PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 2
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,214,832 words · 1184 reading sections
Section 721
HiMory of the ApoiUaf {>eed(LoDd. 1702, 8fo); Bov- row, Expoeittom of the Creeds Worics, voL it ; Peaneo, ExpotUicn of the Creed (many editiiims ; thie beet sc Dobeon's, Ixmd. 1840, 8vo, with an appendix esntais- ing the principal Greek and Latin ereeda ; mad Bst- ton's, Oxford, 1847, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Witsiiia, De Ssfmie…
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Hec eat iides catholica, qnam nisi qnlsqne fldelltcr fir- miterqne credlderlt, salrua ea- se non poterlU Gloria Patri. et FIIlo, et Splrltui Sancto. Sicut erat in princlpio, et nunc^ et semper, et in sncula sncu- loram. Is God, and the Holy Ghost is God. And vet there ar9 not three Gods, but one God. likewise the Fat…
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CREED 562 CREED Comxnon Prayer; but when the book was placed bfr. fore the English bUhope they required the redtoration of both creeds before they would consent to consecrate the American bishops. The archbishops of Canter- bury and York, in the spring of 1786, wrote to the Church committee to that effect, whereupon…
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ovrmv iyhftrOf ti Krtrrow i(|ffotten; or that he was BoOt from that which had nobei£f ; or who affirm the Son <d G^jd to be of anj other mbstaaer or eaeenoei or ertaled^ or varia- ble, or mutable, aach pamma doth the Catholic ^ ' ^T^por (votfTcttfcatr ti oinriat 0a<ricorrar e/fot, q TpnrT^ir n aWoimrow rov vmv tov …
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See Chalcbdoit; CREED OF Chalcbdoit. Chbistoloot. CREED OF PoPB Pius IV, a summary of the doc- trines of the Roman Church as contained in the canons and decrees of the Council of Trent. It was issued in the form of a bull in December, 1664, by pope Pius IV, and usually bears his name. All bishops, eccle- siastics, an…
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This creed is also known nnder the name of the Professio Fidei Tridentina, or Forma Professiomsfdei Ca&olicce. See Cramp, Text-book of Popery, p. 486; Buckley, History of Council of Trent, p. 619; Elliott, Delineation of Romanism, bk. i, ch. i ; Streitwolf nnd Klener, Lib. Symb. ecclesia Cath. (GOtt. 1846, t. ii> Cree…
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that he preached the Gospel in Galatia, a fjtct \xok% bly deduced coi\Jectorally fhwi the only text (i Tuk iv, 10) in which his name occurs. There is a Ian a»> cient tradition (in Sophronins), according to miadk Crescens preached, went into Gaul (Galatia ; Me The> odoret on 2 Tim. L c), and became the founder of tte Ch…
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years 1866 and 1867 the whole force of the Ottoman empire, and thereby enlisted the sympathy of all the Christian powers of Europe, most of which urged the Turkish government to consent to the annexation of the island to Greece. (In November, 1867, the fate of Crete was not yet decided.) (See Paulin, DetcripUon physiqu…
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Crete (Acts ii, 11) or Cre'tian (Tit. i, 12 and subscr.), a Cretan (Kp^), or inhabitant of the island of Cbbtb (q. v.). Treatises on the notoriously bad character of this people (referred to in the latter pas- sag^ have been written in Latin by Hollebeck (Lngd. B. 1798), Peffinger (Argent. 1701), Schmidt (Lips. 1678), …
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CRISPIN AKD CRISPmiAN 667 CRITICISM Lift of Baxter, ii, 232; Bogne and Bennett, ffiti, qf DitsmterM, i, 400. See Ahtinomiaitism. Ciiapin and Crispinian, two brothers who, dar- ing the reign of Diocletian, went as mifisionaries from Rome to Gaol, and settled at Soissons. In order to support themselves and to have acc…
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Criticism employs the ample materials frimished by these sources. To attain its end, it must work upon them with skill and discrimination. They affbrd wide scope for acuteness, sobriety, and learning; and long experience is necessary in order that they may be used with efficiency and success. (See Jour. Sac. LU.j Jan. …
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A, The Old Testament. — There are four marked periods in the history of the Hebrew text. 1. That Period in the History of the Unprinted Text which preceded the cUmng of the Canon.^Ot this we know nothing except what is contained in Scripture itself. The Jews bestowed much care on their sacred books. They were accustom…
