PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 10
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,500,482 words · 1483 reading sections
Section 121
them than doctrine. Synesius had gained and deserved the esteem and confidence of his countrymen. Tlie met- ropolitan Church of Ptolemais demanded him for its bishop. He was unwilling to incur the solemn respon- sibilities of the position. He declined, he (irotested, he urged objections whicii might be deemed insuperab…
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The most important and the most interesting of the remains of Synesius are \\\^ Letters, 157 or 159 in num- ber, accoriling as the Denunciation of Andronicus is ex- cluded from or is included in the series of Epistles, and ten Hymns. The letters are of diverse style, and on the most dissimilar occasions. Some are forma…
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Synisactae (anniaaKrai), aGreek term for priests' concubines. See SrmxTUODL'fT.K. Synistameni (Tci'KTra/ifi'oi, standing togeihe?-), a name given in the Eastern Church to the fourth order of peiuteiits, called in the Latin Church consigtentes. They were so called from their having liberty (after the other penitents we…
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This impost is termed cathedraticum "in honorem cathedra'," and synodaticum as being collected during the session of synod; but it has in practice been paid at other times as well, and is exacted even where no synod is held, unless a custom recognised in law for- bids (Benedict XIV, ut sup. etc.). A tax expressive SYN…
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IV. A.D. 1311 to 1517. — Councils ostensibly aiming to secure reform "in head and members" — Pisa, Constance, and Basle (tj. v. severally). V. A.D. 1517 to 1563. — The Reformation and the re- actionary Synod of Trent (q. v.). For an enumeration and characterization of the more important synods see the article Colncil…
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twenty-two miles '" '■iri^umfprPUfA, a"'' ^'^t^ Plutarch 1 /-aTipil nn atrainst thp triumvir r>P^n^M^B. AugllStUS and Livj' inform us that the spoil of it was equal to that of Carthage. It was the oldest of the Creek colonies being founded h} Corinthians, and in a manner consistei 1 offour cities united into one; or, …
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Syr'ia, a province and kingdom of Western Asia, the name, extent, and boundaries of which have been subjects of no little difficulty to both sacred and clas- sical geographers. (Tlie following article is based upon those found in the dictionaries of Kitto and Smith.) I. Name. — 1. The word Syria does not occur in He- …
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II. Extent and Boundaries. — L Ancient geographers do not agree as to the extent of Syria. Herodotus makes it reach to the Hlack Sea on the north (i, G) ; to Paphlagonia and the jNIediterranean on the west (i, 72; ii, 12, IIG); to Egypt on the south (ii, 158, 159); and to Media and Persia on the east (vii, G3). He con-…
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The plain of Hamath is very extensive. It joins Coele-Syria on the south, and extends northward on both sides of the Orontes as far as Apamea, about seventy miles; while its breadth from the base of Lebanon to the desert is nearly thirty. Its surface is almost per- fectly fiat, its soil generally a rich black mould ; w…
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4. The Eastern Desert. — East of the inner mountain- chain, and south of the cultivable ground about Aleppo, is the great Syrian desert, an "elevated .dry upland, for the most part of gypsum and marls, producing nothing but a few spare bushes of wormwood, and the usual aro- matic plants of the wilderness." Here and the…
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7. Cities. — -The principal cities and towns of Syria are the following : Damascus, pop. 150,000 ; Aleppo, pop. 70,000; Beirut, pop. 80,000; Hamath, pop. 30,000; Hums, pop. 20,000; Tripoli, pop. 13,000; Antioch, Sidon, and Ladikjyeh. Besides these, which occupy ancient sites, there were in former times Palmyra, in the …
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VI. History. — 1. The first occupants of Syria appear to have been of Hamitic descent. The Canaanitish races, the Hittites, Jebusites, Amorites, etc., are connected in Scripture with Egypt and Ethiopia, Ciish and Mizraim (Gen. X, 6, 15-18) ; and, even independenth' of the evidence, there seems to be sufficient reason f…
