PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK

McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 2

John McClintock & James Strong · 1,214,832 words · 1184 reading sections

Section 481

CLAYTON 373 CLEFT Bparation, which, it would be manifest to all, could ▼e in itself no curatiTe virtue. The ** clay gionnd" terallj tkicknet$ of soil) in which Solomon caosed B large vessels of the Temple to be cast (1 Kings vii, ; 2 Chron. iv, 17) was a compact loam, of a quality rather extent (depth some 28 feet; …

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Section 482

Clear-etory. (Parker^s OUmary.) Cleaveland, John, a Congregational minister, was bom in Canterbury, Conn., April 11, 1722. He was expelled from Yale College for attending a Sepa- ratists' meeting, but his degree was afterwards given to him, and his name appears as a graduate of 1745. He was installed pastor over a newl…

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Section 483

and Cl^numgeB sent a letter of the same cbnaeiff d Avignon. But the oardinab of Avignon nercifti. less hastened to elect Petms de Luna, who aseaasi the name Benedict XIII. After being elected, Be» diet secured recognition by Charles VI and the Pan University, but Cl^manges was instructed to reqnoi him to do all that mi…

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Section 484

This last teacher was (according to Eusebius) Pan- tos, head of the catechetical school at Alexandria, ^7 whose influence some suppose Clemens, as yet only * sincere inquirer, was led fully to embrace the Chris- ^Q fiiith. He is called a presbyter by early Chris- ^n writers, having probably been appointed to that <^ce …

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Section 485

A small work, Ti'c o ffutiofuvoc irXovmog; (^What rich man may he saved f) is also attributed to Clemens. This treatise is an examination of the words of Christ (Matt, xix, 24 ; Luke xviii, 25), and aims to show that these words do not require the renunciation of worldly goods as a condition of sah'ation ; that the dis…

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Section 486

[ tomb, but were not permitted to remove it. Enrj CLEMENT OF ROME S11 CLEMENT 0# ROME r, <m the umirereary of the martTrdom, the sea Kpeats this miracle of receding for seven days. An- orther &ble confounds Clement the presbyter with T. JF'iamtu Clemfi^s^ the consul, and cousin to the emperor HHymitian, by whom he …

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Section 487

1. In comparison with the canonical books. It is evidentiy modelled after the canonical epistles, and yet is decidedly inferior to them. In regard to lan- guage, three words used by Clement are found only in the First Epistie of Peter ; eleven only in the epistles of Peter jmd Paul ; and twelve only in the episties of …

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Section 488

Clement I. See Clement of Rome. H, Pope {Suidffer, bbhop of Bamberg), was placed in the papal see Dec. 21, 1046, after the Synod of Sutri, by the Emperor Henry III, in the room of Gregory VI, who abdicated. He crovmed this emperor, and ' ""Id in Jan. 1047, a synod at Borne for the suppression of simony. He died, as s…

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Section 489

V, Pope (Bertrand d'Agoust)^ was bom at IJzeste about 1264. He was appointed bishop of Comminges by Boniface VIII in 1295, and was one of the few f^nch bishops who obeyed the summons of the pope to visit Rome, notwithstanding the prohibition of Phil- ip the Fair. In 1299 he was appointed archbishop of Bordeaux. During …

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Section 490

VII, Anti-pope at Avignon (Robert of Geneva), with whom the great papal schism commenced, took this title on his election in 1378. He resided at Avig- non, was acknowledged at once in Naples and France, and at a later period by Scotland, Savoy, and Lor- raine, as well as by Castile, Aragon, and Navarre. He died without…

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Section 491

I among the cardinals appointed by him. One hundred and twenty-three constitutions and decrees of this pope I are contained in BuUar, Rom. Magmtm, tom. iii, 1-170. pis life was written by CicareUa.— Ranke, Iliti. Pa^ b.vi;^ase,C».£r»rf.p.456,466sq.; Wetrer u. Welte, , Kirchm-Lex. Si, 603-640; Herzog, Beal-Emcyiiop…

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Section 492

Xm, Pope {Carlo ddla Torre di RezMomeo), was bora at Venice March 7, 1698 ; became governor of Ftno in 1721, auditor of the Rota fai 1729, cardinal- deacon m 1737, bishop of Padua in 1748, cardinal-priest in 1747. He ascended the papal chair July 6, 1758. He owed his elevation to the Jesuits, whom he sup- ported with a…

