PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 10
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,500,482 words · 1483 reading sections
Section 1
>'\4Jb ,^»J^ ./.>^7fc. 5^1Z: • •/; m..\ ;-L aM ^^..» .^i^ CYCLOP/EDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL, AND ECCLESIASTICAL LITERATURE. PEEPARED BY THE REV. JOHN M'CLINTOCK, D.D., AND JAMES STRONG, S.T.D. Vol. X.— SU-Z. PRIVATE LIBRARY RICHARD C. HALVGRSON NEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, FRANKLIN SQU…
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Sycamore near Ashkelon Sycamore Fig and Leaf Probable Representation of an An- cient Synagogue Plan of Ruined Synagogue at Tell Hiim Jewish Synagogue in Amsterdam. Plan of Syracuse and its Environs. Coin of Syracuse Map of Syria Curtain-wall of Tabernacle Court. Curtain-wall of Entrance to Taber- nacle Court …
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670 671 678 678 681 682 697 VI LIST OF WOOD-CUTS IN VOL. X. Coin of Vjilentiiiinn II Page Coiu of Vuleutiiiiau III Coin of Valerian Vane at Stanton Ilarcoiirt Plan of Vatican Palace at Home... Specimen of the Cmlex i'aticaniis. . Cylindrical Vault Groined Vault Vault in Westniinstcr Abbey Vaulting-shaft, Ne…
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X.— A Su'ba (Sot)/3ne v. r. Srt/St//), a name given only in the Apocrypha (1 Esdr. v, 34) among the sons of Solo- mon's servants who returned with Zerubbabel from the Captivity;- but not found in the parallel Hebrew lists (Ezra ii, 35-37 ; Neh. vii, 37-39). Su'bai (2ii/3«i), a Gra^cized form (1 Esdr. v, 30) of the Sh…
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See Morinus, I>e Sacris Ordinatumibus. pt. iii,exercit. 12, Thomassinus, Vet. et Xav. Kcd. Discipl. xx, 30 sq. , Seitz, Recht dts P/(irr(imle.<,U, i, 415 sq.; Kichtcr, Kir- chenrecht, § 91, 103, 113; Coleman, Ancient C/irist. Ex- emplijied, viii, 11; llerzog, Real-Encykloji. s. v.; Wal- COtt, Sacred Archaol. s. v. Sub…
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dorsed the sublapsarian theory, Gomarus alone uphold- ing supralapsarianism, without, however, ceasing to be considered orthodox. The synod had recognised that both systems preserved the same fundamental doctrine, and only preferred siiblapsarianism as presenting that doctrine in a form less objectionable to other chur…
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SUBMISSION TO Gon implies an entire giving-up of our understanding, will, and affections to him ; or, as Dr. Owen observes, it consists in — 1. An acquiescence in his right and sovereignty ; 2. An acknowledgment of his righteousness and wisdom ; 3. A sense of his love and care ; 4. A diligent application of ourselves t…
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anything. Our first, idea of substance is probably de- rived from the consciousnessof self— the conviction that, while our sensations, thoughts, and purposes are chang- ing, we continue the same. We see bodies, also, remain- ing the same as to ipiantity or extension, while their col- or and tigiirc, ilieir state of mot…
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Substautialists. The Lutheran heresiologist Schliisselburg gives this name as a synonym of the Manichees, in his Cataloc/ue of Heresies, the second volume of which is entitled i)e Secta M anichceoi-um seu Substantialistarum. Substitution. See Vicarious Suffering. Substrati (i. e. prostrutors) were penitents of the thi…
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1. The phrase '■^apostolic sticcession'' is essentially ab- surd and self -contradictory. Strictly construed, it can only mean that the apostles have had a continuous line of successors to the present time. But the apostolic office was sui yeneris, and bj' its very constitution con- fined to the first incumbents. This …
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Literature. — This may well be exhibited in brief by the following extract from Eadie's Eccles. Cyclop., which shows how writers in the Episcopal Church are dis- agreed on the main elements of the question ; I. On the Ofice of the Apostles, aiul ivhether they had any Succesgorx. — Until Christ's death the apostles wer…
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Suc'coth (Heb. Sukkuth', n'lSO or [in Gen. xxxii, 17; Exod. xii, 37; xiii, 20; Numb, xxxiii, 5, 6] PSD, booths [ as often ] ; Sept. 2ok;!^w3' v. r. Sofc^wSa, but (TKi]vai in Gen. and Psa. ; Vulg. Socoth or Soccoth). the name of at least two Biblical places (in the treatment of which we avail ourselves largely of the ar…