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3. Upon the death of Alexander, Syria became, for the first time, the head of a great kingdom. On the division of the provinces among his generals (B.C. 321), Seleucus Xicator received Mesopotamia and Syria, and though, in the twenty years of struggle which followed, this country was lost and won repeatedly, it remaine…
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SYRIA 101 SYRIA revolt of the Jews, which proved a permanent loss to the empire and an aggravation of its weakness. After the death of Epiphanes the empire rapidly verged to its fall. The regal power fell into the hands of an infant, Antiochus "V (Eupator), son of Epiphanes (B.C. 164); the nobles contended for the r…
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SYRIA 102 SYRIA ly. Thirteen years after the date mentioned by Luke (A.D. 38), the heir of Caligula bestowed " the tetrarchy of Lysauias," by which Abilene is no doubt intended, on the elder Agrippa (Josejihus, Ant. xviii, (5, 10), and four years later Claudius confirmed tlie same prince in the possession of the "Ab…
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Table of the Roman Governors of Syria. Names. Titles of Office. Date i.f Entering Office. Date of Quitting Office. M. .lEmilius Scaurus L. Marcius Philippus Leiilulus Marcelliuus. . . . jQuiiestor pro) I Piajtoi-e.... ) Proprietor Proprietor Proconsul B.C.62 " 61 " 59 " 56 " 55 " 53 " 51 " 47 " 46 )rity fr…
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rapacious than the Turks, and several insurrections took place in IMount Lebanon and various districts of Syria in 1834. The presence of Mohammed Ali himself, with large reinforcements, suppressed for a moment the spirit of disaffection, and in the following year the Druses and Christians of Lebanon were disarmed. Groi…
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and that the divers religious sects really constituted one race. It was also agreed upon that wherever small companies were ready to make a credible profession of piety, they were entitled to be recognised as churches, and had a right to such a native ministry as could be given tliem. About tliat time a call for preach…
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Beiriit is one of the missionary centres for the revival of Bible Christianity in Bible lands. Among the chief instrumentalities for the development of this city are the benevolent and literary institutions founded by for- eign missionary zeal. First among them are the Amer- ican Protestant institutions under the care …
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At Jaffa there has lately been likewise established an agricultural colony of Jews from Germany, who have a small but flourishing establishment just outside the city. Besides the episcopal mission in Jerusalem [see Pal- estine, Mis.sions in], the Church of England has mis- sion stations at Nablfis and various other po…
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The ancient or proper Syriac is believed to be now wholly a dead lan- guage, and is used only in the old liturgies and sacred books. The mod- ern Syriac, which is used almost solely by the Nes- torian Christians of Per- sia, and to some extent by their Koordish neigh- bors, differs considerably from the old Syriac, or …
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which are not found in Lee's edition of the Peshito, were already translated before the 4th century, fur Ephrem tlie Syrian already quotes them. Thus under the formtda o{ ytypanTai he cites Ecclus. iii,6, 7,9, 12, 13 (0pp. Grcec. i, 85) ; xi, 5 (^ibid. p. 92); iv, 7 (ibid. p. 101); with Ka^wQ ykypairTai he quotes Wisd.…
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II. Heterodox Writers. — 1. The Nestorians. — Without entering upon the historj' of these Christians, we will only remark that the catalogue of Ebedjesu on Nesto- rian writers was first published by Abraham Ecchellen- eis (Rome, 1653), but more correctly by Assemani in the 3d vol. of his Bihlioth. Orient. Besides, we …
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2. The 31 onojihy sites. — Of this class of writers we mention John, bishop of Telia, whose canons were pub- lished by Lamy in De Syroi-um Fide in Re Eucharistica, p. 62-97 (see also Land, A necdota Syriaca, ii, 1G9, and Cod. Mus. Brit. add. 12,174, fol. 152) ; Paul, bishop of Callinicura, the first translator of Sever…