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CRITICISM 569 CRITICISM yeen handed down orally for some centuries, became ifterwardB so extensive as to demand its committal to irriting. Much of what is contained in the Masora exists also in the Talmud. Part of it, howerer, is >ldcr than the Talmnd, thbugh not rednciod to its pres- snt form till a much later peri…
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(1.) Monster's edition appeared at Basle in 1686, 2 vols. 4to. The text is supposed to be founded upon that of Brescia, 1494, 4to, which resolves itself into the Soncino edition of 1488. (2.) Jablonski's edition was published at Berlin in 1699, 8vo, and again at the same place in 1712, 12mo. It is founded upon the bes…
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At a comparatively recent period certain internal tiarks were observed to belong to documents contain- ing the same text. A similarity in characteristic readings was noticed. Bengei appears to have been the first to whom the idea suggested itself of dividing the materials according to the peculiarities which he £untly …
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I writers, llie edition of the Greek Testament un- r consideradon is indispensable to every critic, and U always be reckoned a marvellous monument of lomitable energy and unwearied diligence. The vkgomena contain a treasure of sacred learning that II always be prized by the scholar. They were re- blished, with valuabl…
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(15.) The edition of Lachmann, though small in com- pass, deserves to be especially mentioned. It was pub- lished at Berlm in 1881, 12mo. The editor says that he has nowhere followed his own judgment, but the usage of the Oriental churches. The text of Lachmann has been well received in Crermany, and much impor- tance …
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(17.) A new and critical edition of the Greek Temr ment, accompanied by the old Latin version, has bea: begun by Dr. Tregellcs, and issued in yhudcaS^ d\ which the Gospels have appeared (London, 4to). IV: editor aims at great accuracy in Us authoiitks. & text, however, shows defective judgment, and rdJoi too exclusivel…
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One in [the] other wfll they Join, And a bi-eath cannot come between them : Each in Its fellow will adhere ; They will cling together that thev cannot be parted. [At] his sneezings a light will flash, And his eyes [ai^] like the lashes of dawn : Prom his mouth will flames proceed ; Sparkfl of fire will escape : From h…
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" The crocodiles consist of three varieties, or perhaps ' species, all natives of the Nile, distinguishable by the different arrangement of the scut® or bony studs on the neck, and the number of rows of the same process- es along the back. Their general lizard-form is too well known to need particular description ; but…
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*' There is evidence that the crocodile was foond is | Syria at the time of the Crusades. A rep^e of tliis kind has lately been discovered in the Nahr el-Edh. '■ the ancient Lycus. \ " The exploit of Dieudonn6 de Bozoz^ knxgbt of SL ; John, who, when a young man, slew the dragoB of CROCODELOPOLIS 575 CROSS Shodes,…
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Cromleoh, a huge flat and oblong stone, placed in a sloping position, and supported by pillars of un- hewn and perpendicular stones. There were many of them at one time in Ireland, and they are supposed to have been Druidic altars for sacrifice. Their mass- iveness has defied the ravages of time and revolutions, while …
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II. Forma of the Cross. — In its simplest shape, con- sisting of two pieces of wood, one standing eroct, the other crossing it at right angles, the cross was known at an early age in the history of the world. Its use as an instrument of punishment was probably suggested by the form so often taken by branches of trees, …
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4. The crux immisea (or Latin cross) differed fh>m the former by the projection of the upright post (jS6(m {n|/i}\ov, or stipes) above the transverse beam (icipag iyxapmoVf or paiUndum, Eusebius, de V. Constant, i, 31). That this was the kind of cross on which our Lord died is obvious (among other reasons) from the men…
