PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 10
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,500,482 words · 1483 reading sections
Section 1081
ESTABLISU-MENT. Volupia, in Roman mythology, was the goddess of prosperity and lust. She had a sanctuary at Pvome. •out in Volusian was the son of the Roman emperor Cal- lus, upon whose elevation in A.D. 251 he was styled Ciesar and J'rinceps Juventutis. In 252 he held the of- fice of consul, and was invested with t…
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Vorse, D. W., a Methodist Episcopal minister, was born in Smyrna, K Y., July 16, 1812. He experienced religion in 1830, was licensed to preach in 1837, and in 1839 was received into the Erie Conference and appoint- ed to Hendersonville Circuit. In 1840 he was sent to New Castle ; in 1842, to Cambridge ; in 1843, to M'K…
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Vortumnus, See Vkrtumnus. Vos, Aric, an English Congregational missionary, was born Nov. 29, 1770. In 1805 he became the agent of the London ^Missionary Society. His first stations were Zak River and Uraaf Keinet. In 1811 he removed vos 815 VOSSIUS to Tulbagh, and became pastor of a church over which he labored fo…
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Vossius, Isaac, a Dutch scholar and theologian, the only son of Gerard Jan Vossius, who survived him, was born at Leyden in 1618. He was educated entirely by his father, and at the age of twentj'-one he published an edition of the Periplus of Scylax, the Greek geog- rapher, with a Latin translation and notes. He then t…
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Vouillemont, Sebastien, a French engraver, was born at Bar-sur-Aube about 1620. He studied at Paris under Daniel Rabel, and then went to Kome, where he resided several years. He engraved several plates from the Italian and French masters, as well as from his own designs. Among the best of these are the following : The …
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(I.) As to vows of the first class (neder), the following rules are laid down in the Jewish law : A man might devote to sacred uses possessions of persons, but not the first-born either of man or beast, which was devoted al- ready (Lev. xxvii, 26). See First-born. 1. If he vowed land, he might either redeem it or not.…
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4. Above 6(1 years, 15 shekels = 9 30 B. 1. Females from one moiiih to 5 years, 3 she- kels = 1 S6 2. From 5 years to 20 years, 10 shekels = C 20 3. From 20 years to (50 years, 30 shekels =18 60 4. Above GO years, 10 shekels = 6 20 If the person were too poor to pay the redemption-price, his value was to be estim…
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In the Church of Rome the subject of vows assumes extraordinar}' proportions. "The objects of these en- gagements among Catholics are ver\' various; but they are drawn, for the most part, from what are called the evangelical ' counsels,' in contradistinction to ' ])re- cepts' or 'commands' — the most ordinary subject o…
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a. The Talmudic explanations of the Biblical passage Neh. viii, S, where, as a means of iinilei>taMdin>; the sense of the law read hi pubhc, D"^?3S"l3 and '^pID'^S 0*^73 Jt3 are adduced, besides the verse-division D'^p"D2. b. D'^^"I3 ""piOS and min ■'^aS'lJ are also men- tioned. Such expressions have been thought to …
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Almost simultaneously with these endeavors, the scholars of Palestine, especially of Tiberias, worked in the same directiim; and here rabbi Mocha, a disciple of Anan the Karaite, and his son ]\Ioses fixed another system of vocalization (about 570) distinguished as thai of Tiberias C3"in:: TipS) and the Palestinian or W…
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VOWEL-POINTS 821 VOWEL-POINTS (q. v.),in 1574-75, nearly forty years after the appear- ance of Levita's work, miilertook a refutation of the same. lu his work Jleor Enaim, he quotes tlie Tal- mud, Nedarim, 37 b; the books Bahir and Zuhar ; Je- rome, Epist. 126, ad Evagi: etc. Without entering too minutely upon the …
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I'he modus operandi of the Catholic controversialists caused great alarm among the defenders of Protestant- ism, who now commenced beating a retreat. They de- clared that the points were put to the text by the proph- ets themselves, and that to say otherwise was heathenish and popish. Thus the charge of Gregorj' Martin…