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PHYSITES. 3. Monothelitic Wi'iteis. — The only writer who cer- tainly belonged to this sect was Thomas of Haran, bishop of Kapharlab, who in 1089 sent an apology of the monothelitic doctrine to the patriarch John of Antioch. But there is a controversj' whether the patriarch of Antioch, John INIaro, was a Catholic, mon…
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Of greater import are the Festal Letteis of Athana- sius, long lost in the Greek original, but found in a Nitrian MS., from which they were edited by Cureton in 1846, who also published an English translation in 1848; another English translation is given by Burgess and Williams in the Library of the Eatheis (Oxford, 18…
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All these anaphoras are either spurious or verj' dubi- ous, M'hile those prepared by the bishops, especially the patriarchs of the Syrian Jacobites, have more historical foundation in their favor. Of such we mention Philox- enus, Jacob Bardaius, Thomas of Charchel, John of Bas- sora, Jacob of Edessa, Eleazar bar-Sabet…
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For better understanding, it is necessary to know the division of the Psalter among the Nestorians, which almost corresponds to that of the Greek Church. The book of Psalms is divided into twenty hullalas, to which is added as the twenty-first the song of Exod. xvi and Dent, xxxii. The hullalas are again subdivided int…
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Harmonius, the son of Bardesanes, stands next in the history of this subject, both chronologically and for his successful cultivation of sacred poetry. He was edu- cated in the lanijuage and wisdom of Greece, and there can be no question that he would make his knowledge of the exquisite metrical compositions of that li…
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2. Bate. — This translation from the Hebrew has al- ways been the ecclesiastical version of the Syrians; and when it is remembered how in the 5th century dissensions and divisions were introduced into the Syr- ian churches, and how from that time the Monophy- sites and those termed Nestorians have been in a state of un…
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From Ephrem having mentioned translators of this version, it has been concluded that it was the work of several: a thing probable enough in itself, but which could hardly be proved from the occurrence of a casual phrase, nor yet from variations in the rendering of the same Hebrew word; such variations l^eing found in a…
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In the beginning of 1849 the Rev. John Rogers, canon of Exeter, published Reasons tphy a New Edition of the Peschito, or Ancient Syriac Version of the Old Testa- ment, should he published. There was a strong hope ex- pressed soon after the issue of Canon Rogers's appeal tliat the work would be formally placed in a prop…
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Some comparison with the Greek is probable even before the time of Ephrem ; for, as to the apocryphal books, while he cites some of them (though not as Scripture), the apocryphal additions to Daniel and the books of Maccabees were not yet found in Syriac. Whoever translated any of these books from the Greek may easily …
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Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Canticles, Wisdom, Eccle- siasticus, minor prophets, Jeremiah, Baruch, Daniel, Ezekiel, and Isaiah. Norberg published, at Lund in 1787, the books of Jeremiah and Ezekiel from a tran- script which he had made of the MS. at Milan. In 1788 Bugati published at Milan the book of Daniel; he also …
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Though we liave no certain data as to the origin of this version, it is probable on every ground that a Syr- iac translation of the New Test, was an accompaniment of that of the Old ; whatever therefore bears on the one, bears on the other also. 2. IJistory, — There seem to be but few notices of the old Syriac version…
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SYRIAC VERSIONS 118 SYRIAC VERSIONS Graeco-Latinis et vptustioribus Latiiiis omnibus solus dis- cedit, et in GrKcorum partes transit." Some ])rool' that the text of the common printed I'cshito has been re- wrought will appear when it is compared with the Curetonian Syriac Gospels. 4. Minor Recensions. — Whether the…