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Robinson discovered another ruin, called jSniii^ (which is radically as well as topographically different from the Sukkot of Burckhardt\ situated on the west bank of the Jordan, about fifteen miles south of Beisan. " Near it is a copious fountain, and the plain around it is cov- ered with most luxuriant vegetation. The…
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Siickow, Cahi, Adolf, a German theologian, was born ill 1802 at Miinsterburg, in Silesia. He studied theology and philosojiby at Breslau, was aiipointcd in 1834 professor of theology and director of the homilet- ical seminary at Breslau, and died there in 1847. He wrote, l>e Protei-nnf/elio Jacobi. Pars I, De A ir/umen…
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Sudlioff, Carl, a doctor of divinity, and prominent theologian of the Calvinistic Church of German}^, who died in the year 1865 at Frankfort-on-the-Main, is the author of, Weihestiimlen (4th ed. Hamm. 1865): — Der IIeidelberf/e7- Katechismus zergliedei-t (2d ed. Kreuznach, 1854) : — De Convenientia qiice infer ittrumgu…
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METROrOLITAN. It thus appears that anciently suffragan bishops were all the city bishops of any province under a metro- politan, who were called his suffragans because they met at his command to give their suffrage, counsel, or advice in a provincial synod. In this sense the word was used in England at the time when L…
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SUGER 11 SUGIN" sary. The Mnsuavi, their principal book, expatiates largely upon tlie love of God, the dignity of virtue, and the high and holy enjoyments arising from a union with God. All Siitistic poetry and parlance are to be taken al- legorically and sj-mbolically. They represent tlie high- est things by human …
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See Hist. Lit. de la France, xii, 3G1 ; Bernardi, Fssai Hist, sur I'Ahhe Suger, in A?-chires Lit.de V Europe (Par. 1807), vol. xiv and xv ; Carne, Etudes sur les Fondatevrs de V Unite Nut. en France (ibid. 1848), vol. i; Combes, L'Abbe Suger (ibid. 1853); monk Willielm's (a contem- porary) biography of Suger, in Guizot…
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Suicide is now generally considered a symptom of some form of insanity, permanent or temporary, in which the emotions and passions are excited or perverted. The following statistics respecting suicides are from Ckamoers's Encijclojnedia, s. \-.: "In the kingdom f>f Sweden tiiere is calculated to be 1 suicide to every 9…
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Sulphur is designated in Heb. as T^'^^.p^, ffophrith (A. V. "brimstone"), and in Greek ^tlov (Plutarch, Si/mjMs. iv, 2, 3). In the Scriptures it is very freiiuent- ly associated with " fire :" " The Lord rained upon Sod- om and Gomorrah brimstone and fire out of heaven" (Gen. xix, 24; see also Psa. xi, G; Ezek. xxxviii…
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Sulzer, Simon, an avowed adherent and advocate of the Lutheran A'iew of the Lord's supper in Switzer- land during the period of the Reformation.' He was born Sept. 22, 1508 — the illegitimate child of a provost of Interlachen. After previous vicissitudes, he was rec- ommended by Berthold Haller (q. v.) to the Council o…
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shut himself up in his room and study intently for six- teen hours out of the twenty-four with insufficient nour- ishment. Tliis, together with the terrible remorse he sutTered, seriously and permanently injured liis consti- tution. Established in the coal trade by his father, he was so discontented and neglectful that…
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Summis Desiderantes Affectibus is the title of the bull issued by pope Innocent VIII wherein he informed the Germans that their country was overrun by witches, and appointing two inquisitors, Henry Kramer and Jacob Sprenger, for their destruction. See Kurtz, Church Hist, i, § 115,2. Summists, or Summistae, a name give…
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Sumptuary Laws. At an early period Chris- tianity controlled domestic habits in a great variety of ways both in food and dress. Excesses were condemn- ed. Thus Clement of Alexandria says, "Other men, like the unreasoning animals, may live to eat ; we have been taught to eat that we may live. For the nour- ishment of th…
