PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 10
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,500,482 words · 1483 reading sections
Section 781
IV. M uhammedanism. — The Turks have been a Mo- liammedan people from the 10th century, and have ever since been the banner-bearer among tlie Mohammedan states. Tlie sultan is regarded as the head of the Sun- nite jNIoliammedans [see Sunnites], not only in Turkey, but as far as the Sunnite form of Moliammedanism ex- te…
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Turkish Mohammedans 1,767,500 Mohaminedaiis of other nationalities. 2,479,500 Total Mohammedans 4,247,000 13,273,350 Greek Church 4,70.5,450 Armenians S9,(l00 Roman Catholics 426,000 Protestants 10,000 Total Christians Jews Gypsies Total Asia. Turks 0,973,500 Other IMohammedaiis 0, 211 1), 850 Total Moha…
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1. The Greek Church. — When the Turks took, in 1453, possession of Constantinople, the foremost episcopal see of the Eastern Church became subject to their rule. The patriarch of (,'onstantinople had graiiually become for the Eastern (Jhurch what the patriarcli of Rome became for the West. See (iIikkk Ciii'itcii. When …
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Until the establishment of the inde|iendence of Greece, the Turkish empire comprised nearly all the Greek churches of the world, except those of Russia and Austro- Ilungary. Among the bishops of the Greek Church the patriarch of Constantinople holds the highest rank. He alone is invested by the Turkish government with …
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The office of the patriarch is intended to be held by the occupant for life ; but the Porte may remove him on account of liigh-treason, and the synod may ask the Porte for his removal on account of bail administration and of iieresy. Charges of the first class are very fre- tjuent; and as it is the pecuniary interest o…
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TURKEY 589 TURKEY the administration of the patriarchate by a number of officers. They are divided into two clioirs — one at the light, and the other at the left. The former consists of tijree sections, each of which embraces five persons, and is therefore called a Tvh'rac. All these offices were formerly of great i…
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The number of metropolitans and bishops who were subject to the patriarch of Constantinojile before the churches of Roumania, Servia, and Bulgaria had sev- ered their connection with him amoimted, according to Silbernagl {VerJ'uxsimg slimmlliclier Kirchcn chs Orients [1865]), to ]ol, of whom 02 belonged to Europe, 21 t…
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The patriarchate of Jerusalem has been in existence since the middle of tlie 17th century, when the catholi- cos Philippos conferred upon the archbishop of Jerusa- lem the right of consecrating, himself, the holy oil; and the archbishop consequently assumed the title of pa- triarch, and began to ordain bishops. The pat…
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Tlie Latin mUk4 embraces the Roman Catholics of all rites, except the United Armenians, who have their own civil head. The head of the Latin millet is a lay- man, who has the title Vekil (representative). He is assisted by four deputies of the Latin population, with whom he constitutes a permanent council called the La…
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(2.) The A rmeninn Rite. — The Church of Rome began to gain a firm footing among the Armenians at the time of the crusades. See Armenian Church. Although the bulk of the nation always continued averse to a union with Rome, considerable numbers accepted the union, and, retaining the rites of the national Church, TURKEY…
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(4.) Protestantism. — The most important Protestant churches in the Turkish empire are under the care of Am.erican missionary societies. The Rev. Pliny Fisk and the Rev. Levi Parsons were appointed by the Amer- ican Board in 1818 "missionaries to Palestine, and ar- rived at Smyrna in 1820. In the next year Mr. Parsons …
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The American Board has a press at Constantinople, and the Presbyterians have one at Beirut, at both of which religious, educational, and scientific books are published in the languages of the people. The Arabic Bible published at Beirut is circulated in all Jlohamme- dan countries. Other editions of the Bible are publi…