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Although the antiquity of the vowel-points still found advocates in Joseph Cooper {Dormts J/osuicce Claris, sice Legis Septimentum, etc. [Lond. 1673], Samuel Clarke (-4?« Exercitation concerning the Original of the Chap- ters and Verses in the Bible, etc. [ibid. 1698]), White- field (-4 Dissertation on the IJebreiu Vow…
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Mr. Vredenbergh was an impressive, earnest, instruc- tive preacher, a faithful, skilful, successful, and beloved pastor. His amiable qualities endeared him to all that knew him. His attainments were respectable. He was a great friend of the young people, a jiulicious counsel- lor, and attracted a confidence which he al…
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Vuitasse, Chaklks, a French divine, was born Nov. 11, UitJO, at Chauny, near Noyon. After studying at I'aris, ajid entering the religious ranks, he cultivated theology, Church history, and the Greek and Hebrew languages. In 1688 he was admitted to the Sorbonne, >vas made doctor in IGSK), and soon after professor of the…
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VULGATE 825 VULGATE Test, without regard to its derivation from the Sept., or to that of the New Test. 2. Yet more: as tlie phrase Koirn) tKdoaig came to signify an uncorrected (and so corrupt) text, the same secondary meaning was attached to vulguta editio. Thus in some places the vulgata editio stands in con- tra…
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2. Character. — The exact literality of the Old ver- sion was not confined to the most minute observance of order and the accurate retiection of the words of the original; in many cases the very forms of Greek con- struction were retained in violation of Latin usage. A few examples of these singular anomalies will conv…
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5. Remuins.~\t will be seen that, for the chief part of the Old Test, and for considerable parts of the New Test. (e. g. Apoc; Acts), the old text rests upon early quotations (principally Tertullian, Cyprian, Lucifer of ('agliari for the .\frican text, Ambrose and Augustine for the Italic). These were collected by Saba…
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aut propheta.f. 18 fiant: cadinn et terra transibwit, verba au- tem iiiea non prmteri- bunt. 22 fratri sno sine, causa. 25 es cum illu in iia. 29 eat in gehennam. 37 quod auteni aiiqMtts. 41 adhuc alia duo. 43 odies. 44 vestros, et benedicite qui tnaledicent vobi)i et be- nefacite. Vui.QATE. 7 ipsi misericor…
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orationi. oratione. 18 Hic^igitur adquisivit. IS Et hie qnidem possedit. 21 qui convenerunt nobis- 21 viris qui nobiscum sunt cum vfris. congregati. 25 ire. Comp. xvii, 30. 25 ut abirei. Acts xvii, 16-34. 16 circa simulacrimi. 16 idohihitriri' deditam. 17 Judseis. 17 <■"/// .luda-is. 15 seminiitor. IS srnu'iiii…
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Et statuit super petram pedes meos; et diiexit gressus ineos. Et iinniisit in os nieuni cauticum novum: hymuum Deo iiostro. GaIXICAN PSAI.TKU. Quoniam videbo coelos * tuos " opera digito- rum tuoruiu ; lunam et steUas qiise t tu " fiindasti. Quid est homo, qitod niemor es ejus? aut liliiis hominis, quoniam visita…
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Joshua (Judges, Ruth), Kings, the Prophets, in which Jerome touches more or less plainly on tlie difficulties of his task, while he does refer to his former labors on Job, the Psalter, and the books of Solomon in the par- allel prefaces to those books, and also in his Apology against Rufinus (ii, 27, 29-31). It has. in…
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IV. I/i.ftori/ of Jerome's Translation to the Invention of Printin;/. — 1. Eai'ly Acceptance. — The critical labors of Jerome were received, as such labors alwaj^s are re- ceived by the multitude, with a loud outcry of reproach. He was accused of disturbing the repose of the Church and shaking the foundations of faith…
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2. Revision of Alciiin. — Meanwhile the text of the different parts of the Latin Bible was rapidly deterio- rating. The simultaneous use of the Old and New ver- sions necessarily led to great corruptions of both texts. Mixed texts were formed according to the taste or judg- ment of scribes, and the confusion was furthe…
