PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 2
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,214,832 words · 1184 reading sections
Section 361
4. Ante-Nicene UifirABiANisM, or Monabchiah- isif. — ^The Antitrinitarians of the third century must be divided into two distinct classes : (a) The raticnal- itHc or dynamic Monarchians denied the divinity of Christ, or explained it as a mere power (dvvafUQ)f al- though they generally admitted his supernatural gen- era…
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10. MoNOPHTsmsM is only a modification and con- tinuation of Eutychianism. As the term indicates, the Monophysites, although they rejected the Eutychian notion of an absorption of the human nature into the CHRISTOLOGT 284 CHRISTOLOGT diyine, nevertheless held firmly to the doctrine of but one nature in Christ. They…
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literature. — Besides the works on special to]dcs al- ready quoted, we mention on the general subj^ Dio- nysitts Petavius (Jesuit, died 1652), IM theolofficis do^ maiibus (Paris, 1644-50, and other editions^ torn, ir and V, de incamatione Verbi (the most profoundly learned Roman Catholic work on doctrinal history); Geo…
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making pretensions to be the Christ. In the maint^ nance of their claims to the Messiahship there has been a great expenditure of blood and treasure. They have appeared at different times, from an early date in the second century tiU 1682. The first was <^ed Caziba, or Barcocheba (q. v.) ; and the Jews admit that, in t…
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II. Contents, — (a.) In 1 Chron. i-ix is given a series of genealogical tables, interspersed with historical, ge- ographical, and other notices. These genealogies are not complete : the generations of Adam to Abraham (ch. i, 1-28) ; of Abraham and Esau (i, 28-64) ; of Ja- cob and his son Judah (ii) ; of king David (iii…
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CHRONICLES 287 CHRONICLES These conclusions of date fix>m historical notices are confirmed by varions pecoliarities of expression and by the whole literary- character of the composition. Of the pecoliarities marking the late age of the writer is Ae term nn'^2 (Urah, "palace"), applied to the Temple, instead of the o…
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The only serious objection to their authorship by Ezra is the fact (above noticed) that certain geneal- ogies (e. g. of Zerabbabel (1 Chron. iii, 19-24 ; comp. that of the high-priests, Neh. xii, 11) are continued much later than his time ; but these few verses may have been inserted by a later hand, without affecting …
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the hock of Ezra; 1 Chron. xv-xxii, zxii-xxix;^ 2 Chron. xiii-xv, xxiv-xxvi, xxix-xxxi, and xxxr ai« among the passages wholly or in part pecnliar to tiie books of Chronicles, which mark the purpose of t^ compiler, and are especially suited to the age and tbe work of Ezra (q. v.). y I. 8ource$, — It is evident that th…
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It has been inquired wbetiier our present books of Samuel and Kings were among the sources whence the Chronicle writer drew his materials ? The question is answered in the affirmstlTe by De Wette, Morers, and Bleek ; by Hivemick and others in the negative. The first-named critic adduces three arguments in fkvor of the …
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(4.) Other peculiarities distinguishing the book of Chronicles, and fitting it for the altered circumstances in the time of its composition, are the subFtitution of modem and more common expressions for such as had become unusual or obsolete (comp. in the original 1 Chron. x, 12,, with 1 Sam. xxxi, 12 ; 1 Chron. xv, 29…
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this time tiie afEdn of each king*s rdgn were re^gokr- ly recorded in a book called at first "the book of the acts of Solomon" (Ttt^xi "^^a? "Ifib, 1 Kin^ xi, 41), by the name of the king, as before of Dmvid, but after wards in both kingdoms by the general name of dma- ides, as in the constantly-recurring formnlJ^ '^Ko…
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^) Passages where the correct rteding is donbt- Pali 2 Chron. ii, 2, 17 [18], oomp. with 1 Kings t, 80 [16] ; 2 Chron. Till, 10, comp. with 1 Kings ix, 23; 2 Chron. viii, 18, comp. with 1 Kings ix, 28, etc. (On the nomerical discrepancies, see Beinke, Beitrdffe tur ErUarmtg da aU. TetUmentes, I, i.) See Numbkb. In Move…
