PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 10
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,500,482 words · 1483 reading sections
Section 241
4G. n"lT2n, Temurah, or exchanges (Lev. xxvii, 10, 33), in seven chapters, treats of the way eschauL'es are to be eflected between sacred things: a. "pT^^^S bzn, to what persons and ihings this riirht may be applied or not (6 sec- tions), b. mD2"!p2 U"^, of the difference between the sacrifice of an individual and a co…
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e. niDP.,/. nan'H, g. nirbpn, h. 'i:::jn"j nun, and i. Uira, of the divers kinds of ovens made of earth (11,4, C, 11, aud S sections), j. D'^bs ibx, of vessels which by cover and binding are protected against uncleanness (S sec- tions), k. m:n73 ibs, ;. dix r,"n:2, m. rp-ion, and n. iTCD rilsn'O "^bD, of metal vessel…
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56. minu, Taharoth (prop. Tohorotli), or purifications, iu fifteen chai)lers, teaches how purifications are to be ef- fected: a. "IITJJ iTU-'D, of the carrion of a cleau and un- clean fowl (9 sections), b. nn'^rrj irrXil, of the unclean- ness of the person who has eaten something unclean ; of the effect of the differen…
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G'J. D^T^, Yadatm, or h<in(1.<:, in four chapters, treats of the washing of hands before eating bread, though dry fruits are allowed to be eaten without such washing: a. ri"i3!^m "i?a, how much water is required for ablution of the hands; what kind of water; of the vessels for the same ; who may pour it out (5 sections…
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TALMUD 185 TALMUD lawful until the moiniiig di\wn aii^=eth, and so everything which may he ealeu on ihe same day il is allowed to eat until the inoining dawn ariseth. If this is so, why do the wise say ' till midnight ?' In ordei- that men may he held far away from sin." Gemam.— "The Thanna (i.e. rabhi ,Tndah the H…
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2. Editions. — Like the Old Test., at first only parts of the Talmud were published, on which see De Rossi, Anmilfs /h'brteo-fypoyraphici Sec. XV (Parmaj, 1795). The first part of the Talmud, the treatise Berakoth, was published at Soncino in 1484; but the first com- plete edition (the basis of later ones) was publishe…
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7. Linguistic Helps. — Buxtorf, Lexicon Chaldaicum. Talmudicum et Rabbinicum (Basil. 1640, fol. ; new ed. by B. Fischer, Leipsic, 1869-75) ; Liiwy, Neuhebrdisches und chalddisches Wortei-buch, etc. (ibid. 1875; in the course of publication); Aruch, by Nathan ben-.Jechiel ; new critical edition by A. Kohut. Plenum A rvc…
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The order of books as found in our present Hebrew Bibles is that of the Masorites, and differs from that given in the Talmud, as the following table will show : as, for instance, the books of Ben-Sira and Ben-Toglah, brings confusion into his house." Accordingly, Eccle-, siasticus is not included in the canon of Melit…
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5. Divisions accardinfi to the Meaning of Verses. — There is no doubt that at a verj' early period a division according to verses (D'^p'^DS) existed. "Every verse divided by IMoses may not" be otherwise divided," we read in A/er/illah, fol. 22, col. I. The reason for such di- visions was probably twofold: a. The readin…
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4. Tamid, ch. v, 5 1 : Sotah, ch." vii, § 2, 6 ; Numb, vi, 22-2". 5. Yaddim, ch. iii, 5 4, Numb, x, 3.*). 36. 6. Holah, ch. vii, § 7, Dent, xvii, 14-20; Nnnih. v, 11-31 ; xix, 1-22; Deut. xxi, 1-9; xxvi, 1-11 ; xiv, 22-27 ; xxvi, 12-15, xxv, 5-10, and many others. In the Gemara the following parashas are mentioned :…
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20, in Bei-akoth, fol. 18, col. 1, in fine. In the Misbna we find the marginal reading "^"ip si.x times, that of the S^riD twice, viz. : Lev. ix, 22, it is written 11^ : but in Sotah, ch. vii, § 6, and Tamid, ch. vii, 5 2, it reads 1'^T^. Dent. XX, 7, it is written n^ETIJ ; but in Sotah, ch. ix, 5 6, 13SU, according…
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Psa. xxvii, 13, xBlB. Berakoth, fol. 4, col. 1, says, "Lord of the universe, I am aware that thou great- ly rewardest the just in future ages, but I know not whether I shall partake of it with them on account of my sin." Buxtorf re- marks on this passage, Q"!: N33 D";3, i.e. a sense without any sense. The meaning proba…