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1545, as giving readings in accordance with the oldest IMSS., though the sources from which they are derived are not given (Varice Lect. xcix). The course of con- troversy in the 16th century exaggerated the impor- tance of the differences in the text and interpretation of the Vulgate, and the confusion called for some…
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ilk (dated INIarch 1, 1589) prefixed, in which Sixtus affirmed with characteristic decision the plenary author- ity of the edition for all future time. "By the fulness of apostolical power" (such are his words), "we decree and declare that this edition . . . approved by the au- thority deliveretl to us by the Lord, is …
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Sixtine. Clementine. ]\Iatt. i, 23, vocabitiu- (pp. 11.). vocabuut. ii, 5, Juda (gilt. luin. etc.). Jiidse. 13, surge, accipe (?). surye et aocipe. iii, 2, appropinquabit (iv, appropiiiquavit. 17), (MSS. Gallic. i)p. 11.). 3, de quo dictum est (tol. qui dictus est. it.). 10, arboris (Tert.). arborum. iv, 6, ut…
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A full account of tlie editions of the Vulg is given by jVIasch (Le Long), liibliotheca Sdcra (1778-90). The variations between the Sixtine and Clementine editions were collated by 'i'. .laincs. helium I'<ipii!c,s. (\inr<u-di<i J)i<vors ( Lond. ItiOO), and more completely, with a col- lation of the Clementine editions,…
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iii, IT, in opera tno. "jlinya for "^"liar'n. iv, 16, om. Nod, which is specially noticed in Jerome's Qumst. Hebr. vi, 6, add. et prsecavens in futiirnm. The words are a gloss, and not a piirt of the Vulgate text. viii, 4, vicesimo se|)limo/or septitno deciyno. So Sept. viii, 7, egiediebatur et non levertehatnr. Th…
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VULGATE S3G VULGATE timonv" (1 -I^l"! v, 7), which is found hi the editions of the Vulgate, is, beyond all doubt, a later interpola- tion, duo to an African gloss; and there is reason to be- lieve that the interpolations in Acts viii, 37; ix, 5, were reallv erased by Jerome, though they maintained their place in the…
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4. Of the interpretative value of the Vulgate little need be said. There can be no doubt that in dealing with the New Test., at least, we are now iu possession of means infinitely more varied and better suited to the right elucidation of the text than could have been en- joyed by the original African translators. It is…
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Other verbs woriliy of nutice are: apprnpriare, a2ipre- tiare, tenebrescere, indulcare, implanare (plunus), manicare. In this class may be reckoned also many — (1.) New sulistantivcs derived from adjectives: possibi- litas, prceclaiititx, jml,' lu'ta.i, prcescientia, religiusitas, na- tivitas, siipcrriiciiitiis. munu…
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2. Generally it may be said that the scriptural idi- oms of our common language have come to us mainly through the Latin; and in a wider view the Yulg. is tlie connecting-link between classical and modern lan- guages. It contains elements which belong to the ear- liest stage of Latin, and exhibits (if often in a rude f…
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IX. Modem Versions of the Vulgate. — The versions used in the Church of Rome have all been made from the Vulgate, of which the first German translation was printed in 1466, the Spanish in 1478, and the Italian in 1471. Onr limits will allow ns only to refer to that in use in English, of which the Old Test, was printed …
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xlvii, 31), "In this passage .some vainly assert that Ja- cob adored the top of Joseph's sceptre ; . . . for in the Hebrew the reading is quite different. Israel adored at the head of the bed (adoravit Israel ad caput lectuli)." See English Vkksions. X. Literature. — The chief original works bearing on the Vulgate gen…
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If we take the Ileb. inidh to refer to the red kite {Mil- vus rer/«//s, Temm.), and ihiydh to the black kite {Mil- rus ater, Temm.), we shall find the piercing sight of the former referred to by Job (xxviii, 7), and the gregarious habits of the latter by Isaiah (xxxiv, 15). Both species are inhabitants of Palestine, th…