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CROSS 51B CROSS (John zz, 25, 27, etc ; Zech. xii, 10; Pia. xzii, 16; comp. TertulL ado. Mare, iii, 19, etc. ; Sept. upv^av ; although the Jewe maintain that in the latter text ^-IK3, *' like a lion/* ia the true reading ; Sixt. Se- nensia, Bibl. Scmet, viii, 5, p. 640). It is, howeyer, ex- tremely probable that bot…
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soldier named Orestes are said to have had tached to their necks before going to their A single example of the entx commisscL, ^, k ^a- served, of the date A.D. 870. On tombs, do ea^ of any kind is found before the same (entuy. S. crux immissa, f , or Greek croae, ^, is fovotd ^ than the fifth century. As far as y«fc n…
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T. The Crou as a Signature. — ^As early as the sixth century had it become the custom to put three crosses (^ '\ ^) near the signature of important documents, these having the value of an oath on the part of the signer. Priests never omitted to add it to their sig- nature, and bishops, as a sign of the dignity of their…
1,263 wordsSECTION 748Section 748
According to Ambrosius {Oratio de Obku Theodor, p. 498), the piece which bore the title stood on the top of the cross of our Lord (John xlx, 19-22, Im rov arav- pov ; comp. Matt xxvii, 87 ; Mark xv, 26 ; Luke xviii, 18) : the form then would be somewhat thus, Q* This fact would lead to the expectation of more accurate …
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CROSS 581 CROSS KZid aome have sapposed that a kind of seat was phiced, Kn 'wbich the sufferer may be said to have in some T'.ajr sat. The controversy is treated at length in the :ars1; of the four Hypomnemaia de Cntce of Bartholinus Slafn. 1661, Amst. 1670, L. B. 1695). JL coDunon tradition assigns the perpetual s…
1,103 wordsSECTION 750Section 750
CROSS, Orders of the, in the Roman Churoh. 1. Canons Regular of the Congregation of ike Holy Cross ^ founded in 1211 by Theodore de Celles, a descendant of the dukes of Bretagne. It was confirmed by Inno- cent lY in 1248, and was exempted from the jurisdic- tion of the bishops by John XXII in 1818. The or- der spread e…
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CroBB-bearer (crudger), 1. In the Rouu^ Church, the designation of the chaplain of an arch- bishop, or a primate, who bears a cross before him oo solemn occasions. The pope has the cross borne be> fore him everywhere ; a patriarch anywhere oat of Rome; and primates, metropolitans, and those wbo have a right to the pall…
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CrO'Wii, an ornament often mentioned in Scrip* ture, and in such a manner as in most cases to indi- cate the circumstances under which and the persons by whom it was wom ; for crowns were less exclu- sively worn by sovereigns than among modem na- tions. Perhaps it would be better to say that the term " crowns" was appl…
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by Alexander the Great to Jaddoa (Jennings*! Jtwii Ant, p. 168). The use of the crown by priesta and i religions services was universal, and perhaps the badf belonged at first " rather to the pomiiJuxbUa thaa tk« regalia,'' Thus Q. Fabius Fictor bajb thai the ' crown was used by Janus idbea aocri^ScM^. "Asti head-dress…
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8. Similar also in construction and material, though Mt in form, was the ancient Persian crown, for which ^ere is a distinct name in the book of Esther (i, U; "» 17; vi, 8), via^ in», he'ther {diapUt^ which was Jfobtless the ddcarii or aiarU (ddapic or wVofwc), the *ugh cap or tiara so often mentioned by the Greek his-…
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Isthmian Crowns. of the king of the Jews (see below). The laurel, pine, or parsley garlands given to victors in the great games of Greece are finely alluded to by Paul (1 Cor. ix, 26 ; 2 Tim. ii, 6, etc.). See Games. They are said to have originated in the laurel-wreath assumed by Apol- lo on conquering the Python (Te…
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II. DeiaHs. — Until the 11th century Christ was rep- resented as living, and usually with his head crowned with a nimbus or other symbol of his triumphal resur- rection. His head was erect, his eyes open, indicating his divine nature, which is not subject to death ; or, more probably, his triumph over his death. Though…