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Section 493

On September 24, 1759, he wu appointed cardinal- priest hy Clement XIII upon the recommendation of the general of the Jesaits. The pope intrusted to him seTeral important missions; hot when it was found that he disapproved the uncompromising opposition of the pope to the Bourbon courts, he fell into dis- favor, and was…

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Section 494

Clementiiies, I. (KXij/ilvria, KXnfihrnvoj or pseudo-Clementines), are the several writings, partly orthodox, partly heretical, fabely ascribed to Cksnent, one of the apostolic fathers, and bishop of Rome froB A.D. 92-102, for the purpose of giving them gieatoi weight and currency. These worlcs are .' 1. A SECOND EpIS…

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Section 495

champion of pure, primitive Christianity, In contrast with Simon Magus, the great deceiver and arch-her^ tic. The apostle Paul is not mentioned, but is perhaps . attacked under the name of Simon. The doctrinal system which is skilfully interwoven with this narra- tive stands by itself as a peculiar and confused mix- tu…

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Section 496

Cleopa^tra (strictly Cleop^atra, KXtoirarpa, of a renowned father) f a Greek female name occurring as early as Homer (//. ix, 566), and borne especially by the Egyptian princesses after the times of Alexander (see Smith's Diet, of Class. Biog. s. v.). The follow- ing, being members of the line of the Ptolemies, who fir…

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Section 497

8. The wife ot Gessins Floms, procurator of Judsa ; she was a favorite with Nero's wife (Josephus, Ant. XX, 11,1). Grle'^dpliaB, or rather Clopas (KXtu^a^), the hua- liand of Majy (q. v.), the sister of Christ's mother (J<An six, 25) ; probably a Grsecized form of the name elsewhere (Matt, x, 8 ; Mark iii, 18 ; Luke v…

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Section 498

1. Origin and Meaning of ike Word, — ^The word is by some supposed to be derived from kXtjqoq (lo(), as if the minister were, in a special sense, icX^poc rov Ofoi), specially consecrated to God. Othen (Augustine, Expot, in Ps. 67 ; Isidor, De Off, Ecdes, ii, c. i) main- tain that it indicates that the lot by which Matt…

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Section 499

In those churches which have monastic institutions, the clergy are also divided into regular and secular clergy, regular being members of orders and congre- gations who bind themselves to common rules, and sec- ular those who have charge of parishes. In the Church of Russia tiie common name of the regular dergv ii the…

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Section 500

5. Special Discipline, Duties, DiaabiliHes. — '' In the early Church the clergy were placed under strict discipline. The crimes leading to punishment were simony, heresy, apoetas}', neglect of duty, immoral- ity, and violation of clerical etiquette. Punishments were various : (1.) Corporeal casHgation, which Au- gustin…

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Section 501

CLERGY 388 CLERMONT they ought to oonsicter, namely, the intellectual and moral qnalificationB of the person to be elected. There are other points by which their choice is determined. One, for instance, says, ** It is necessary to elect a per- son who is of a good family.** Another would choose a wealthy person, bec…

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Section 502

Clbbks, Apostolical. See Jesuits. Clbbks, MmoB. See Fbanciscahs. Clbbks of St. BfAJOLus, a religious order of tfa« sixteenth iientury in Italy, founded by Jerome .£aiili- anus, and approved by Paul IV. They gave tfaea- selves to the religious instruction of the yoong asd the ignorant. Clebks OP St. Paul. See Babnabt…

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Section 503

Cloak (^'^2^^, meiT, Isa. lix, 17, elsewhere ren- dered in our version "robe," or " mantle") was an up- per grannent or robe (of cotton ?), which extended be- low the knees, open at the top, so as to be drawn over the head, and having arm-holes. It was worn by the high-priest under the ephod (Exod. xxviii, 81); also by…

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Section 504

Rendiho op Clothes. To rend or tear the gar- ments was finom the earliest period an action express ive of the highest grief (Gen. xxxvii, 29). Jacob and David did it on various occasions ; and so did Joshua, Hezekiah, and Eara (2 Sam. xiii, 81 ; Joeh. vii, 6; 2 Kings xix, 1 ; Ezra ix, 8). The high-priest was for- bidde…