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"Waajen, Hans van der (2), son of the preceding, was born t)ct. "20, 1(377, at Middelburg, aiul succeeded his father in his literary and clerical positions. He died Dec. 9, 1716, leaving no original works. See Bio- graphie Uiiirerselle, s. v. "Waast (or Wast, Lat. Vedastus), St., a French ecclesiastic, was born, accor…
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Wack, George, a miiii:*ter of the German Re- fiirmcd Cliiircl). was born in Uucks County, Pa., March ]. 177(). Alter having pursued a course of classical studies, he was tauirht theology by his father, then pas- tor in Kockaway. N. .1. He was licensed an<l ordained in I'Stll. In l;Slt2 he becanie pastor of cliurches in…
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■Waddheam (or GonDAMUs),ADAM,D,D,, an Eng- lish Franciscan of Norwich, was professor at Oxford, He died in 13.58. His Commentary on the Sentences was published at Paris in 1512, See Mosheim, IJist. of the Church, bk. iii, cent, xiv, pt, ii, ch, ii. "Wadding, Lukk, a Roman Catholic ecclesiastic, was born at Waterford, …
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to Redland, Bristol. Like dean Swift, he "died at the top.'' Tiie intellect, too active in life, lost its cunning, the memory its power. Finally, the great spirit passeil away, Nov. 7, 1876. "Seldom has a man been intrusted with an intellect at once so strong and so sprightly; seldom have the earnest student, the |)ow…
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TVade, John, a Congregational minister, was born at Ipswich, Mass. He graduated from Harvard Col- lege in 1G93; was ordained pastor of the church in Berwick, Me., in November, 1702; and died in 1703. See Spraguc. Anna/.i of the Amer. Pulpit, i, 189. "Wade, Jonathan, D.D., a distinguished Baptist missionary, was born i…
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"Waehiwolf, in Scandinavian mythology, is a spiritual Ix-ing who still creates fear in many people's minds. Superstition teaches that Waehrwolf is a hu- man being (manor woman) that is capable of changing itself into a wolf. This wolf is unusually large and savage, and is known mainly by his riding-belt, an in- disi)en…
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"Wagenaar, Hans, a Dutch historian, who was born at Amsterdam, Oct. 31, 1709, was chiefly occupied in commerce and literature, and died March 1, 1773, de- serves notice here for several ecclesiastical monographs, for which see Bioi/. Unlrerselle, s. v. "Wagenseil, Christian Jakob, a German writer, who was born Nov. 23…
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Polybius, vi,39). It was perhaps the traditional remem- brance of this sum as a day's wages that suggested the mention of "drachmas wnnig from the hard hands of peasants" (Shakspeare, Jul. Cces. iv, 3). In earlier times it is [irobable that the rate was lower, as imtil lately it was throughout India. In Scotland w'e kn…
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Wagner, Johann Jakob, a German philosopher, was born at LHm in 1775, ami became professor at Wlirz- burg. He died Nov. 23, 1841. His principal works are, Philnsophie der Erziehungskunst (1802) : — Von der Na- iur der Binge (1803): — System der Idetilpliilosophie (1804) : — GruHilriss der St/iatswisseiischciJ't iiud I'u…
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WAGON 848 WAGSTAFFE Ancient Assyrian Wagon. (Fnun the bas-reiicl' of Ku- yuujik in the British Mus^eum.) Milit. iii, 24). which David at once efFectually overcame in a pilclieil battle (2 Sam. viii,4) ; and Solomon estab- lished cavalry stations (-:"1<1 "'"^'i 1 Kings ix, 19; x, 26 ; comp. v, 6 ) as a defence ( Ewa…
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Wahl, Christian Abraham, a Protestant theo- logian of Germany, was born at Dresden, Nov. 1, 1773. In 1808 he was called as pastor to Schneeberg. He was appointed in 1823 superintendent at Oschatz; in 1835, X.— H H H member of consistory in his native place; and died Nov. 30, 1855, at Ktitschenbroda. He wrote, Uistori…
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■Wainwright, Jonathan Mayhew, D.D., a bish- op of the Protestant Episcopal Church, was born in Liv- erpool, England, Feb. 24, 1792. His parents were on a visit to England when he was born, and they remain- ed there until he was eleven years old. During this period he spent several years at a school at Ruthin, in North …