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6. The scrupulous exactness with which the writer excerpte from the original documento is vouched for by the fact of his sometimes retaining the very words,, although involving expressions no longer applicable to bis own time— a practice which, strange to say, has ftimished ground to assail his accuracy. Thus the CHRO…
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Chronology, the science which measures time by the succession of events that occur in the heftvena or on the earth. Accordingly, chronology may be di- vided into two kinds, theoretical or technical, and practical or applied ; in other words, into mathnMaJ- oal and historical. The former is, of course, the most trustwor…
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1 Dimmom of Time, See Tdcb. (1.) iTbiir.— The hour is supposed to be mentioned in Daniel Qii, 6, 15 ; iv, 16, 80 [Engl. 19, 88 ; v, 6]), but in no one of these cases is a definite period of time clearly intended by the Chald. term ^5«, ^^?^, ^5?^) employed. The Egyptians divided the day and night into hours like oursel…
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CHRONOLOGY 294 CHRONOLOGY (nais'«nn n'jbttjKh) occurs in Judg. vU, 19, where the connection of watches with military affairs is evi- dent : **■ And Gideon and the hundred men that [were] with him went down unto the extremity of the camp at the beginning of the middle watch ; [and] they had but set the watchmen D*^*]…
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(6.) Year (Ttjl^). — It has been supposed, on aoooont of the dates in the narrative of the Flood, as already mentioned, that in Noah*s time there was a year of 960 days. These dates may indeed be explained in ac- cordance with a year of 866 days. The evidence of the prophetic Scriptures is, however, dedstve aa to tbe k…
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kind, until some other two terms in it are proved to be strictly correspondent. See SsASOir. 8. Fettioak and Holy iXiys.— Besides the Sabbaths and new-moons, there were four great fostival^ and a fSut in the ancient Hebrew year, and a great celebra- tion every seventh and fiftieth year. See Festivai. (1.) The Feast o…
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of rest, like the day of rest. It has not been tnffldeDt- \y noticed that as the day haa a side of physical neces- sity with reference to man, so the year has a side of physical necessity with Te£n!<ence to the earth. Every seventh year appears to be a very saitable time for the recnrrenoe of a fiillow year, on agricnl…
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kept after the retom -wovld be coanled in tin flune er : ftt>m the nature of the institotions, it is rmSk- er to be supposed that tlie reckoning, in the ease, would be fipom the first cultivation of the < after its reoocupation. The recorded sabbatical ; do not enable ua to test this supporition, because wc do not know…
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(1.) The Exodus is used as an ara in 1 Kings vi, 1, in giving the date of the foundation of Solomop^s Tem- ple. Thb is the only positive instance ci the occur- rence of this ara, for we cannot agree with Ideler that it is certainly employed in the Pentateuch. He refers to Exod. xiz, 1, and Num. xxxiii, 88 {Hcrndbuch^ i…
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CHRONOLOGY 298 CHRONOLOar The attempt to ** correct** or improve the Hebrew chronology by meaiu of the data lately deciphered from the Egyptian and Assyrian inscriptions has been a fiiYorite method of late, as was in previous times a similar comparison with the relics of ancient records in heathen authors. But, unfo…
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(2.) The remarkable discrepancies in nearly all the names as to the respective ages before and after the birth of the eldest son, while the totals given general- ly agree, has occasioned greater variety in the schemes A different Biblical chronologers than any or all other is here of more weight, but in his present te…
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This last, however, need not come Into consideration, since it is well understood that the Samaritan text, here as elsewhere, is merely fobricated from the Greek (Hengstenberg, AvSk, dee Pent, 1, 82 sq.) ; and those who treat it as an independent authority (e. g. Lepsius, Chronol. der JEg, p. 897 sq.) only show themsel…
