PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 10
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,500,482 words · 1483 reading sections
Section 421
lAteralnre. — Schelling, Philosophie d. Mi/thohinie ; id. Philosopliie d.OJmbarung ; Fischer, Die Idee d. dottheit ( Stuttg. 18o9), and the Enci/Mop. mentioned above; \\"in\\, J He Spekid. Idee Gottes,eU: (Stuttg. 184.5): Cbaly- breus, Si/stemd. Wisaenschaflslehre (Kiel, 184(5) ; .Scliwarz, Weiterbildinig d. T/ieismiis…
1,049 wordsSECTION 422Section 422
Theodicy ( viiulicntion of the dirine government, from Beof, God, and ciKt], Justice). This word <lates back, in the sense in which it is now currently employ- ed, no fiirther than the celebrated essay b}' Leibidtz, whose first edition appeared at Amsterdam in 1710. It designates the attempt to justify God with refere…
940 wordsSECTION 423Section 423
The review of Leibnitz's work shows that it is far from satisfying the demands of the problem with which it deals, 'i'lie reason for its failure lies in the philosoph- ical views which that author laiil at the basis of his scheme— his ideas of the monads, of God as the primi- tive monad, of the relations between reason…
1,058 wordsSECTION 424Section 424
A more creditable work was the conversion of the Bulgarians, which was accomplished by the Thessalo- nian monks Cyril and Methodius in 862. The empress, however, was not permitted to see this success. Her son Michael HI compelled her to resign the regency, and incarcerated her in a convent, where she died of grief in A…
967 wordsSECTION 425Section 425
Theodore oy Mopsuestia. bishop, and leader in the so-called theological school of Antioch, was born at Antioch about the year 350. He studied philosophy and rhetoric, the latter in company with John Chrysos- tom at the school of the famous Libaniiis. Stimulated by Chrysostom to a fervor of Christian enthusiasm, he reno…
949 wordsSECTION 426Section 426
Theodoi'e II, poi^e, a native Roman, reigned only twenty days in S'J7. Theodoret (Bfocwpjj-oc ; also Theodoritus) was one of tiie most, eminent ecclesiastics of the 5th centu- ry. He was born of reputable, wealthy, and jiious peo- l)le at Antioch in 38() (Gamier) or 393 ('I'illemont, Me- moires, xx, 869). His mother w…
920 wordsSECTION 427Section 427
THEODORET 321 THEODOSIUS dental bishops {Ep. 119). In the meantime he had been sent to the monastery of Apamca, where he was subjected to rigorous treatment until the emperor The- odosius died, in 450, and Pulcheria, with her husband, Marcian, ascended the throne. The imperial policy now changed, and the deposed bis…
924 wordsSECTION 428Section 428
Theodosius I, Roman emperor, whose services to the State and the Church earned for him the title of " the Great," was descended from an ancient family, and born about A.D. 346 at Cauca or at Italica, in Spain. His father was Comes Theodosius, the soldier who re- stored Britain to the empire. He was trained in the camp …
1,086 wordsSECTION 429Section 429
Theodotiaus, a name given to the Monarciiians (q. v.), from their founder, Theodotus (q. v.). Theodotion is the name of one of the Greek trans- lators of the Old Test, after the time of the Septuagint ((J. v.). According to Epiphanius {De Pond, ct M<m. c. 17, 19), he was a native of Sinope, in Pontus, and for a time s…
959 wordsSECTION 430Section 430
Besides the literature given in Fiirst, Bibl. Jud. iii, 420 sq., see also Davidson, Biblical Criticism, i, 217 sq. ; Keil, Introduction to the Old Test, ii, 232 sq. ; Geiger, Kachf/elassene ScJiriften (Berlin, 1877), iv, 87 ; Kaulen, Einleitunf) in die heil. Schrift (Freiburg, 1876), p. 78; Delitzsch, op. cit., p. 28 s…
977 wordsSECTION 431Section 431
2. Theodulus or Theodorus II, bishop of Valais, is mentioned in the spurious articles of endowment by king Sigismund to the Convent of St. Maurice, and was evidently confounded by the author of that document witli Theodorus I, as he is made to urge the erection of a new convent and an appropriate endowment, on the grou…
903 wordsSECTION 432Section 432
Theologal. Tlie third Lateran Council, held in 1179, ordered that teachers should be appointed to the various churches and monasteries who should instruct the clergy, and be rewarded for their labors with suit- able benefices. The fourth Lateran Council repeated this ordinance, and provided in Canon 10 that only ca- pa…