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It appears from various parts of Scripture that Pal- estine and the adjoining regions were much infested by persons who lived by violence, and took refuge in the many large caves and mountain fastnesses which the country afforded them. In the civil wars which arose out of the usurpation of Abimelech, we find that the m…
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'Waitana (or Vaitana), in Hindiiism, is a cere- mony by which water is made holy. Waite, Clarendon, a Congregational minister, was born in Ilnbbardston, Mass., Dec. 12, 18oU. Alter gradu- ating from Brown University in 185"2, he devoted one year to business, and then spent three years in the Andover Theological Semina…
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■Waizganthos, in Slavonic mythology, is the god of fruitfuhiess and land-tillage, worshipped mainly by the Lithuanians. Walie (Anglo-Saxon, wafcan, " to watch"), a holy- day festival once universally held in England. In early times the day was considered as beginning and ending at sunset : anil on the eve of the holy…
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"Wake-ikatsu-tsino-kanii, in .Japanese my- thology, is the god of tlashes of lightning; a sidilime god, resident in the main sanctuary at Karao, near Mijako. and who guards the fate of the Mikado. In this sanct- uary are yearly held several festivals, of which one, Obi- matsuri, is especially remarkable, because the pr…
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Walch was rather an industrious comjnler than a cre- ative genius. His importance lies in the department of Church history; his theology being deficient in or- thodox life, but pervaded by the historical spirit. His WALCH 854 WALD earliest work, written at the age of twenty-seven, was a J/istori/ of the Ltit/icrdii…
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Wald, Samuel Gottlieb, a Protestant theolo- gian of (lermany, was born at Brcslau, Oct. 17, 1762. He studied at Halle and Leipsic. In the latter place he received the degree of master on presenting a disser- tation Curarumin Ilistoriam Textus Vaticinorum Dani- elis Specimen Primum, and was thus entitled to lecture publ…
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5. The}' admit no indulgences nor confessions of sin, with any of their consequences, excepting mutual confessions of the faithful for instruction and consola- tion. 0. They hold the sacraments of baptism and of the encharist to be only symbols, denying the real jiresence of Christ in the bread and wine, as we find in…
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Such has been the history of the Waldenses all through the ages — subject to initold suffering from persecution; then enjoying, in the rpiiet valleys of Piedmont, comparative' traniiuillity for a time; then assailed b}' their ever-relentless foe, the Roman Cath- olic Church, which has spared no pains, by fire and slaug…
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WALDENSIS 857 WALENBURG An Inquiry info the History and Theology of the Ancient Vallenses and A Ibiyenses ( Loud. 1838, 8vn ) ; Gilly, Waldensian Researches, beinf/ a Second \'isit to the Vaudois oj' Piedmont (ibid. 1831, 8vo) ; Lowther, Brief Observations on the Present State of the Waldenses (ibid. 1821, 8vo); Mar…
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Waldron, Isaac, an English Wesleyan minister, began his itinerant labors among the Methodists of England in 1760, and died (according to Hill) in 1782. He was not eminent either for piety, gifts, or usefulness. His natural disposition was crooked. He died in ob- scurity. See Atmore, Meth. Memorial, s. v. Waldron, Will…
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"Walfadur, in Norse mythology, was a surname of Odin, who was the father (master) of all the slain in battle, because the surviving in battle tarried with him. "Walford, Wii.liaji, an English Dissenting minis- ter, was l)orn at Bath, Jan. 9, 1773, and was some time tutor in Homerton College. He published. The Book of …
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By a somewhat different figure, the pestilence is said to walk in darkness, spreading its ravages by night as well as by day. God is said to walk on the wings of the wind, and the heart of inan to walk after detestable things. "Walker, Aldace, D.D., a Congregational minister, was born in Strafford, Vt., July 20, 181…
1,128 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.