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I. Tana'im. — The first recogni.sed, after Simon's death, as the head of the Sanhedrim was Antigonus of S(dio. about B.C. 180. His contemporary was Eliezrr ben- Charsum, celebrated for his opulence, learning, and zeal in the promotion of religious knowledge. After Antigonus, always two (or zu<i6th) stand at the liead o…
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L Nahardea. — With this school we first become ac- quainted towards the close of the 2d century. Nahar- dea was situated on the Euphrates, and for a time she was file Babylonian Jerusalem. While the Temple was yet in existence, this place had the treasurj'of the Baby- lonian congregations for the Temple-offerings which…
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1. A spot on the southeastern frontier of Judah, named in Ezek. xlvii, 19; xlviii, 28 only, evidently called from a palm-tree. We naturally think of Haze- znn-tamar, the old name of Ent/edi ; but this is not quite appropriate for location. Eusebius and Jerome mention a TInnnara, a place h'ing between Hebron and Ailah (…
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TAMAR 193 TAMIL VERSION wasted away, from the feeling that it was impossible to gratify his desire, " for she was a virgin" — the narra- tive leaves it uncertain whether from a scruple on his part, or from the seclusion in which, in her unmarried state, she was kept. Morning by morning, as he re- ceived the visits o…
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3. ToMMASO, a Jesuit, was born in 1591 at Caltaniset- ta, in Sicily, was professor of theology, afterwards censor and counsellor of the Holy Ofiice, and died at Palermo in 1675. His moral and theological writings were pub- lished at Lyons in 1659, and Venice in 1765. See Theolof/isches Unirersul- Lexikon, s. v.; Wetze…
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missionaries, and from these to the native translator to the Danish government. The notes and corrections thus obtained were carefully collated by Fabricius, and the whole translation was again subjected by him to a searching revision. It was printed at the mission press at Tranquebar between the years 1777 and 1782, u…
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In the report for 1865 we read, "The attention of the Madras Auxiliary is now directed to a version of the Tamil Old Test., on the same principles as have led to the successful completion of the New Test, under the editorial superintendence of the Rev. H. Bower." The completion of this version was announced in 18G9. In…
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TAMMUZ 196 TAMMUZ band went forth to seek her, Tomuzo slew him. And with rojiJird to Tomuzo also, there met liim in the des- ert a wild hoar and slew him. And his lather made for him a great lamentation and weeping in the month Tonuiz : and Belathi, his wile, she, too, made a lamen- tation and mourning over him. Ani…
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The identitication of Tammuz with an idolatrous prophet, which has already been given in a quotation from Maimonides, who himself quotes from the Agri- culfnre of the Nuhathceans, has been recently revived by Prof. Chwolson, of St. Petersburg ( Ueher Tammuz, etc. [St. Petersb. I860]). An Arab writer of the 10th cen- tu…
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or in the " Porches of Adonis," and the withering of the plants was regarded as symbolical of the slaughter of the youth by the tire-god Jlars. In one of these gar- dens Adonis was found again, whence the fable says he was slain by the boar in tiie lettuce (rt(/irtKfj = Aphaca?), and was there found by Aphrodite. The f…
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Tanclielmians. See Tanchelm. Tanchum (of Jerusalem) ben-Josef, also called " i?. Tdwhiim Jerushalmi" of Ilaleb, flourished about A.D. 1265-80. The first who made Tanchum's name known to the learned world was the famous scholar Schnurrer, who in 1791 published cli. i-xii of Tanchum's Arabic commentary on Judges: R. Tan…
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Tancred of Sicily, the son of Eudes, a Norman baron, and of I'^nima, the sister of Robert Guiscard, was one of the celebrated heroes of the first Crusade, and was born after the middle of the 11th centurj'. Some chroniclers profess to detail the events of his early life, describing him as the most accomplished youth of…