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2. Relation to the Peshito and to Older Texts. — In ex- amining the Curetonian text with the common printed Peshito, we often find such identity of phrase and ren- dering as to show that they are not wholly independent translations; then, again, we meet with such variety in the forms of words, etc., as seems to indicat…
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Tlie following are points of comparison with the noted earh- MSS. : It often agrees with B, 0, D, and the old Latin version before it was corrected by Jerome, especially its MSS. a, b, c ; with D most of all. Very seldom does it coincide with A alone. Thus in Matt, xix, 9 the words kui 6 uTroAeXK- fif 11)1' 7a/ii'i(Ta…
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Eidley published in 1761 an account of the MSS. in his possession, and a notice of this version. He had intended to edit the text : this was, however, done by White, at different times from 1778 to 1803. After the publication of the Gospels, the researches of Adler brought more copies into notice of that part of the Ha…
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(III.) 7V(e Syriac Version of John viii, 1-11. — From the MS. sent by Abp. Usher to De Dieu, the latter pub- lished this section in 1631. From De Dieu it was in- serted in the London Polyglot, with a reference to Ush- er's MS., and hence it has passed with the other edi- tions of the Peshito, where it is a mere interpo…
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III. TAferature. — Adler, N. T. Versiones Syriacce, Sim- plex^ Philnxeniana et Hierosolymituna deiiuo examina- t(e (1789); Wiseman, //orfe Syriacce (1827); Ridley, Z'e Syriacarum N.Faderis Versionum Indole atque Usii, etc. (1761) ; Winer, Commenta/io de Versionis N. T. Syriacce Usu Critico caute Irutituendo (1823) ; Wi…
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■xbznx. Xis, 3. riEX-Sept. 67r6<tei' avroXi; Syr. ■,inb XEX. 7. T^X"^!— Sept. eiVe be wpor auToi'T; Syr. "I"2X1 •Onb. 12. Clp'Sn ""3— Sept. tK -roil ^6■Kov ToiiTov; Syr. ]^ X3n x-irx. XX, 15. ~b "2 ^3 X— Sept. 'AfiifjLt\cx Tw 'A/3pa«/u; Syr. cmaxb. XXi, S. pnj£1 — Sept. 'lo-at'iK 6 i;los- auTou ; Syr. X"l2 nri…
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SYRIAC VERSIONS 123 SYRIAC VERSIONS xni-:;-:'! nn-j h-j'j xnT^s: t^n : Psa. lii. Trpo^j;- r£ia y£i';jiTOji(£vaiv ciya^wi' r(,u ^aiMti; Syr. T^TT? "I^'^X "TTIj-'T Xn2:3 P": Psa. iv, Trpo^/jrtia r(,u Aayio 7r£|oi w)' TTSTTOi'^f)'; Syr. nt""i '^^hn h'^-o T^nb. II. Relation to the Chaldee. — That there is a tolerable …
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Syr. n^ •pi'^ri'i"an ■(■'b-^xb n"it:i \-ni35' 'iin^D. Without increasing the number of such passages, we will adduce some in which both versions entirely give up the Masoretic text and follow another reading: thus Prov. i, 2-1, for IDX'am the Chaldee reads irtSXP xbl, fur the translation is ■)'in2'2''n xbl, and so als…
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The chief peculiarity of the Syrian rite, as contradis- tinguished from the Greek, consists in its liturgy, and the language of that liturgy, which is Syriac, and with which the people, and, in many cases, the priests, are en- tirely unacquainted. The liturg}' is known as the Lit- urgy of St. James. The Syrians agree w…
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The invention of the words " Syro-Phoenicia" and " Syro-Phoenicians" seems to have been the work of the Romans, though it is difficult to say exactly what they intended by the expressions. It has generally been supposed that the}' wished to distinguish the Phoe- nicians of Sj'ria from those of Africa (the Carthagini- a…
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SYRUS 126 TABEEL xvii, 834; Ptolemy, iv, 3 ; Pliny, v, 4; Solin. 27; ]\[ela, i, 7, 4; Sallust, Jiif/. 78). jNIodeni exijhirations liiid both of them to be highly dangerous bays, where the treacherous sandy shore is barely covered with wa- ter, and where terrific clouds of sand are suddenly raised b\- the wind, obscu…
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Tab'baoth (Heb. Tabbaoth', V'hvz^, rings [Gese- nius], or spots [Ftirst] ; Sept. Ta(i[3awSf v. r. TajiaiiSr and TajiwSr), one of the Nethinim whose descendants or family returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel (Ezra ii, 43; Neh. vii, 46). B.C. ante 536. Tab'bath (Heb. Tabbath', r.^L?, perh. celebrated [Gesenins]; Sept. …