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JliWS. There are a number of sects peculiar to Turkey. The most prominent among them are the Aiisarians (q. v.) and the Druses (q. v.). The number of gypsies is esti- mated at about 200,000. VII. Literature. — For information on the religious denominations of Turkey, see Baker, Turkey (Lond. and N. Y. 1878) ; Audoiia…
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This speaks well of the work performed by these Annerican scholars. For reasons stated above, we have confined ourselves in this article to the Turkish ver- sion properly so called, and to its transcription into the Armenian and Greek characters. I. Turkish. — The Turkish language, in its numerous dialectic varieties,…
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TURKEY, VERSIONS OF 596 TURNER that one text should suffice for all classes, and that two versions would be injurious to the cause of divine trutli, on the ground that it might, with some show of propri- ety, be objected that Protestants liad one 15ible for the rich and learneil and another for tlie poor and unlearn-…
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III. Turkish-Greek. — This, like the preceding version, is Turkish, but printed in Greek letters. In 1782 the Psalms, translated into Turkish by Seraphim, metropoli- tan of Karamania, were printed in Greek letters ; and in 1810 a Turkish version of the Acts and Epistles was printed in the same character at Venice. In c…
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Turner, Jesse H., a Presbyterian minister, was born in Bedford County, Va., Jan. 1, 1788 ; was educated in Hampden Sidney College, Va. ; studied theologjnn the Union Seminary, Prince Edward, Va. ; was licensed by Hanover Presbytery and ordained by the same in 1813. He began his labors as a missionary in Richmond, Va. ;…
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TURNER 598 TURRET In 1G41 he was preferred to the deanery of Rochester, but on the death of the king he was stripped of liis preferments and treated with indignity. At the Res- toration he entered tlie deanery of Canterbnry, August, 1660. He died in October, 1672. See Chahuers, Biu<j. Diet. s. V. Turner, William, a…
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Turret, Touret, or Turette, a small tower: the name is also sometimes given to a large pinnacle. Tur- rets are employed in Gothic architecture for various pur- poses, and are applied in various ways; they also diflPer very greatlj- in their forms, proportions, and decorations. In many cases they are used solely for orn…
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The principal theological works of Turretini, from which his tendency may most readily be learned, are, Nuhes Testium pro Moderato et Pacijico de Rebus Theol. Judicio et Instituenda inter Protestantes Concordia (1729), with a dissertation on the fundamental articles of the faith annexed. Such articles he describes as "…
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Turtle, or Tl'ktle-dove ("lIFl, tor, so called, no doubt, in imitation of its cooing note; rpuywv), occurs tirst in Scripture in Gen. xv, 9, where Abram is com- manded to offer it along with other sacrifices, and with a young pigeon (5T1J, gozdl). In the Levitical law a pair of turtle-doves or of young pigeons are cons…
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Columba Turtur. tj' of its note and habits, it is not probable that it was distinguished by the ancients. The large Indian turtle (Turtur ytlastes, Temm.) has also been stated, though without authority, to occur in Palestine. Other spe- cies, as the well-known collared dove (Turtur risoria, L.), have been incorrectly …
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The genius of Tutilo was displayed with equal force in the arts of painting, sculpture, and architecture. He had the independence to work from new, indigenous motives as well as from Roman and Byzantine models and after a traditional type. His fame extended wide- ly, and made it the fashion to procure works from his ha…
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Twelfth-day, (1) the feast of Epiphany, being the twelfth day after Christmas; (2) the old Christmas- day. TWELFTH DAY of the Month. In the evening service of the Church of England for the twelfth day of any month, the hymn after the second lesson, begin- ning " ( Jod be merciful unto us," etc., is omitted, because it…