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CRUCIFIXION 588 CRUCIFIXION tory of the world, occur in varkms cmciftxes. Many | other modifications exist of the presentation of the cmcifixion, whether giren in fall relief, or high or { low relief, or whether painted in miniatnre, in mosaic, on fresco, or on canras. Cmoiflzioii (prop. oravpitHnQ^ bnt in the N. T…
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It was unanimously considered the most borribk form of deatli, worse even than burning, siaoe the ** cross" precedes '* burning" in the law-books (Lipo- us, De Cruc. ii, 1). Hence it is called ermdeSssiwum teterrimwnque suppUdum (Cicero, Verr. v, 66), extras p(rrui(Apvi.deAur,Asin.x),summiims!sqfplicmm(Fs^ tSent. V, ti…
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Psa. Ixix, 21, but not strictly accurate. This merci- fully intended draught must not he confounded with the spongeful of vinegar (or poeca, the common drink of Boman soldiers, Spart ffadr. ; Plant. MiL Gl. iii, 2, 28), which was put on a hyssop-stalk and offered to our Lord in mocking and contemptuous pity (Matt, xxvi…
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Generally the body was suffered to rot on the cross (Cicero, 7\wc. Q, i, 48; Sil. Ital. viii, 486) by the ac- tion of sun and rain (Herod, iii, 12), or to be devoured by birds and beasts (Apul. de Aur. A$m, 6; Horace, Ep. i, 16, 48 ; Juvenal, xiv, 77). Sepulture was gen- erally therefore forbidden (Pliny, Hist. Nat. xx…
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CRIJCIFIXION 501 CRUCIFIXION [y fallen into a trance from exhaustion, they have inifestly no right to judge from other cases, for in sm even this did not occur. The younger Gruner es minutely into all the smallest circumstances of 3 passion, examining them as objects of medical ju- prudence, and particularly takes c…
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Various theories have therefore been proposed to ac- count for the speedy death of Christ upon the cross. That it did not occur simply and directly ftt)m the cru- cifixion is evident from the above statements, and from the surprise of Pilate that it had taken place so soon, when the thieves crucified at the same time h…
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Lamy (Harm. Ev, p. 678 sq.); on the cnidfisioa erallv, by Buddieus (Jen. 1707), Dilher (Sorimb. Gerhard (Rost 1662),Vogler (Helmst. 1693), V( (Traj. ad Rh. 1700), Lvdius (bortrac 1672, Zi 1701), id. (Tr. ad R, 1701), Medhurst (Bibl. Brm.\,i III, Ui), Margalitha (Frcft. ad V. 1706), Mi (Duisb. 1722), two anonymous fasci…
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remain at liberty, and he returned with zeal to his amed and severe labors, manifesting his strange ec- tntricity in a thousand forms— soliciting knighthood om the king, a seat in Parliament from the people ^ London, and courting the daughter of the lord ayor, but preserving unchanged his piety and benev- ence. He made…
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CRUSADES 594 CRUSADES A third expedition of a similar kind, composed of 15,000 Germans, led hy a priest named Gottschalk, was slaughtered or dispersed in Hungary, which also proved the grave of the fourih^ a terrible horde, con- sisting of about 200,000 ¥rretches from France, Eng- land, Flanders, and Lorraine, who h…
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Fourth Crusade, 1203.— In 1203 a Ibnrth expa&n was determined upon by pope Innocent III, altk^ the condition of the Christians was by no meaas ssLi as to call for it. It assembled at Yenice, the go^en- ment of which republic, from political reasons, pee- iscd to support the movement by its navy. The uaj never went to P…
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ally join the crusades, but were represented by le- gates, the system of papal legates was developed, which became in the hands of the popes a powerf\il weapon for ei^tailing the jurisdiction of archbishops and bish- ops. The origin of bishops m pctrHbm infidelium can also be traced to the crusades. The raising of im- …
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CmsitUi, Christiah August, a German theolo- gian, was bom at Lenna, near Merseburg, January 10, 1715. He studied at Leipzic, where he afterwards be- came profiBSSor of philosophy in 1744, of theology in 1750, and primarius of theology in 1757. He died October 18, 1775. Dissatisfied with the existing phU- osophical syst…