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(TToiv vaog, Ant. iii, 6, 1). (In the discussion of this interesting subject, we use in part the articles found in the dictionaries of Kitto, Smith, and Fairbairn, but with large additions and modifications, especially in the sec- tion on its structure, where we have availed ourselves of MS. contributions from Prof. T.…
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81). See CONGKEGATIOX. (6.) The other compound phrase, lni> H PflX, as con- nected with "TIJJ (=to bear witness), is rightly ren- dered by >'/ (TKrjvrj rov fiaprvpiov, tabernactiliim testi- vionii, die Wohnnng des Zeiignisses, " the tent of the tes- timony" (Numb, ix, 15) "the tabernacle of witness" (xvii, 7 ; xviii, …
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TABERNACLE 129 TABERNACLE of the lawgiver enters into ever-closer fcllowsliip with the ininil of God (ver. 11), learns to think of him as '■ merciful and gracious" (xxxiv, G) ; in the strength of tliat thought is led back to the fultilment of the plan wliicli had seemed likely to end, as it began, in vision. (Jf thi…
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A state of things which was rapidly assimilating the worship of Jehovah to thatof Ashtaroth orMylitta need- ed to be broken up. The ark of God was taken, and the sanctuary lost its glory; and the tabernacle, though it did not perish, never again recovered it (1 Sam. iv, 22). Samuel, at once the Luther and the Alfred of…
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The following close translation of Exod. xxvi will set the subject generally before the reader. We have indi- cated, by the use of italics, marked variations from the A. V. : 1. And the tabernacle ("S'j^) thon shalt make— ten cur- tains: twisted linen, and violet and pmple and crimson of cochineal : cherubs, work of (…
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TABERNACLE 131 TABERNACLE cfutshiil-im, rendered "fillets," i.e. Driiameiital chaplets in relief round the pillar (so Evvakl, Alter- f/uimcr, p. 335, note 5), but most probably meaning rods (so (ie- senius. Fiirst.and others), joining- one pillar to another. These rods were laid upon the hooks, and served to attach …
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TABERXACLE 132 TABERXACLE on the white ground of s/tes/i (Knobcl, Kcil, etc.). In other words, the warp, or iouiiitudinal tlireads, was of white linen, wliile the icooj' made cross-bars (which would hauc; vertically) of brilliantly dyed wool in a treble thread. Tliey were merely spun and woven, without i^old or embr…
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TABERNACLE 133 TABERNACLE Comer Bnnrd of the Tab- enincle ( accordiug to Riggeubach). be, since they are at opposite corners, tlie expression may mean tliat each corner plank of itself makes twins, which it would tlo if it had two legs containing the angle betv/een them. If the corner plank be two-legged, it adds n…
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The roofing material was a canvas of goats' hair, the article still employed by the Bedawin for their tents. It consisted of eleven "curtains" (n*,""'"]^), i. e. breadths or This, as Paine suggests, it would neatly do if folded in two thicknesses (like the rest of the goat's-hair cloth) across the lower part of the re…
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boards and prevent any one from looking through the cracks from without. These curtains were suspended on tifty knobs or taches of gold by means of fifty loops of the same material as the curtains themselves; these fastenings may be arranged as in the case of the roof- canvas. It thus became "one tabernacle" (ver. 6, "…
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on which likewise hung the side-curtains, shows both that these latter were tluis completed by a drapery on the remaining side of each room ( it will be remem- bered that the front knobs likewise corresi)ond in po- sition to that of the doorway screen), and likewise proves the character and situation of the taches them…
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On the supposition of a flat roof stretched directly acniss the tops of the planks, the dimensions of both sets of curtains may readily be made to correspond with the reipiiremeuts of the building. The embroidered curtains may either be used around the walls, as pre- viously, or they may be joined together into one lar…
905 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.