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(6.) IndmducU Ditorep<mcie$, — In addition to the post-diluvian Cainan noticed above, the following names appear to furnish decided proof of the superior trustworthiness of the Heb. list (see the conclusive treatise of Michaelis on this subject, translated in the Amer. Bib, Repo$.^ 2d ser., vi, 114 sq. ; also some judi…
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CHRONOLOGY 801 CHRONOLOGY after the Deluge. Important aid in tills approxima- 1 don of lacred with proftne dironology ia afllDrded bj I the oonaideraUe extension of the Biblical period of the ' Jodgea, noticed below, beyond that fixed by Usher. (8l) An important rectification of the last genera- tion is required in…
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The narrative affords the following data, which we place under two periods — that fhnn Abram *s leaving Haran to Jacob's entering Egypt, and that fsoai Ja- cob's entering Egypt to the Exodus. (o.) Age of Abram CD learlng Ilaraa TSyrs. Age of Abnm at laaac^s birth 100 Difference 86 Age of Isaae at Jacob's birth 60 …
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death, and he died near the close of Saul's veigB Q. Sam. XXV, 1 ; xxviii, 8). If he were 20 years old ai the former date, and judged for 12 years after the vic- tory at Mispeh, he would have been near 86 yemn oU (20+20+12+82=84) at his death, which appears to have been a long period of life at that time. VTe tkss arri…
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4. From ike FomdaOon of Solomon' e Temple to its DeHruetioH, — ^We have now reached a period in which the differences of chronologers are no longer to be measured by centuries, but by tens of years and even single years, and towards the dose Of which almost per- fSect accuracy is attainable. The most important num- ber…
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t>. From the Destrwlion of Solomon* s Temple to the Re- turn from Babylon,— ThB determination of the length of tliis period depends upon the date of the return to Palestine. The decree of Cyrus leading to that event was made in the first year of his reign (Ezra i, 1), which, if it date from his conquest of Babylon (q. …
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2. The Exodus,— ArgmDentB founded 00 indepoid. ent evidence afford collateral means of dedding which b the most probable computation fh>m Biblical eri- denoe of the date of this event. A comparison of the Hebrew calendar with the Egyptian has led a kte writer (Poole, Horn jEgyptiaca, p. 217) to the follow- ing result :…
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& Rehoboam and Shishak,-— The Biblical evidence for this synchronism is as follows: Rehoboam came to the throne in B.C. 978. The invasion of Shishak took place in his fifth year, or B.C. 969. Shishak was already on the throne when Jeroboam fled to him from Solomon (1 Kings xi, 40). This event happened dur- ing the buil…
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numbers, as by Browne (Ordo Stddorwn, § 489 sq.> Brandis (Rentm Attyriarttm tempora emeniata^ p. 49 sq. ; retracted, however, in his later work, 27e6er dm hut, Gewmn am der Entziff, der Auyr. Jntckr. p. 46, 78), and in the work just dted of the younger Nie- buhr. On the other hand, Lepdus {K^tdgt-Bmck da- uEgypier), Mo…
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The mention of ** Merodach-Baladan, son olf Bala- dan, king of Babylon," apparently in or not long af- ter 14 Hezekiah (2 Kings xx, 12), forms yet another synchronism in this reign. For Sennacherib's in- scription records his defeat of this Babylonian king in his first year; a Marudakh-Baldan appears in Polyhistor's ex…
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7. An argument tending to lower tiie whole time of the kings, and the date of the buflding of Solomon's Temple, has been deduced ftxmi some ancient data of Tyrian chronology. Josephus (c. Ap, i, 17) announces that the buUdhig of the Temple lies 148 years 8 months before the founding of Carthage ; he gives this on the a…
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8. In fiu^, an attempt has lately been made in thb direction, which, if successful, must set oar BB^cd chronology adrift from its old bearings. It is ooa- tended by Mr. Bosanquet {Readjustment ofSacrtd <md Profane Chronology ^ Lond. 1858) that a lower date thu 604-606 B.C. for the accession of Nebuchadnezzar is imperat…