1,149 wordsSECTION 433Section 433
Theology is divided into two great branches — (1) Natural, or that which relates to such disclosures of himself as God has made in the outward world ; and (2) Revealed, or such as he has made through his spo- ken and written word. Eminent writers in the latter department of theology, as Schleiermacher, Hagenbach. Pelt,…
954 wordsSECTION 434Section 434
Personal convictions are of great importance in this connection. Without being rooted in the Divine Rev- elation, no apprehension of its meaning is possible. The contents of the Revelation as appropriated both by the individual and the Church must accordingly be re- ceived into the scientific consciousness, which indic…
1,005 wordsSECTION 435Section 435
The setting-forth of these fundamentals, and of the methods by wliich the organism of God's kingdom, par- ticularly in the Church, is to be erected on them, is the work of tiie science of Ecclesiastical Foimdations, other- wise the science of the principles of Practical Theology, which finds its completion in the scien…
992 wordsSECTION 436Section 436
The precise relation sustained by the elder Edwards (1703-58) to this theological development has long been, and still remains, a subject of controversy. The advo- cates of the most a<lvaneed new views are anxious to* claim him as the real father of the whole movement, while the Olil-school writers, with equal zeal, en…
920 wordsSECTION 437Section 437
PuiiSBYTKKIAN ChURCII IN THE UnITKI) StaTKS. II. Rdation to Orir/inal Calviiiism. — The metaphysi- cal and ethical principles accepted by the New-school representatives of modern New England theology, and fundameinal to their system of doctrine, are the follow- ing: (1.) There is a radical distinction between necessi-…
900 wordsSECTION 438Section 438
THEOLOGY, NEW ENGLAND 329 THEOLOGY, NEW ENGLAND the two than their respective views of the final end of (iod in creation and providence. According; to Old Cal- vinism, that end— the end to whicli all minor ones are subordinated — is the manifestation of God's character, particularly his justice and mercy, to intellige…
1,359 wordsSECTION 439Section 439
3. In positive theolorjical, anthropological, and soteri- olor/ical teachings the two systems are in marked accord. (1.) The Decrees of God.— The New-school divines of THEOLOGY, NEW ENGLAND 330 THEOLOGY, NEW ENGLAND New England hold to a universal foreordination, ab- solute as respects all divine acts, off'ectual as …
902 wordsSECTION 440Section 440
4. Nathaniel W. Taylor's view of the non-preventa- bility of sin, his doctrine of the basis of virtue, and his metaphysical explanation of the Sacred Trinity. See Taylor. 5. The perfectionism of Prof. Finney. See Chris- tian Perfection ; Oberlin Theology. 6. Dr. Edward Beecher's doctrine that all the descend- ants of…
1,024 wordsSECTION 441Section 441
Christianity is specially adapted for speculative treat- ment by reason of its possessing a point of internal unity which combines both idea and fact, God and man, and therefore concentrates in itself the power to overcome all contrasts. The ancient Church correctly tixed that point in the incarnation of the Logos (Ign…
904 wordsSECTION 442Section 442
Theophaiies of Bvzantii;.m, the designation of two early ecclesiastical characters. 1. A historian who is supposed to have lived at Con- stantinople at the close of the 6th century. He wrote a history of the war waged with Persia from 567 to 578, and also, it is said, a history of the reign of Jus- tinian. Photius men…
967 wordsSECTION 443Section 443
4. The manifestation of God in Christological theoph- any begins with the voice or the miracle of hearing (the voice of God and of heaven being identical, but different from the Bath-Kol of the later Jews), and progresses towards apparition proper, which is a miracle addressed to the eye, and in which the angel of the …
914 wordsSECTION 444Section 444
refused, the Theophilanthropist religion soon died of in- anition, despised by the infidel party as well as by those who still remained Christians. An attempt to revive it after the revolution of 1830 utterly failed. See Blunt, Diet, of Sects, s. v. ; Gardner, Faiths of the World, s. v. ; Gregoire, Histoire des Secies …