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3. Matthias, born at Pilsen in 1630, a Jesuit, was professor of philosophy and theology, and was sent to Rome in 1675 as procurator of his order. He died about 1705. He wrote, Cruentum Christi Saci-ificium Incruento MisscB Sacrifido explicatum (Prague, 1669) : — Contra Omnes impie Agentes in Locis Sucris [Latin and Boh…
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Tappan, Benjamin, D.D,, a Congregational min- ister, the son of the liev, Daviil Tappan, |irofessor of divinity in Harvard College, and grandson of IJenjamin Tappan, pastor in Manchester, Mass., was born at West Newbury, Mass., Nov. 7, 1788. He graduated at Har- vard College in 1805, spent some time teaching at Wo- bur…
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Tarasius, patriarch of Constantinople, was a zealous and active supporter of image-worship in the time of the empress Irene. See Icosoclasm. He tirst held the secular position of secretary of state, but was cho- sen, though a layman, to fill the patriarchal office by both the court and the people (A.D. 784). His electi…
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have dropped the first syllable, and bestowed it on those miortVnding '• ray" or " rye grasses," by which the dar- nel is represented in our hay-fields. Thus understood, "how well ilo these 'tares' rejjresent those who make a false profession; who ai)pear among God's people; who draw near with their mouth, and honor (j…
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l^rizb ■'X'ii- nrs "^x ns hsi':: ci-im, i. e., 'all that belongs to oral tradition was not to appear in writ- ten form.' " This principle included also the Targum, but it was not strictly observed, and, like the Mishna, so, also, Targums were clandestinely circulated in sin- gle copies. That this was the case we see f…
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TARGUM 204 TARGUM which the version of Akilas (DP'^p" C5~n) is men- tioned, and the notices concernini^ Akilas bear consid- erable likeness to those of Onkclos. Akilas is men- tioned in Siphrci (Lev. xxv, 7), and in Jorus. Talmud, I)eni<ii, '11 d, as having l)eeii born in Pontus; that, after havint; embraced the Jew…
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Genesis. ii, 6. T'XI— Aq. 67ri0Xi/7ju6r; Onk. X::>"'. T. r-'JS-Aq. uva-Rvun; Onk. XrTCwS. vi, 4. C^b-'SSn— Aq. tTriTr.TrTo.Ttc : Onk. N^l'^a. 1(5. '^n'^U-Aq. ^MtlT,^|Ji^3^il■ol>■, Onk. TiTtJ. viii, 1. "l^'iT"''!— Aq. Kai kartiXncav ; Onk. 'nil xii, S. pny"'"!— Aq. M^rpt ; Onk. pbrcXI. XV, 2. 'p'^'2 "31— Aq. u^uv toD no…
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TARGUM 206 TARGUM which is also held by Zunz {GoUesd. Vortrage, p. G2). This being true, Onkelos and Akilas ( or A(iuila ) are vot one and the same person — a view also expressed by JVankel {Zn dem Tuiyjum der Propheien [ iJreslau, 1872]. p. 6) ; and the Talmtidic notices concerning Oidvclos, the disciple of (lainal…
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■^bzx '^x^ns' iT^b •,''bm ■'xi^m xn-'ri-'-ix, "because the Hebrews eat the ahimals which are sacred to the Egyptians") (comp. Winer, De On- keloso, p. 41). Larger additions and deviations from the original text are foun<l mostly in the poetical parts of the Pentateuch (Gen. xlix, Numb, xxiv, Deut. xxxii and xxxiii ). …
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duica (Lips. 1820); Mayhaum, Die A ntkrnpomorphten und Anihropopathien bei Onkelos, etc. (Breslau, 1870); Ge'iger, .Judische Zeitschrift, 1871, p. 85-104; nDTlS "lib, or a commentary on Onkelos by Dr. Adler in the edition of the Pentateuch with ten commentaries (Wilna, 1874); and the literature given in the art. Onkelo…
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2. Character, etc.— In the historical books the exe- gesis is simple and tolerably literal. A few words are added occasionally, which have no representatives in the original, but they are not many. The interpreta- tion is good, giving the sense fully and fairly ; but in the prophetic books the tex^ is more freely handl…
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We subjoin from the art. " Targum" in Smith's Diet, of the Bible the following specimens of this Targum from different books : TARGTJM 209 TARGUM JUDG. V, Authorized Version. 1. Then san? Deborah and Barak, the son of Abinoam, on thut day, saying, Targum. 1. And Deborah and Barak, the son of Abinoani, t;ave prai…