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tween Cyaxares and Halyattes— in which Endemoa, if more tlian the date be his, merely repeats Herodo- tus ; bat the addition is as likely to be Clement's own. The Eclipse of Thales, therefore, b by no means so cardinal an event as has been assomed ; and to uphold the looee statement of Herodotos, in connection with the…
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9. Apocryphal Bookt of the Old Teitament. — (1.) The Book of Tobit (q. v.) contains an outline of Assyr- ian history (from the deportation of the Ten Tribes to the fell of Nineveh), to which the moral fiction is at- tached (Browne, Ordo S<bcI. p. 555, note; Niebnhr, Getch, Atsurt. p. 100, note ; comp. Fritzsche, Dot Bu…
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2. Luke's date, " Ihth of Tiberius" (iii, 1\ interpret- ed by the rule of the imperial annals (and also of the canon), would denote the year beginning August A.D. 28, and ending in the same month of A.D. 29. Be- ferred to the current consular year, it might mean either A.D. 28 or 29. Taken in the Jewish sense, it migh…
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6. In Gal. i, 2, Paul speaks of two visits to Jerusa- lem, the one (i, 18) '* after three years" (viz. from his conversion), the other (ii, 1) "fourteen years after- ward" {Sid BtKariooapiav irwv). The first oAhese is evidently that of Acts ix, 26 ; that the other must be the second of those mentioned in the Acts, viz.…
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«. 8. p. 40. On this supposition the conversion might be assigned to A.D. 87, the first visit to A.D. 40, the second to A. D. 44. With this would accord the note of time 2 Cor. xii, 2, according to the ancient date of that epistle, viz. A.D. 54, that year beii% 14 years after the date so assigned to the first visit and…
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(= A.D. 42), Browne inferred that not long before Feb., A. D. 66, Pallas had ceased to be at the hei^^t of imperial favor ; consequently the recall of Felix could not be placed later than the summer of A.D. 55. This most be rejected ; for Tacitus (u. s, 15) evidently places the death of Britannlcos earlff in 55, the ev…
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10. The argument for the year 61, as the date of Paul's arrival at Rome, is thus put by Wieseler (Ckr9- nohgie desApost, Zeiialia^ p. 66 sq.). The narrative of Josephus (Ant. xx, 8 ; Wctr, ii, 13), from Nero's a& cession (18th Oct, A.D. 54) to the defeat of the *' Egyp- tian," implies at least two years ; this impostor…
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On the whole, it seems that, if not in the Acts (q. ▼.), then neither in the history of the times f^m other, •oorces, have we the means of settling this part of the chronology with absolute certainty. Josephus in par- ticular, from, whom are derived the combinations which recent German writers deem so unanswerable, is …
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•jWTirne'Lifliithof I'li^. •itsa ginvitKatu of NjiIkc. «300T ^Itift OeACb of xNoak. •3000 »l64!»irtii nf Abrmn. *20lfl 31M'lUr1h of Suraii. •iO&i 'ili?a. iHntJi Mf ffomir- ■SLVs-r-Jiv-li TiitUfi of TtTftlj, Hir^o JI-- \i r .i4> rN?[Hirtti3re &ciuBAftjQ. •SO-JI LJ I ►; 1 ; I J- ■.■a 1 1 of Arplit jjid. 2HB -Ji»f;n S…
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782 Death of Jeroboam II., followed l^ an Intar%> num in IsraeL Earthquake and Leprosy of Uzsiah. Appointment of Jotham aa Viceroy, ne Birth of Ahaa. 770 Accession of Zechariah over Israd. Aooession of Shallum over Israel. 769 Acoeesion of Menahem over Isra^ 759 Accession of Pekahiah over IsraeL 757 Accession of Pek…
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89 Crudflxion of (Jhrist Martyrdom of Stephen. 80 Conversion of PsuL 32 Conversion of Comelins. 86 Pilate sncceeded by MaroeUus as Procnrator. Jonathan (son of Ananus) Jewish High-priest 87 (jaligula Roman Emperor. TheophiluB (brother of JonathaiO Jewish High-priest. 89 Herod Antipas banished to GauL 40 Claudius R…
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The chief advocates of the Long Chronology are Jackson, Hales, and Des Vignoles. They take the Sept for the patriarchal generations, and adopt the long interval fhnn the Exodus to the Foundation of Solomon's Temple. The Short Chronology has had a multitude of illustrious supporters, owing to its hav- ing been from Jero…