915 wordsSECTION 445Section 445
4. Alexander IMorus ( A d Qiiadam Loca Nov. Feed. Xotce : ad Luc. i, 1 ) makes the rather hazardous con- jecture that the Theophilus of Luke is identical with the person who is recorded by Tacitus {Aimal. ii, 55) to have been condemned for fraud at Athens by the court of the Areopagus. Grotius also conjectures that he …
1,032 wordsSECTION 446Section 446
Theophilus of Alexandria, a bishop in the lat- ter jiart of the 4th and the beginning of the 5th century, is distinguished for his persecution of the Origenists, for his hostility to Chrysostom, and as being one of the most violent and unscrupulous even among the ecclesi- astics of the 5th century. He succeeded Timothe…
1,062 wordsSECTION 447Section 447
Theophilus of the Ixpies, bishop of the Homer- ites, was born in the isle of Diu. When yet a youth he was brought as a hostage to Constantinople, where he became a Christian (Arian). He was made deacon, and finally bishop for the Arabic mission about 350. Be- ing supplied by Constantius with rich presents for th? princ…
1,023 wordsSECTION 448Section 448
Below is a brief outline of Theosojihy as taught by Boehme (q. v.). Finite existences of every kind are an efflux from the One Infinite l'2xistcnce, and such an efflux is a necessary attribute of (Jod's own being. All things come from a working-will of the holy, triune, incompre- hensible God. who manifests himself thr…
1,136 wordsSECTION 449Section 449
oi'Ce t^ aTTOTTTOV UtiopOVl'Tlc). Simple as was their house, their raiment was equally so, being a cloak of some shaggy hide for winter, and a thin mantle or linen shawl in the summer; and in their religious assemblies they appeared in a white garment. As temperance was regarded as the highest virtue, their mode of li…
1,069 wordsSECTION 450Section 450
THERAPEUT^E 338 THERAPEUT^ rated from the male members by a wall rising three or )V.ur cubits upwards, but in such a manner that they could hear the voice of the speaker. The seventh Sabbath, the Trfi'rr/KOffT-/;, was especial- ly distinguished. The number fifty was regarded by them as tiie most holy and natural of…
1,108 wordsSECTION 451Section 451
Both sects diligently studied the Scripture, and inter- preted the same allegorically. Besides the Old Test., both had a high consideration for the writings of the older members of their order. They favored the abol- ishing of slavery; lived in a very simple manner, and were accustomed to appear at their religious exer…
1,001 wordsSECTION 452Section 452
This hypothesis of Grsltz has been analyzed by Zel- Icr, and the result is that the reasons adduced by the former are not sufficient and -acceptable at all. In resuming the question once more, and examining the argument of Griitz in order to establish the Christian character of the Therapeutaj, we do so because of its …
771 wordsSECTION 453Section 453
sencs. The words in question are, Effffai'wj' rrept ?ta- \t\^ii(;, 01 rov Trpa/c-iKov t'^iiXujaav Kai fifTToi'ijaai' l3ioi' M' uTraaiv, k. r.X. Griitz thinks that Philo could not possibly say that he "wrote a treatise" on the Es- SL-nes ( Eani'uix)!' iri-pi r(aXf;^S£i(,), when the passage in (luestiun only occupies the…
1,372 wordsSECTION 454Section 454
THERAPEUT.E 341 THERAPEUT^ cratico-gnostic or Montanistic party. But he has not tried to state anj' plausible reason for his hypothesis, which, in fact, would be impossible ; anil he himself says that this point is outside of his object, and must be left to those critics who make this question their specialty. We as…
1,380 wordsSECTION 455Section 455
THERAS 342 THERESA of the 2d century before Christ, to Aristobuliis, who in- trodneed Jewish doctrines into the Orphic hymns be- cause he believed that Greek philosophers bad derived their wisdom from an ancient version of the Penta- teuch. Whether we have any traces of a connection of Greek philosophy with Jewish t…
1,180 wordsSECTION 456Section 456
Theresa, or Teresa, St., was born at Avila, in Castile, Spain, March 28, 1515. Her full name was Theresa Sanchez de Cepeda. From early childhood she was accustomed, with a favorite brother, to read the lives of the saints and martyrs, until they both became possessed of a (passionate desire to obtain the crown of marty…
1,342 wordsSECTION 457Section 457