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1 the laud of Israel, etc. JUDG. XI. 39. And it came to pass, at the 39. And it was at the end of two end of t%vo months, that she return- months, and she returned to her fa- ed unto her father, who did with ther, and he did unto her according her according to his vow which he to the vow which he had vowed : had …
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13. And it was sa, when Elijah 13. And it was when Elijah heard heard it, that he wrapped his face in this, he hid his face in his mantle, his mantle, aud went out, and stood and he went out and he stood at the in the entering in of the cave : and, door of the cave ; aud, lo ! with him behold, (^er£ came a voice unto …
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is perhaps the best part of the work, for here the exe- gcte becomes didactic. Thus we are told in Gen. xl that Joseph suffered two additional years of imprison- ment because he built on man's rather than God's help, a view also espoused by Rashi. The region of the su- pernatural is treated very freely by Jonathan. His…
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readily traced. After all that has been said there can be no doidjt that the general object of the author of the Jerusaleni Targum was to correct and explain Onkelos, adapting it to a later time and different country by en- riching it with the Haggadic lore which had accumu- lated, so that its deficiencies might be rem…
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OnkilM. 17. And to Adam he siiid, For that thou hast accepted the word of thy wife, and hast eaten from the tree of which I'have commanded unto thee, and said, Thou shall not eat from it : cursed shall the earth be for thv sake; with trouble ehalt thou eat of it all the'days of thy life ; 18. And thorns and thistles …
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V. Targums on the llagiugrapha. — These Targums are generally divided into three groups, viz.: a. Job, Psalms, Proverbs ; b. The five Megilloth ; c. Daniel, Chronicles, and Ezra. Tradition ascribes to I!. Joseph the Blind the authorship of this Targum, but this is contradicted by writers even of the 13th century (see Z…
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3. The Tarr/um on P)-oveibs. — This Targum is not Haggadic, and adheres more closely to the original text. Its remarkable agreement with the Syriac ver- sion has often been noticed — an agreement which extends even to the choice and position of words, comp. i, 1-6, 8, 10, 12, 13; ii, 9, 10, 13-15; iii, 2-9; iv, 1-3, 2…
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(1.) The Targum on Ruth was published separately with a Latin translation and scholia by John Mercier (Paris, 1564), and the following specimen will give a fair idea of the same: Ruthii, 10, II," Why have I found pity in thine eyes to know me, and I of a strange people, of the daughters of ^Moab, and of a people who ar…
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From this specimen it will be seen how far the learned Broughton was correct in saying tliat the paraphrase "is worth our study, both for delight and profit." This Targum is found in the Rabbinical Bibles; it has been translated into Latin, and is also accessible to English readers in the translation of Gill, at the en…
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2 vols.), and edited with a Latin translation and learned annotations. The Erfurt IMS. has many chasms, espe- cially in the first fourteen chapters. The third codex, of the year 1347, and belonging to the University of Cambridge, was published by David Wilkins (Amster. 1715). Here the text is complete, so that the hic…
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7, There is not any Targum, so far as is known, upon Ezra and Nehemiah. Part of Ezra is already Chaldee, and Nehemiah was counted with it as one book. 8. To the Koman edition of the Sept. of Daniel, pub- lished in 1772, a Chaldee version is added of the Apoc- ryphal pieces in Esther. This has been printed by De Rossi,…
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VII. Character and Value of the Tair/nms in General, — There is nothing to indicate that the Targums were written at first with vowels. Biixtorf endeavored to correct the punctuation and bring it as near as possible to the standard of that in Daniel and Ezra, for which some censured him. though, we believe, unjustly. I…