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light," in conjunction with which it was to serve "for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and for year.s," while its special office was "to rule the day" (Gen. i, ll-l()j. The "signs" referred to were probably such extraordinary phenomena as eclipses, which were re- garded as conveying premonitions of coming events …
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(Wilkinson, Atic. Egypt, iv, 287). The Hebrews must have been well acquainted with the itlolatrous worship of the sun during the captivitj' in Ei;y|)t bcith from the contiguity of On, tlie chief seat of tlie worsliip of the sun as implied in tlie name itself (On = the Hebrew Bethsheraesh, " house of the sun," Jer. xlii…
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Sun, Worship of {Ihliolatry). The worship of the great orb which insures to us light, warmth, and life is as ancient as history. It existed in the earliest ages among the Phoenicians, Egyptians, Persians, and Hindiis, and later among the Greeks and Romans of the West, venerating its object under the different names of …
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II. Ecclesiastical Obsirraitce of the Day. — The conse- cration of Sunday in a special manner to religious em- ployments and the abstaining from all worklly busi- ness was established by a synodal law (canon 29, Coun- cil of Laodicea) with this restriction, that all Christians should abstain from worldly business if th…
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SUNDAY 19 SUNDAY from heatheuism who were passing through a prepara- tory cciurse of iiiiStructicui in the doctrines and dnties of Christianity — that their understandings might be enlight- ened, their liearts receive the truth iu the love of it, and thai they might be led to cultivate those holy habits of heart and…
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In America the Puritan colonists established, to the full extent of their power, the observance of Sunday as the Christian Sabbath. The early laws of Massa- chusetts, Connecticut, Georgia, South Carolina, and Vir- ginia compelled attendance at church, the Massachu- setts law (1782) providing that such attendance was no…
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Sunday-school. Among the modern develop- ments of Christianity, Sunday-schools, and what is Ivnown as the Sundaj'-school enterprise, are prominent. To persons familiar with their objects and the script- ural precepts by which they are sanctioned, it seems strange that so long a period elapsed before they came into actu…
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SUNDAY-SCHOOL 21 SUNDAY-SCHOOL ed to possess either the zeal or the ability of those who now engage in the work from motives of pure benevo- lence. Gratuitous instruction was an astonishing im- provement of the system, and which does not appear to have entered into the views of its benevolent author. ' If we were as…
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Meantime they had been making steady and success- ful progress in Great Britain, where they were promoted by two classes of agencies, the philanthropic and the religious. Owing to the low state of public education in that country, hundreds of thousands of children were wholly dependent upon Sunday-schools for the first…
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There are two methods of indicating the progressive advance and the actual results of Sunday-schools. The one is by general statements, and the other by the com- parative showing of such numerical statistics as may be found trustworthy. As neitlier of these modes is fully adequate, both will here be cmploj-ed to a limi…
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It is not to l3e supposed that results of the importance indicated in the foregoing sketch have naturally arisen from the spontaneous growth of Sunday-schools. On the other hand they are only to be attributed to the divine blessing upon the systematic and well-directed efforts of intelligent Sunday-school workers exten…
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SUNDAY-SCHOOL SOCIETIES 24 SUNDAY-SCHOOL SOCIETIES In 18G5 tho London system, with some moditications, was brought to the attention of the American [niliUc by Kev. J. H. Vincent, then etUting a Smulay-school periodical in Chicago. The question was soon alter proposed by him in a Sunday-school institute, " Is it practi…