On the other hand, the internal evidence derived from the character of the epistle itself is so strong that it may fairh' be called irresistible. It would be impossi- ble to enter into the question of style here, but the read- er may be referred to the Introduction of Jowett, who has handled this subject very fully and…
1,150 wordsSECTION 458Section 458
The statement in the subscription appearing in sev- eral ]\ISS. and versions that it was written "from Alb- ens" is a superficial inference from 1 Thess. iii, 1, to which no weight should be attached, as is clear from the epistle itself. (1.) In i, 7, 8 Paul says that the Thessalonians had become " ensamples to all tha…
914 wordsSECTION 459Section 459
2. The antarjonisrti to Paul is not the same. The di- rection of the attack has changed in the interval be- tween the writing of these epistles and those of the next group. Here the opposition comes from Jews. The admission of the Gentiles to the hopes and privi- leges of Messiah's kingdom on any condition is repul- si…
934 wordsSECTION 460Section 460
1. Passing over patent coincidences, we may single out one of a more subtle and delicate kind. It arises out of the form which the accusation brought against Paul and his companions at Tliessalonica takes in the Acts: "All these dt) contrary to tlie decrees of L'jesar, saying that there is another king, one Jesus" (xvi…
968 wordsSECTION 461Section 461
((/.) Timothy was despatched to Thessalonica, not from Athens, but from Bercea, a supposition quite con- sistent with the apostle's expression of "consenting to be left alone at Athens." In this case Timothy would take up Silas somewhere in Macedonia on his return, and the two would join Paul in company ; not, however,…
926 wordsSECTION 462Section 462
Yet, notwithstanding all these drawbacks, the condi- tion of the Thessalonian Church was highly satisfac- tory, and the most cordial relations existed between Paul and his converts there. This honorable distinc- tion it shares with the other great Church of Macedo- nia, that of Philippi. At all times, and amid every ch…
911 wordsSECTION 463Section 463
1. Author. — 1. The external eviilcnce in favor of the second epistle is somewhat more dotinite than that which can be bronght in favor of the tirst. It seems to be referred to in one or two passages of Polycarp (iii, 15, in Polyc. c. 1 1, and possibly i, 4 in the same chapter; comp. Polyc. c. 8, and see Lardner, ii, 6…
1,032 wordsSECTION 464Section 464
II. Dale. — There is the strongest reason for believing that this second epistle was written very soon after the first, and at the same place, viz. Corinth, A.D. cir. 50. The circnmstances of the apostle while writing the one seem very much the same as they were while writing the other; nor do those of the Thessalonian…
1,096 wordsSECTION 465Section 465
IV. Eschatology. — The most striking feature in the epistle is the apocalyptic passage, announcing the rev- elation of the Man of Sin (ii. 1-12); and it will not be irrelevant to investigate its meaning, bearing, as it does, on the circumstances under which the epistle was written, and illustrating this aspect of the a…
1,037 wordsSECTION 466Section 466
;?. ^lore particularly, therefore, in arbitrating between the Pneterists and the Futurists, we are led by the analogy of other prophetic announcements, as well as by, the language of the passage itself, to take a middle course. Neither is wholly right, and yet both are, to a certain extent, right. It is the special cha…
1,121 wordsSECTION 467Section 467
THESSALONICA 351 THESSALONICA day, or whether other elements did not also combine with this to complete the idea, it is impossible to say; but we may presume that he had at least a dim and general anticipation of the more distant future, and at least of the final earthly catastrophe which the Divine Spirit intimates…
1,138 wordsSECTION 468Section 468
\ lew of 1 hessaloinca. TIIESSALOXICA 352 TIIESSALOXICA be larger) it is tlie most important town of European Turkey next after ('imstaiiiinople. III. Political ami M ilildii/ Histuri/. — Thessalonica was a place of some importance even wliile it bore its earlier name of 'riierma. Tliree passages of chief interest…
980 wordsSECTION 469Section 469