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CHRONOLOGY, CHRiSTiAir.— The first Christians, in their civil relations, used the civil chronology of the countries they lived in. The ecclesiastical dironolo- gy of the early Church was limited to the use of the Jewiflh week, which began with a work-day and closed with the Sabbath, and in which the several days were n…
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But while the week supplanted the Nundina, the Christian appellation of the week-days gave way grad- nally, at least m the Western countries, to the pagan planetary names. The change was, however, not ef- fected without considerable resistance. Philastrius (about 887) counts the use of the planetary names for week-days…
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Chrysargjhmn (xpvfrapyvpov), a tax on trade and commerce under the later Roman emperors, so called because paid in gold and silver; and also Crihr- twn hiatrale^ because paid once in every five years {bu- tnm). Even the poorest tradesmen were not exempt from it ; and it was called an intolerable tax (^<Spftc (i^opiTToC…
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shortly after he broke with the world, and reaolved to devote himself exclusively to religion. After the usual course of catechetical instruction, he was bap- tized by bishop Meletius, of Antioch. His first im- pulse after his conversion was to embrace the monas- tic life, which, since St Anthony of Egypt, the patri- a…
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Chrysostom was chosen, without his own agency, patriarch of Constantinople. At this post he labored several years with happy effect. By talent and cul- ture he was peculiarly fitted to labor in a great metrop- olis. He happily avoided the temptation of hierarch- ical pride and worldly conformity. In the midst of the sp…
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John Chrysostom is the greatest commentator and preacher of the Greek Church, which reveres him above all fathers. He left a spotless name behind him. As a divine, he was eminently sound, moderate, and practical ; less profound and original than Athana- sius or Augustine, but superior to both as an exegete and sermon i…
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owfc «u AvSol Kal waoa tf 'Apapid), and the children of the land of the covenant shall fall by the sword with them" (L e. no doubt the Egyptians ; see ver. 4). The first three of these names or designations are of African peoples, unless (but this is improbable) the Shemite Lnd be intended by the third (see, however, x…
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Chun [pron. Cun] (Heb. JSTtm, ^^S, deriv. uncertain; Sept. icXticrof, Vulg. C&tm), a Syrian city jnentioned in connection with Tibhath, as one of the '* cities of Ha- darezer," tnm which David procured brass for build- ing the Temple (1 Chron. xviii, 8). In the parallel pas- sage (2 Sam. viii, 8) these two cities are c…
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CHURCH 323 CHURCH ertablisbment of any particular natioii or goyemment, aa the Chareh of England. 8. The sum of the various Christian denomunations in a country, as the Chareh in America. These are the ordinary uses of the word, and it is important, in order to a right understanding of its force in any case, to know…
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2. The Creeds and Dogmatic Definkkms.— -The Apos- ties' Creed says, I believe "in the Holy Catholic Church, the communion of saints,** to which the Nicene Creed adds iqxMtolicity. The Catechism in use in the Greek Church gives the following definition : ** The Church is a divinely-instituted community of men, united by…
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Such is the notion of the Church as presented in the great leading s3rmbols of the principal churches and by their representative men. The subject is one beset with difficulties, because of the failure alwa3rs to dis- criminate between the visible and invisible Church, and because every denomination, in order to render…
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(2.) FakJk ^The feith of the (Thnrch is given, in ao- tliorititive, thoogh not in dogmatical form, in the Word of God. '*TheChurch,asthebody of believers hi Christ, existed before the New Testament was writ- ten. It was to the Church that the Word was ad- dressed. It is by the Church that the authentid^ of the Word ha…
963 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.