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2. In 1803 ''The London Sunday-school L^nion" was organized. It was composed of lay Sunday -school workers of different denominations of Christians resid- ing within a radius of five miles from the city post- office. This limitation was adopted as a measure of convenience and unity of action, but with no design of limi…
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getically pursued for a long series of years, must result in an amount of good quite beyond the power of figures to enumerate or words to express. When to this grand idea is added that of the influence of a rich and abun- dant Sunday-school literature, diffused on business prin- ci|)les and through business agencies am…
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8. It is not within the scope of this article to notice the numerous local Sunday-school associations that have sprung up in the cities, towns, counties, or even states of the American Union. Many of them have had but a brief existence. Others have been maintained for con- tinuous years, happily illustrating the princi…
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2. The second Sunday w.is known as that of the " Three Ointment-bearers," from the Gospel; "St. Thomas," or "Renewal Sunday" (John xx, 27); Misericordias Domini, from the Introit (Psa. xxiii, 5); "Sunday of White Cloths" or "after the exhibition of relics." 3. "Of the Paralytic" in the Gieek Church; in the Lat- in, Ju…
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minor points, yet are acknowledged by each otlier to belong to the faithful and to be capable of salvation, and they each have a special oratory at Mecca. The first of these sects are the Hanefites, foimded by Abil Hanifa, who died 150 years after the Hegira. They are emphatically called " the followers of reason," whi…
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The posture at meals varied at dltfiTent periods. There is sufficient evidence that the old Hebrews were in the habit of sitting (Gen. xxvii, 19; Judg. xix, 6; 1 Sam. XX, 5, 21; 1 Kings xiii, 20), but it does not hence fol- low that they sat on chairs; thej' may have squatted on the ground, as was the occasional, thoug…
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Before commencing the meal, the guests washed their hands. This custom was founded on natural decorum; not only was the hand the substitute for our knife and fork, but the hands of all the guests were dipped into one and the same dish ; uncleanliness in such a case would be intolerable. Hence not only the Jews, but SU…
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SUPER-ALTAR 30 SUPEREROGATION was enlivened with music, singing, and dancing (2 Sam. xix, oo; Psa. Ixix, I'i; Isa. v, 12; Amos vi, 5; Ecclus. xxxii, 0-6; Matt, xiv, G; Luke xv, 2;")), or with riddles (Judg. xiv, 12); and amiii these entertainments the festival was prolonged for several daj's (Ksth. i, 3, 4). Enterta…
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SUPEREROGATION 31 SUPEREROGATION ly. This, then, brings us back again to the distinction hctvfeen jn-cEcejJtu and consUia, as the basis of the opera supere7-of/atira. Protestantism, on the contrary, looks upon the divine law as one indivisible, and being in this form the rule of all human life and action. Objectivel…
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This doctrine of the oinis supererogationis was at- tacked by Wycliffe {Dial. p. 287), and sharply criticised in Job. von Wesel's Adv. Indulg. Disput. The position of the Reformers on that question may be seen in Me- lancthon {Loci, De Satisfactione) and Calvin {Inst, iii, 5). It was afterwards treated b}' Chemnitz (i,…
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Supernaturalist, a name commonly given in Germany at the end of the last and the beginning of the present century to all who believed in supernatural agency as exerted in the inspiration of the Scriptures, the performance of the miracles therein recorded, etc. Their opponents are called Antisupernaturalists. Supernume…
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The modern Mohammedans are given to superstitions. Those of Egypt may be found in Lane's Mode^-n Eqyp- iiuns, i, 322, 330, 376; ii, 283, 308, 312. In Palestine the peasantry have numerous superstitions: they be- lieve in incantations, in charms, in divination by sand and other means, and in the evil eye, their children…