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Section 505

PiLLAB OF Cloud flJ^H 11^3$, cohmn ofiks elovd, Exod. xxxiii, 9, 10), clhcffwise called PiOar of Fire Qavtn lia?, Exod. xiii, 22), was the active form of the symbolical glory-doud, betokening God's presence to lead his chosen host, or to inquire and visit ofl^nces, as the luminous doud of the sanctuary exhibited the sa…

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Section 506

ClOjrnOi ftn ancient episcopal town in the south- east of Cork county, fifteen miles east by south of Cork. The bishopric was founded in the 6th century by St. Colman, the abbey in 707, and the cathedral in the Idth century. Near the cathedral is a round tow- er 92 feet high. About 1430 the episcopate was united to tha…

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Section 507

Cnl'diis (KW^oc, of unknown etymol. ; by the Ro- mans often called Ofddtu) is mentioned in 1 Maoc zv, 28, as one of the Greek cities which contained Jewish residents in the second century before the ChristiaB era, and in Acts xxvii, 7, as a harbor which was paved by Paul after leaving Myra, and before running undo' the…

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Section 508

BBAL. " In 2 Sam. xxii, 9, 18, ' coals of fire* are put met- aphorically for the lightnings proceeding ft'om God (Psa. xviii, 8, 12, 18 ; cxl, 10). In Prov. xxv, 22, we have the proverbial expression ' Thou shalt heap coals of fire upon his head,* which has been adopted by Paul in Rom. xii, 20, and by which is metapho…

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Section 509

~no, after appearing in the columns of the Freeman, I His Compend qfOivmity is recognised as a staodnd k the denomination. He also wrote a Commentate os the New Tettameni^—UniversaUst Befitier/br IBSJ, p. 81 sq. Cobbet, Thomas, a Congregational minister, was bom at Newbury, Berkshire, Eng., in 1608, and aerved in the…

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Section 510

faith, which he preeented to the king. Being again cited to appear before the archbiahop, and refusing compliance, he wais committed to the Tower by the idng's order. '* Upon the 26th of September, 1418, he was brooght again by the lieutenant of the Tower be- fore the archbishop, the bishops of London, Winches- ter, an…

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Section 511

Coooeius, John, one of the most distinguished theologians and Biblical interpreters of the 17th cen- tury, was bom in Bremen July 80 (or August 9, N. S.), 1608. The family name was Oodk (according to others Koch), but he and his brother Gerhard having been in their youth called Cocoeii, ever afterwards re- tained that …

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Section 512

As an interpreter of Scripture, Cocceius had many of the highest qualifications. He was a man of great learning, the worthy compeer of the mighty scholars of which Holland could boast in the 17th centur^'. In the range and thoroughness of his acquirements he was not inferior to such men as Grotius, Heinsius, Buxtorf; a…

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Section 513

COCHIN^HINA 397 COCK id as one, aa prooeding the adrent of the Redeemer. The fall oif man waa self caoaedf and not necessitated ^ any act of God (Bona earn operatttr m nobis Deus MM fMid)j bat all his posterity were involved with Adam in the guilt and corse of his sin. This required • Mediator who could not be of th…

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Section 514

Cook (dXficritfp, literally wakeftil). It is some- what singular that this bird (and poultry in general) should not be distinctly noticed in the Hebrew Scrip- tures, especially as reiuring gallinaceous fowls was an object of considerable economical importance in Egypt, and their flesh one of the principal resources for…

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Section 515

CocK-OROWiNO (jSLkiKTopo^iavid), * * The cock usu- ally crows several times about midnight, and again about break of day. The latter time, because he then crows loudest, and his * shrill clarion' is most useftil by summoning man to his labors, obtained the appellation of the cock-crowing emphatically, and by way of emi…

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Section 516

Cooker, an old English term, used but once in the A. y. of the Apociypha (Eoclns. xzx, 9, ri^vriaov, tmtd as a nnrse), in the sense otfandUy or treat gentlj. Cockle (ni^Ka, ha8hah\ an offentioe plant, q. d. stink-weed ; Sept fiaroQ^ i. e. bramble) occurs only in Job xxxi, 40 : '* Let thistles grow instead of wheat, an…