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Tarphon, or Ti-yphon, a Jewish rabbi of the 2(1 century A.D., belonged to a sacerdotal family. He was a friend and contemporary of rabbi Akiba, and for some time rector of the school at Lydda. He was noted as a bitter enemy of Christianity, and declared that, al- though the gospels and the other writings of the "Min- i…
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4. A famous port or region the location of which has been much disputed. Josephus (.4?*/. i, 6, 1) con- founds it with Tarsus in Cilicia; and in the Sept. version of Isa. xxiii, 1, 10-14, it is rendered Kap- Xri^MV, Carthaf/e. A similar rendering is found in Ezek. xxvii, 12; xxxviii. 13, Kapxi]Sovioi, Carthagin- ians, …
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TARSHISH 219 TARSHISH only concur with other parts of Scripture in showing that the name is to be taken in a wide acceptalion, as denotint;, besides modern Andahisia, iliuse parts of Af- rica wliich lie near and opposite to Spain. Nor is it impossible that a part of tlie trade of Tarshish lay in tliese and in other …
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It appears, then, clear, from this minute review of the scriptural accounts and allusions, that Tarshish was an old, celebrated, opulent, cultivated, commercial city, which carried on trade in the IMediterranean and with the seaports of Syria, especially Tyre and Joppa, and that it most probably lay on the extreme west…
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In the absence of positive proof, we may acquiesce in the statement of Strabo (iii, 148) that the river Bsetis (now the Guadalquivir) was formerly called Tartessus, that the city Tartessus was situated between the two arms by which the river flowed into the sea, and that the adjoining country was callett Tartessis. But…
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tages, Tarsus continued to flourish under the Roman emperors, until it fell into the hands of the Saracens. It was taken from them after a memorable siege by the emperor Nicephorus, but soon afterwards restored to them. In the time of Abulfeda, tliat is, towards the end of the 13th and beginning of the 14th century. Ta…
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Tasmania, formerly Van Diemen's Land, is a considerable island in the South Pacific Ocean, lying between 40° 40' and 43- 40' south lat. and 144° 30'" and 148- 30' east long., at the south of, and separated from Australia by Bass's Strait. Its greatest length from Cape (Jrim on the north-west to Cape Pillar on the sout…
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Tassel. In mediaeval times the sacred vestments of the ministers of the Church were adorned with tas- sels, to which, in the case of dalmatics and tunics, balls of crystal were attached. The word also denotes a thin plate of gold or silver worn on the back of the cope and episcopal gloves. Tate, Nahuje, a well-known p…
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TATIANI EVANGELIUM 224 TAULER snron, of which Hic Jacobite bishop Bar-Salibi (12th century 1 reports that Eptiracni Syrus (ij. v.) wrote a coninu'iitary on it, anil Theoiloret the giiiealoirical ta- bles anil all the passages by which the Lord's descent from David is made ap|)arent. The Onilio <id Uni-c. was lirst p…
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TAULEll 225 TAW BUTTE could that the " poor ignorant populace should not thus die under the han." Charles IV soon afterwards came to Strasburg and caused the three monks to be brought before him, and, after inquiring into their principles, dismissed them with the admonition not to "oflend against the Church and its …
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Tav. See Alphabet. Tavern. See Three Taverns. Taverner, Richard, a learned and pious laj^man, was born at Brisley, England, in 1505. He is said to have studied at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and afterwards at Oxford, and then law in the Inner Tem- ple. Having been appointed one of the clerks of the signet in 1…
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should afterwards look back to the good old days when tiiey had been so lightly burdened. II. Under the mowirchi/, hs centralized government and greater magnificence involved, of course, a larger expenditure, and therefore a heavier taxation. This mav have come, during the long history of the king- dom, in many differ…
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Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.