In the course of the INIiddle Ages, Thessalonica was three times taken ; and its history during this period is thus conveniently divided into three stages. On Sun- day, July 29, 904, the Saracen fleet appeared before the city, which was stormed after a few days' fighting. The slaughter of the citizens was dreadfid, and…
951 wordsSECTION 470Section 470
V. Connection with the Apostle Paul. — Paul's visit to Thessalonica (with Silas and Timothy) occurred during his second missionary journey, and to this is due the introduction of Christianity into Thessalonica. Timo- thy is not mentioned in any part of the direct narrative of what happened at Thessalonica, though he ap…
1,303 wordsSECTION 471Section 471
brought against the apostles receives an illus- ^^S-_*^--- tration from the e[)istles, where the kinfjdom Si7E=Bieia^s_=_ _ of Christ is prominently mentioned (1 Thess. ii, 12; 2 Thess. i, 5). So, again, the doctrine of the resurrection is conspicuous both in Luke's narrative (xvii, 3) and in the first let- ter (i, 10…
1,031 wordsSECTION 472Section 472
Tlieu'das, a person incidentally mentioned but once in the New Test. (Acts v, 3tj), and concerning whom much controversy has arisen. I. The Name. — This, in the original, is QivSag (a form which likewise occurs in Josephus, Ant. xx, 5, 1), and, if Greek, may be for Gfotiaf, as a contraction of BeocJo- TOQ or Oeudujpoc…
939 wordsSECTION 473Section 473
But without resorting to either of these violent meth- ods, the dithculty may be solved with perfect satisfac- tion by the simple hypothesis that there were two in- surgents of the same name. Since Luke represents Theudas as having preceded Judas the Galihean (q. v.), it is certain that he could not have appeared later…
1,082 wordsSECTION 474Section 474
THEURGISTS 357 THIBETAN VERSION the reader would at once have seen that what we have just given from the more minute narrative of Josephus is only a somewhat detailed statement of the facts of which Gamaliel gave a brief summary before the San- hedrim. The clironological difficidty then disafipears. Matthias, or Tli…
966 wordsSECTION 475Section 475
Thibet, Rkligion of. The religion of Buddha was introduced into Thibet under king Srongstan Gampo, in A.D. 617-698, by priests from Sinde. These priests brought with them the art of writing, and translated the sacred books of the Indian Buddhists into Thibetan, and their monasteries became the centres of learned edu- c…
1,068 wordsSECTION 476Section 476
"Men do not despise a thief," says Solomon, " if he steal to satisfy his soul when he is himgry. But if he be found, he shall restore sevenfold; he shall give all the substance of his house" (Prov. vi, 30, 31). Bishop Hall is of opinion that Solomon, in this passage, does not so much extenuate the crime of theft as poi…
981 wordsSECTION 477Section 477
Thiess, Johann O., a German doctor of theology, was born Aug. 15, 1762, at Hamburg. F<ir a number of years he lectured at the University of Kiel, retir- ing in 1805. He died Jan. 7, 1810. He wrote, //((»(/- buck d. neueren bes. deutschen u. pj-otesf. Literat. d. Theol. (Leips. 1795-97, 2 vols.) : — Neuer hit. Commentar…
1,098 wordsSECTION 478Section 478
We cannot marvel that a history of such wonderful interest should at all times have fixed itself on men's minds, and led them to speculate and ask questions which we have no data to answer. The simplest and truest way of looking at it has been that of those who, from the great Alexandrian thinker (OrigenJ in Rom. Hi) t…
906 wordsSECTION 479Section 479
Romans, as we have seen, not on mere thieves, but rebels. Barabbas had been one of these, and though he "lay bound with them that had made insurrection with liiin, who had committed murder in the insurrection," i\Iark (xv, 27) has the same word, \j/(T7-//c, '' robber," wliiili is applied to him by John (xviii, 40). It …
1,023 wordsSECTION 480Section 480
2. Our translation states that "the hollow of Jacob's thigh was out of joint by the touch of the angel who wrestled with him" ((ien. xxxii, 25). Some, however, prefer to render ^Jprll, was sprained or wrenched, and adduce Jer. vi, 8; Ezek. xxiii, 17, 18. The Sept. ren- ders it Kcii tvapKijcre to TrXdrog tov fiiipov ; t…
1,132 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
Project Gutenberg source record →
Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.