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Section 517

Coelestine (Pope). See Celestike. CcelestiiiB. See CfeLEsriNS. CcelestitiB, a native of Ireland (or of Bretagiie ?) of noble birth. According to Marius Mercator (Com- momtorittm, 2), he was a law student at Borne when Pe- lagius arrived there. Embracing the views of Pela- gius, he accompanied him in 408 (or 409) to S…

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Section 518

I yeh. This appears, in fiict, to have been the dusa : house of idoUtry (Porter's Danuueug, i, 12; li, 330; Hand-book of 8. and P. p. 668, 570; RobinMn, L^ Bib. Het. p. 488, 492, 520). The modem name of tte valley confirms the above view. It is caUed e^Aiiai, which is strictly the same as the Heb. BOak (rtrpS} In the a…

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Section 519

and they are usually rather wider at this end than at the other ; there are generally one or more small holes in the bottom to drain off moisture : these coffins were never buried deeply in the ground ; very frequently they were placed close to the surface, so that the lid was visible, and when within a church formed p…

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Section 520

CoiiL Before the Babylonian exile (see Deyling, Ob»erv. iii, 222 sq., also in Ugolini Theiaur. xxviii) the Hebrews had and knew no regularly stamped money, but generally made use of a currency in trafilc consisting of uncoined shekels (or talents) of silver, which they washed out to one another (Gen. xxiii, 16 ; Exod. …

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Section 521

The intrinsic worth of money in the various periods of the Hebroo-Jewish antiquity is very difficult to es- timate from the occasional intimations of mercantile y^oe (see Michaelis, Z>e j>refm rer, ap. Hebr. ante exiL in the Comment. 8oc. GotL iii, 145 sq.), especially as tbe measure and quality of articles thus estima…

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Section 522

shire. While there he came under the influence of Methodism, and the increased fidelity and earnestness of liis ministry excited so much opposition that he abandoned the place and joined Wesley, whom he equalled, if he did not surpass, in itinerant ministerial labors. In 1784 Wesley consecrated him a bishop for the Met…

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Section 523

Colbert, Charlea-Joaohim, a relative of the great Colbert, was bom at Paris, June 11, 1667, be- came vicar of Rouen, and geneniKagent of the French clergy. In 1797 he was made bishop of Montpellier, and devoted himself a great deal to induce die Re- formed to apostatize. It was under his episcopate thst the noted catec…

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Section 524

Cole, Thomas, an English Nonconformist, was educated at Westminster School, and at Christ Church. Oxford. In 1656 he became principal of St. Mary's Hall, where he was tutor to John Locke. In 1660 he was ejected from Oxford by the king's commissioners for nonconformity, and opened an academy at Nettle- head, Oxfordshire…

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Section 525

Of Coleridge as a jpo6< we do not here speak. Asa metaphysical theologian, his influence upon his own age, and especially upon its younger men of genius, was greater than that of any other Englishman. His mental attributes were of a high order, strangely blended, and thoroughly cultivated. To a subtlety which would hav…

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Section 526

Coles, EHahn, a native of Northamptonshire, was made steward of Magdalen College, Oxford, dur- ing the Commonwealth, when the funous Independent, Dr. Goodwin, was head of that college. After the Bestoration he obtuned a clerkship in the East India House, which he is supposed to have held until his death in 1688. Hkb na…

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Section 527

COLIGNI 408 COLLAR against the Spaniards. In spite of a heroic defence, on the 27th of August St. Quentin fell. Goligni was taken prisoner and brought to the Netherlands, where he remamed two years. Here he became a Protestant. At the peace of Chateau-Cambresis in 1659, he regained his liberty for a ransom of 60,000…

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Section 528

CoOiiiB (KitfXioc V. r. KiMoc, Vnlg. Cobtu)^ a Le- vito ''also caUed CaUtas" (1 Esdr. ix, 28X for whidi the Heb..text (Ezra x, 23) has " Krt.atah (q. v.), tlie same as Kelita." CoUar, the rendering of one Gr. and two Heh. words in the Anth. Vers. 1. hfi (peh, Job xxx, IS; where, however, some merely read 1)33 » <i»), …

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Section 529

The following tables of the Collects for Sundays and other holidays used in the English Liturgy were part- ly formed by bishop Cosins, and were published by Comber: COLLaCTBVOB 4th Snndiy in Advent St. John*! Day. The Epipbaoj. • 1st, 2d, and 8d Sunday after Epiphany. 6th ^mday after Epiphany. Septoagealma. Sd^…