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Supervisor Operis, the superintendent of works, also called mai/ister ojieris. Suph (CjlO, a sea-iceed [see Flag], Jon. ii, 6) is the characteristic epithet of the Red Sea ( q. v. ), which abounds in sedge (Exod. x, 19, and often). In one passage (Dent, i, 1) it has been supposed by some to designate a place, but no l…
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When the wine distributed to each would be drunk off, one of the unleavened cakes would next be broken, the blessing said over it, and a piece distributed to each disciple, probablj'' with the usual formula — "This is the bread of aflliction which your fathers did eat in the land of Egypt;" i. e. not the identical brea…
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As regards the bread, many of the Eastern churches use unfermented bread in the communion. " The Greek Church adopts a leavened bread, but the Roman Church has it unleavened ; and this difference has been the cause of much controversy, though it seems easy to decide which kind was used bj' Jesus, the last supper having…
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Sur (Heb. Siir, 110, removed, as in Isa. xlix, 21; Sept. at ucoi ; Vulg. Sur), the name of one of the gates of the Tem]ile at Jerusalem (2 Kings xxiii, 6) ; called in the parallel passage (2 Chron. xxiii, 5) " the gate of the foundation,'' IID^, yesod (which is the preferable read- ing), being apparently that which led…
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SURETY. In the ancient Church the clergy were forbidden to be bondsmen or sureties for any other man's appearance in court, because it was thought that ■ such sort of encumbrances might bring detriment to the Church in distracting her ministers from constant attendance upon divine service. Surin, Jean Joseph, a French…
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Sui'plice (Lat. siipirpelliceiim, over the pelisse), a long, loose linen garment worn by clergymen of the Church of England during the performance of divine service. Surplices are also worn by the fellows of col- leges or halls, and by all the scholars and students in the universities of Oxford and Cambridge upon Sun- …
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Susan'na (Sovaavra v. r. Iioadvva; i. e. rii'l'IT, Sliosliannuli, a lili/ [q. v.]), the name of two females in the Bible. Tlie name likewise occurs in Diod. Sic. as that of the daughter of Ninus (ii, 6); and Slii'shan (1 Chron. ii, 31,34, 35) is of the same origin and meaning (Gesen. Thesaur. s. v.). 1. The heroine of…
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Suso, Hkinkich, a Mystic, was born Jlarch 21, 1300, at Constance. His real name was Von Berg ; but, having been greatly influenced by the tender piety of his mother, he assumed her name when her death, in his eighteenth year, caused him to seek satisfaction for his soul in inward peace. He had been a student at Constan…
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Suspicion consists in imagining evil of others without proof. It is sometimes opposed to charity, which thinketh no evil. "A suspicious temper checks in the bud every kind affection : it hardens the heart, and estranges man from man. What friendship can we expect from him who views all our conduct with dis- trustful ey…
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SUTRA 41 SUTTON" the venerable J. McElroy, D.D., of the Scotch Church in New York, and was installed April "28, 18GG. He was obliged to resign in 1872, on account of aphonia, which a journey to Europe failed to remedy. After his return he spent a winter in Florida, and made an effort to sup- ply the pulpit of the Ja…
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Efforts to suppress this rite were made as early as the 16th century by the Mohammedan emperor Akbar, but without much effect. The practice continued to such an extent that between 1815 and 1826 there were 7154 cases reported in Bengal alone. In 1829 lord Bentinck, governor-general, enacted a law declaring all aid, as-…
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Sutton, Thomas ( 1 ), founder of the Charter- house school and hospital, was l)orn at Knaith, Lincoln- shire, in 1532. He was educated at Eton and Cam- bridge, but at what college is uncertain. After travel- ling abroad for some time, he returned hoine in 1562; was retained by the duke of Norfolk, and afterwards became…
952 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.