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Twining, Thomas, a learned Anglican divine, was born in 1734, and educated at Sidney College, Cam- bridge, being contemporary in tliat university with Gray. Mason, and Bate. Mr. Twining was well versed in the composition, harmony, and history of the art and science of music. In 1760 he took his degree of A.B., and that…
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Asia; but from the fact that of Onesimus, who is men- tioned immediately afterwards, it is said, og tariv t$ if^iujv, whereas Tychicus is not so styled, we naturally infer that the latter was not a native of that city. These two men were doubtless the bearers both of this letter and the following, as well as that to Ph…
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cum, etc., is of inferior value, as is also his Element. Sy- riacum. See Hartmann, Oluus Gerhard Tychsen, etc. (Bremen, 1818 sq.) ; De Sacy, Biog. Universelle, xlvii, 120 sq. — Herzog, Real-Encyklopi. s. v. Tychsen, Thomas Christian, a German schol- ar and professor, was born at Horsbyll, in Sleswick, May 8,1758; stud…
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Tyler, Edv^ard Royall, a Congregational minis- ter and author, was born at Guilford, Vt.., Aug. 3, 1800. He was the son of chief-justice Tyler, two of whose sons became ministers in the Protestant Episcopal Church and one in the Presbyterian. Edward was converted while a clerk in a counting-house in New York, and under…
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TYMPE 607 TYNDALE Tympuuuiu uf Uuoi w;iy, Es?eiidiiie, KiUlaudslilie, cir. UbO. mould, the space included between the arch and the mould is termed the tympanum of the gable. — Parker, Gloss, of Architect, s. v. Tympe, Johann Gottfried, professor of theology and Oriental languages at Jena, was born in 1699 at Biede…
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often disputed with neighboring abbots and other Ro- , under such information, the autli^)rities at Brussels mish ecclesiastics. Here, too, he translated the Enchi- ridion Militis of Erasmus, as a present to his host and liis lady. His free opinions and discussions soon got him into troublous examinations before the p…
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As used by theologians, the word type has received a special technical meaning not exactly equivalent to any of these usages, though approaching to that of Rom. vi, 14, where Adam is said to be the type of Christ. They mean by it any object, whether office, institution, person, or action, by means of which some truth c…
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2. A type is an institute or act appninfed hij God, and hy him adapted to the end it is designed to serve. Knowing what in due time was to be exhibited to men by the mission and work of his Son, God could not only predict it in words, but also give by means of sym- bolical acts and institutes such representation of it …
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TYPE 610 TYPE assured him that, just as by sacrifice he had been re- stored to liis place in the Jewish State, so by the great sacrifice he mittht be restored to tlie divine favor, and to a place in tliat spiritual kingdom of which the Jew- ish nation was the type. 4. Though resfinbliince to that which it is design…
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3. Relation to Comparison. — The New-Test, teachers occasionally, for the sake of illustrating their meaning, introduce a comparison, drawn from some well-known fact in the history of the Jewish people, between which and the point they are discussing there exists some ob- vious analogy. In this way our Lord makes use o…
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Y . Interpretation of Types. — As a general rule it may be laid down that we should alwaj'S expect to find in the antitype something higher and more glorious than in the type (Chrysost. in Genes. flom.So: /^u) TravTct dTrairei iv T([i Tvn(})' oiiCe yap ai> iuj tvttoq el jitiXXoi Travrci txfC' rd ry dX>]9d(f (Ti'i.ij3an…
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6. Rites typical were : circumcision, various sacrifices, and sundry purifications. 6. Places typical were : the land of Canaan, the cities of refuge, the tabernacle, and the temple. The above types were designed to shadow forth Christ and tlie blessings of his salvation ; but there were others also which pointed at …
