been examined. IX. Literature. — The earUest commentary which re- mains is that of Rabanus Maurus (died 85G). lioman Catholic commentaries are t…
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Wishart, George ( 1 ), called " The Jlartyr," a champion of the Reformation in Scotland, is supposed to have been a son of James Wishart, of Pittarrow, jus- tice-clerk during the reign of James Y. The time of his birth is not known. He was master of a grammar- school at Montrose at the beginning of the IGth century. He…
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Wisner, William Carpenter, D.D., a Presby- terian minister, was born at Elmira, N. Y., Dec. 7, 1808. He was prepared for college in the Homer Academy, and graduated at Union College in 1830. He did not pursue any regular theological course at the sem- inary, but prosecuted his studies under his venerable father. Rev. D…
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jects, loith Ecclesiastical Characteristics ( Lond. 1764, 3 vols. 12mo; 17G5, 3 vols. 12mo). These volumes were composed of pieces which had previously been published in Scotland, with the exceiition of his celebrated Trea- tise on Regeneration, which ajipeared now for the first time. This Treatise was also published s…
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Other works of Witsius are, in 'Lalin, Judeeus Chris- tianizans : — Exercit. in Symh. Apost. et Orat. Dominicam : — jEgypiiaca (lUisceUonea Sac7-a, Meleieviata Leiden- .«("«) : — Praxis Christianismi cum Imaginibus Spiriliudi- hiis: — and minor productions. In Dutch, Lis Domini cum Vinea sua, etc. It is to be added tha…
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WOLF 1029 WOLFENBUTTEL MANUSCRIPT In 1772 Dr. Freer saw and measured the forepart and tail of one of these animals, and supplied Dr. Uussell with the description which lie has inserted in his booiv. The animal was one of several that followed the Basrah caravan from Basrah to the neii^hborliood of Alepjio. ^lany pers…
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■WolfenbUttel Fragments. See Lessing. Wolfenbiittel Manuscript (Codex Glei-pher- vines of Galilee and Lebanon, and in the maritime plains" (Tristram, A'a/. Hist, of the Bible.p.lbi). Wolves, like many other animals, are subject to variation in color. The com- mon color is gray with a tinting of fawn and long black ha…
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"Wolfgang, St., and bishop of Ratisbon in the 10th ccntur}', belonged to a noble family of Alemanni, ^and was a pupil of the Convent of Reichenau, which, in the early half of that century, possessed the best school among the convents of Germany, and of Wiirzburg, where he had the misfortune to explain a passage in INIa…
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The death of the king in the following year brought to the throne a sovereign of a very different character from the one who had just left it. Great changes were to be made at court by Henry VIII; but amid them all Wolsey managed to be not only retained, but pro- moted still further. Many circumstances favored his prom…
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On the first day of the term, Oct. 9, 1529, while he was opening the court of chancery at Westminster, the attorney-general indicted him in the court of King's Bench for procuring a bull from Rome appointing him legate, contrary to the statute, by which he had in- curred a pi-a>Tnunire, and forfeited all his goods to t…
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WOOD 1033 WOODBRIDGE An unusual supply was required for the sacrificial fire. See BuKNT-oi'FKUiNG. Charcoal was also used. See Coal. That the advantage of forests was a common property does not follow from Lam. iv, 4, and is of itself very improbable in a land where a strict system of pro- prietorship was in vogue. …
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Wood, Samuel (1), D.D., a Congregational min- ister, was born at ISIansfield, Conn., May 11^ 1752. From an early period he determined to enter the ministry, but it was not till he was twenty-two years old that lie began his preparation for it. Under Rev. Isaiah Potter, of Lebanon, N. H., he prepared to enter Dartmouth …
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Woodhitll, Selah Strong, D.D., a (Dutch) Re- formed minister, was born in New York city, Aug. 4, 1780. At the age of twelve, while a freshman in Co- lumbia College, he lost both his parents. He then went to Yale College, graduated in 1.S02, studied theol- ogy under bis uncle. Rev. Dr. Woodhull, of Freehold, N. J., and…
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Besides many occasional sermons and orations, tracts for the Doctrinal Tract Society, and articles in the most prominent religious periodicals of his day, the fol- lowing are Dr. Woods's most important works : Letters to Unitarians (Andover, 1820, 8vo): — Rejdij to Dr. Ware's Letters to Trinitarians and Calvinists (ibi…
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■Worcester, Samuel, D.D., an eminent Congre- gational ministor and author, was born at HoUis, N. H., Nov. 1, 1770. lie was of pious ancestry, being a de- scendant in the sixth generation of Kev. William, and in the third of Rev. Francis, Worcester. Every oppor- tunity for mental improvement was seized at the house of h…
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Besides numerous Sermons, Orations, and Addresses, Dr. Worcester is the author of the following : Six Ser- mons on the Doctrine of Eternal Judgment (1800) : — Summary View of the Fitchburg Ecclesiastical A fairs (1802): — Discnuj-ses on the Covenant ^vith Abraham (Salem, 1805, 8vo): — Lettei'S on JJaptism to the Rev. T…
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, ^ . . ^ , . ic scent, and the bitterness of Artemisia Juaarca, with ■,.... • ^ , , .t. leaf, blossom, and cap- '^^ ^^''^'^ '^ ^" temperetl by the side. aromatic tiavor as scarcely to # «^=i "^N WORTHINGTON 1038 WRIGHT be disagreeable. 3. A rtemisia ahrotanum, found in tlie soutli of Europe, as well as in Syr…
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"Wren, Christopher, D.D., an English clergy- man, was fellow of St. John's College, Oxford, afterwards chaplain to Charles I, and rector of Knoyle, Wiltshire. He was made dean of Windsor in 1G35, and presented to the rectory of Haseley, Oxfordshire, in 1638. He died at the house of his son-in-law. I\Ir. William Holder,…
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"Wright, Samuel, D.D., an eminent English Dis- senter, was born at Retford, Nottinghamshire, in 1G82. He was pastor at Blackfriars, London, from 1708 to 1734, when he removed to a meeting-house in Carter Lane, Southwark, and died in 174G. He published, A Little Treatise of Being Born Again (1715): — Treatise on the Rel…
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WYCKOFF 1040 WYCLIFFE E.raminer and Chronicle, wliich was started by him, and lias exerted a wide influence in the denomination. Of ihis paper he had tlie editorial charge until 184G, in which year he was ordainotl as a minister of the Gospel by the Laiglit Street IJaiilist ("hurch of New York. For several years he …
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"WyclifFe, John, the first translator of the entire Bible into English, and " the morning-star of the Refor- mation," was also eminent as a scholar, a diplomatist, and a preacher. There seem to have been three other persons of the same name contemporaneous with him; one a seneschal of Merton College in 135G (probably t…
989 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.