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Section 530

Colleotor {fipxtav ^opoXoyloQ^ chitf of the tribute^ levy\ a t^x-gatherer (1 Mace, i, 29). See Publican. College occurs (2 Kings xxii, 14 ; 2 Chron. xxxiv, 22) as the translation of t^^^TQ (mithneh\ tecond rank), the residence of the prophetess Huldah (q. v.). The same term is used in Zeph. i, 10 (translated " second"…

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Section 531

Collegial or Collegiate Bystem, a mode of exhibiting the relation of Church and State employed by Pnffendorf and Pfaff in Protestant Germany. The churches were regarded as being, after Constantine's time, legal corporations (collegia jfcka), with rights to form their creeds, conduct their worship, choose their presidin…

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Section 532

ColUiis, Anthony, an English Deist, was bom at Heston, near Hounslow, in 1676, and was educated at Eton and King's CoUogo, .Cambridge. Being a man of property, he spent his life chiefly in literary pur- suits. He died in 1729. His infidel principles brought him into collision with Bentley, Chandler, and many others. Hi…

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Section 533

CdUn, Daniel Georo Conbad mns, was born Dec. 21, 1788, at Oerlinghausen, in the principality of Lippe-Detmold, where his fiither was minister. Hit fiumily were of Moravian origin. He studied at Det- mold, Marburg, T&bingen (under Flatt and Sdmurrer), and finally in Gdttingen. In 1816 he became profess- or extraordinarn…

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Section 534

Colinaii, Benjamin, D.D., an eminent Congrega- tional minister, was bom in Boston, Oct 19, 1678. He graduated at Harvard 1692, and sailed for London 1695, but on the voyage was taken by a French ves- sel and carried to France. After remaining in Eng- land some three years, he was called to take charge of Brattle Street…

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Section 535

Of the councils of Cologne, besides those already mentioned, the most important were, (1) in 1280, called by the Archbishop Sifridus (Sifroi), in which eighteen canons of discipline were drawn up ; (2) in 1586, by Herman, on discipline, the duties of bishops, offices of the Church, etc ; (8) in 1549, by Adolphus, where…

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Section 536

Colonna, Gioyanvi, bom at the beginning of the Idth century. He entered the Dominican order ; was in 1286 provincial of his order in Tuscany ; became in 1256 archbishop of Messina, and in 1262 archbishop of Nicosia, in Cyprus. The latter see he resigned in 1268, on account of political disturbances in Cyprus. He died b…

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Section 537

COLOR 416 COLOR tamt the restricted application of our greens) ; when applied to grass, it means specifically the young, frt»h gram (Kl^^, de'$hl, Psa. xxxvii, 2) which springs np in the desert (Job xxtIx, 8). Elsewhere it describes the sickly yellowish hue of mildewed com (Dent. xzyiii,22; 1 Kings viii, 87 ; 2 Chro…

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Section 538

1. White. The most common term is "jl^, 2ato t which is applied to such objects as milk (Ges. slix, 12), manna (Exod. xvi, 81), snow (Isa. i, 18), bone* (Zech. i, 8), raiment (EccL i, 8) ; and a cognate vord expresses the color of the moon (Isa. xxiv, 23). HS. tsach, dassling white, is applied to the complesoB (Cant V,…

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Section 539

t PuBPLB O^A^K, cargaman'; CAialdaic form, '^JJf?^' oryewwa', Dan. v, 7, 16 ; vop^vpa ; pmjmra). This color was obtained from the secretion of a species of shell-fish (Plin. ix, 60), the Jfurex intaculut of Lin- ncns, which was found in various parts of tke Medi- t«r»nean Sea (hence called irop^pa BaXaaaia, 1 Mace, iv,…

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Section 540

8. Scarlet (Crimson, Isa. i, 18 ; Jer. iv, 80). The terms by which this color is expressed in Hebrew vary: sometimes "^J^, shani% simply is used, as in Gen. xxxvui, 28-80 ; sometimes "^JU H^^^P, tok^aih thani, as in Exod. xxv, 4j and sometimes n??iin, tofa'oM, simply, as in Isa. 1, 18. The word i'^P^?, oarmU' (A. V. " …

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Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.

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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.