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Tyrannus, in Greek mythology, was one of the Pterulaida'. who were slain in the contest against the sons of f'.lcctryon. Tyrbenus, in Greek mvtluilogv, was a surname of Apollo. Tyre (Heb. Tsor, ^i:J [or lis, 1 Kings v, 1 ; Psa. Ixxxiii, 7; Ixxxvii, 4; Ezek. xxvi, 15; xxvii, 3, 8, 32; xxviii. Pi; Hos. ix, 13; Zech. ix…
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1^71. c U Iti I) a. 1 1. d p La. I IV very possible that the population on the mainland may have exceeded the popidation on the island (see Mov- ers, loc. cit. p. 81). 2. Connection icith Sidon. — Whether built before or later than Patetyrus, the renowned cityof Tyre, though it laid claims to a verv high antiquity (I…
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man the soil; the lowing of oxen and the song of birds answer the deep roar of the main ; the hamadryad among the tall trees hears the voice of the nereid call- ing to her from the waves; the breeze from Lebanon, while it cools the rustic at his midday labor, speeds the sailor seaward." " O Tyrus," exclaims the ])rophe…
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have previously occasioned the strong affection of Hi- ram for David (1 Kings v, 1). However this may be, it is evident that under Solomon there was a close alli- ance between the Hebrews and the Tyrians. Hiram supplied Solomon with cedar-wood, preci((us metals, and workmen, and gave him sailors for the voyage to Ophir…
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5. After the siege of Tyre by the Assyrians (which must have taken place not long after B.C. 721), Tyre remained a powerfid state with its own kings (.Jer. xxv, 22; xxvii, 3; Ezek. xxviii, 2-12), remarkable for its wealth, with territory on the mainland, and protected by strong fortifications ( ver-. 5; xxvi, 4, 6, 8, …
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Chaklieans, the latter instantly followed up their vic- tory by occupying Syria, Palestine, and Phoenicia, and selling a great number of the inhabitants of the latter, about B.C. G05. A league having been formed between these states to throw oft" the foreign yoke, gave rise to a new ChakUean expedition against them und…
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7. During the Persian domination the Tyrians were subject in name to the Persian king, and may have given him tribute. With the rest of Phoenicia, they had sub- mitted to the Persians without striking a blow ; perhaps tlirough hatred of the Chaldees, perhaps solely from prudential motives. But their connection with the…
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TYRE 619 TYRE cunning as they were successful, and fearfully galling to the besiegers. At last Tyre fell under a furious double attack, and, provoked by their desperate resist- ance even after the town was already taken, the sol- diery tired it and massacred an immense number of the inhabitants. In accordance with t…
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11. In tiie 7ih century took place the extraordinary Arabian revolution under Moliammed which has given a new religion to so many millions of mankind. In the years A.D. 633-63« all Syria and Palestine, from the Dead Sea to Antioch, were conquered by the calii)h Omar. This conquest was so complete that in both those cou…
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UAM. The present city lies only upon the eastern part of the island, on the junction of the island and isthmus. The houses are mostly mere hovels, one storv high, with flat roofs ; and the streets are narrow, crooked, and filthy. Yet the i\umerous palm-trees and pride- of- India trees interspersed among the houses and…
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Tyr'ian (Tf'ptot,-), a native or inhabitant of the city of Tyre (Eccles. xlvi, 18). The corresponding Heb. word C"iis, Tsori) is rendered by the indirect phrase "of Tyre" in the A. V. (1 Kings vii, 14 ; 1 Cliron. xxii, 4; 2 Chron. ii, 14; Ezra iii, 7; Neh. xiii, 16), and .«o likewise the Greek (1 Esdr. v, 55 ; 2 Mace, …
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Tyssens, Peter, a Flemish painter, was born at Antwerp in 1625; and, after the death of Rubens and Vandyck, was considered one of the ablest painters of his time. He was made director of the Academy at Ant- werp in 1661, "His compositions are copious and in- genious, his design more correct than is usual with paint- er…