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CRYPTCKJAL. CONTROVERSY S07 CRYSTAL Bse crypto were often called by the lume etmfemo, the Bomanesqne period the name ciypt wob re- med. In the churches of this period, the crypt ex- ided under the high altar and back under the entire olr or apsia, sometimes even including the space nn- rtho transept. This crypt forme…
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Crystal. There are several words which appear to have this meaning in the Bible. See Ice ; Pearl. 1. H^J?, he'rach (properly tee, as it is rendered Job vi, 16; xxxviii, 29; "frost," Gen. xxxi, 40; Job xxxvii, 10; Jer. xxxvi, 80 ; Sept. cpverroXXoc), occurs in Ezek. i, 22, where the epithet " terrible" seems to be adde…
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CUCKOO ).484 faichet. Tbe Hebrew cnbit, ami ing to Bishop Cumberland and M. Pelletier, is tvcr- one inches ; and the Talmndists observe that tke b brew cubit (meaning prol>ably the kmisv or i measure) was larger by one quarter than the BfOBc. which would make it contain 21.843 inchea. Kir writers fix it at eighteen in…
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be much known in cither conn try ♦ The Talmudists (J/<uj*er. i, 4 ; TerumtHh, ii, 6; vi, 6 : BfM Mtz. vii, 5) have TV^-p, and the F^hcenicians had tho word Kor«crc^£^ap (Dioi5C. iv, I5'2}, which is prolmbly fi<tt3p n X'S, ' * cue utn \.^J of Egy pi" = <r it: i n^ dypioQ, The anniET name for cucumbei exL^ta in all toy;n…
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tion is that of Attdover (1887, 2 toIs. Svo), dudes all the published writings of Cudwovthf bat k» no index. See Birch, Life of CudwoHk (prefixed t most editbns of his works) ; EngL C^doputdim ; ]fa«> intosh. Ethical PhUotophy, p. 78. CaJaoitUi (properly De Cujas), Jacques, a di<a- guished teacher of canon law, was bo…
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early missionaries were thoroughly Biblical. Colum- ba's life by Adamnan represents him in almost every page as iamiliar with the Word of God, and ready to quote it on all occasions as of supreme authority." . . . ** The great subject of their teaching was the simple truth of the Gospel of salvation. It was ' verbmn Dt…
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Culverwell, Nathakiel, M.A., a pious and learned writer. He was fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and died about 1650. We have of him an Elegant and learned Discourse on the Light of Nature (on Prov. XX, 27), with several other treatises (Lond. 1661, 4to). The Light of Nature abounds in striking thoughts, and has …
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CUMMmG 6( 68>. In the New Testament, cumin is mentioned in Matt, xjdii, 28, where our Saviour denounces the Scribes and Pharisees, who paid their ** tithe of mint, and anise, and cumin,'" but neglected the weightier matters of the law. In the Talmudical tract Demai (ir, ly comin is mentioned as one of the things regu-…
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Adrammdech AranueaDB (,Armn) . , . Ararat Arvad Ashdod ABhkeloQ ABHjrria ABsyrians Babyion 604 CUNNINGHAM Baladan Bel Charchemiih Chaldnao* Chebar Dagon Damascns Eden (Children cf) Egypt Ekron Elam EBarhaddon Eaphrates Gaza Gebal {people qf) Giwan {people qf) Habor or Chebar {river). Hagaren…
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Cup (usually OiS, hos, prop, a receptacle; N. T. ^ro- TTjpiov, a drinking vessel) denotes originally a wine-cup (Gen. xl, 11-21), various forms of which, of different materials, are delineated on the Egyptian and Assyr- ian monuments. See Wikb. ' The cupe of the Jews, whether of metal or earthenware, were possibly bor-…
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Ancient AasTiiAn Cup of Libation after a Bull-hunt. zarf with ihefngan placed in it. Some tarfo are of plain or gilt silver filigree, and a few opulent persons have them of gold. Many Moslems, however, relig- Modem Oriental Coffee-seryice. iously disallow all utensils of gold and of silver (Lane, Mod. Eg, i, 206). S…
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CUP. See Lord's Supper. CUP oivEir TO THE Laitt. See Lord's Supper. Cap-bearer (Hj^l^a, mathkeh% one who gives to drink; so Gr. oiVoxooc, toine-powrer ; Vulg. pineema), an officer of hi^ ruik with Egyptian, Persian, Assyr- ian, as well as Jewish mon- archs. The chief cup-bear- er, or butler, to the king of Egypt was th…
1,040 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.