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tue, for wliich the Church exists" (see Eohr, ut sup. ii, 2, p. 243, art. " Tzschirncr als Homiletiker"). Literature. — Krug, Tzschiriiers Deukmal, etc. (Leips. 1823); //. G. Tzschinm; etc. (2d ed. ibid. 1828) ; Gold- horn, Dr. II. G. Tzschirner, etc. (1828) ; Rolir, Krit. Pre- dlger-Bihl. I, i, 12G; Tittman,;l/e7«on(…
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Ubiquity (Lat. ubique, " everywhere") is the opin- ion of some (ierman divines that the body of Christ is present everywhere by virtue of its union with his di- vine nature. It was adopted in 1577 as a mode of ex- plaining the eucharistic Presence by those who com- piled the Formula of Concord. The party was soon di- v…
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Udceus, in Greek mythology, was one of the fol- lowers of Cadmus, five of whom murdered each other. He was grandsire of Tiresias. Udainsakr, in Northern mythology, is the name given to that part of the land of the blessed where, with all earthly wants, all sorrows are at an end, whose inhabitants neither sickness nor …
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1. Tluit the angelicul s:\lutatiou should be rung out at nuou, or at the close of the d.iv. 2. That the mliabitauts of ijiida should pay some im- post which tliey liail eiicleavoied to evade. 4. The cou^tltullollS of carduial (jreiitil were read, and au order made that a copy simuld be sent to every piel- ate, to use…
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UHLE G26 ULAI viii (ibid. 1791) ; Cap. ix (ibid. 1792) : — Dissertalio Exe- getica in Umjtj. it, 1-9 (ibid. 1789). See Winer, //(ind- buch der theol. Liteniiur, i, tlb-liG, "ioO, boo ; ii, 810; Fllrst, Bill. Jud. iii, 457 sq. (B. P.) Uhle, August Gkorg, a Protestant theologian of (Jermany, was born Jan. 16, 1737, a…
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Ukklima, the great spirit of the Esquimaux, a be- ing of infinite goodness, to whom they apply for the sat- isfying of all their wains. Uknaz. See Kexaz 4. U'lai [many U'l(n'\ (Ileb. Ulay', "h^X [in pause ■^s^S], probably Pehlri Am-Halesh, i. e. "pure water;" Sept. OiiKa'i; Theodotion, OiT/3d\ ; Vulg. Ulai') is men- …
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See Porter, Travels, ii, 412 ; Kinneir, Persian Empire, p. 100-106; Sir H. Rawlinson, in Geograph. Journ. ix, 84-93; Layard, ibid, xvi, 91-94; Loftus, Chaldma and Susiana, p. 424-431. U'lani {\l<ih.Ulam',t^^'»., porch; Sept. Oir\a|ii v. r. occasionally AiXsju), the name of two Hebrew's. 1. First named of the two sons…
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Ullmann, Kari^, an eminent German doctor and professor of theology, was born March ib, 179(5, at Epfen- bach, in the Palatinate, and studied at the University of Tubingen, where he formed an intimate friendship with Uhland, Ptizer, and Schwab. In 1819 he took his'de- gree as doctor of philosophy, and commenced his pro-…
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ULPKILAS 629 ULTIIAMONTANISTS pecially the Waldensses and Albigenses" (Scliaff). Be- sides these works there are a number of essays from his pen in the Studien vnd Kritiken, and other treatises juiblished separately. See Zucholil, Bibl. TheoL ii, 13G5 S(|. ; Herzog, Real- Enci/klop. s. v.; Tlieoldf/inches Uni- versa…
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es, No. 7. Ultimate Appeal to Scriptuhe Authority. It is the opinion of some persons that a consi<lerable portion of the essentials of Christianity is not to be found in Scripture, but in a supplementary tradition, which is to be sought in the works of those early fa- thers who were orthodox. Others, again, utterly op…
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Kali (after the figure in Colemau's Mythology of the Ilin- dim). Umbraculum (a little shade), an altar canopy, more generally called the cihorium (q. v.). Umbreit, Friedrich Wii.hei,m Carl, an eminent doctor and professor of theology of Germany, was born April 11, 17il.5, at Sonneborii,ncar Gotha. He studied at Gotti…
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Unchangeableness of God. See Attributes OF (ioD; iM.MUrAIlILITY. Uncial Letters — so called as being an inch (Lat. uncia) long — characters of a large and round form used in some ancient MSS. The earliest form of an alpha- bet is its capitals, and the oldest Greek and Latin MSS. are written entirely in capitals. Unci…
1,248 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.