PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 2
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,214,832 words · 1184 reading sections
Section 121
By the reactionary allegorists, of whom Rosenmfil- ler may be considered the representative, the Song of Solomon has either been made absolutdy continuous, or has been divided with reference to its spiritual meaning rather than its external form (e. g. Heng- stenberg and Prof. Burrowes). The supposition that the Canti…
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8. The literal interpretation seems to have beei} con- nected with the general movement of Theodore Mop- suestia (860-429) and his followen, in opposition to tiie extravagances of the early Christian lilegorista. Its echeme was nuptial, with Pharaoh's daughter as the bride. That it was by many regarded as the only ad- …
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The aUegorical interpretaUon has been defended in America by Professors Stuart and Burrowes. The m- fcrvo/ arguments adduced by the allegorists are sub- stantially the same with those urged by Calovius agahwt the literal basis of the mystical hiterpretation. ThefdUowhig are specimens: (a.) Particulars not ap- plicable …
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fimaticism or orer-wron^ enthuiiasm, than of sound devotion or sober interpretation. See Aujboobt. Taking, therefore, the ground figure of covumbial as typical of divine union to be intended to be represent- ed in this genertd expression only by this unique spec- kaen of sacred phantasmagoria, we may venture to ar- mng…
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CAISmCLES 9Y CANTICLES (Lngl 1606, ito) ; James, ExpomHo (Old, 1007, 4W) ; Eletftr ben-JehucU (GamiiM), Hp'nn ^^^ [CabalU- tic] (CnM50w, 1608, 4to); Veronius, PhUotheia (Frib. 1GU9, 4to); Ghisler, InterjfreUUio (Rom. 1609, foL, and liter); Mat, TOO ?'^»Sn (Prague, 1612, fol.) ; Sch&rt- lein'g oommentaiy [Jewish-Germ…
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CANTOR 98 CAPER 1889, 870; from the German, 8d ed. Elberf.1880, 8vo); Barfaam, S. ofS, (in Bible, ii) ; *Uhlemann, De interp.j ratione, etc. (Berlin, 1889, 4to) ; Schick (Wasriliszoh), *Ts»n mn^ (Wanaw, 1840, 8vo) ; Hirzel, Erkldrttng (Znr. and Fanenf. 1840, 12mo) ; Magnns, Bearbeitung (Halle, 1842, 8vo); Isaak-Aaro…
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Capellua. See Cappbllus. Caper-PLANT (nji^^X, abiyonah', fh)m TOH, to desire , Sept. JcairTaptc) is mentioned only once in the Bible (Eccles. xii, 5): "When the almond-tree shall flourish, and the grasshopper shall be a burden, and desire shall fail ; because man goeth to his long home.** I The word here translated des…
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Caper'naiim (Kavtpvaovfi ; Lachm. [with Codex B] Ka0apvaov/i, as if Q^na ^fiS, '* village of Nahum" [from some unknown person of that name] ; Syriac, Cnretonian Kaaphar Nachum^ Peshito Kaphar No- chum ; Vulg. Caphamaum\ the name of a Galilaean city familiar as that of the scene of many acts and in- cidents in the life …
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' of the sea" was the great road from Damascus to the south (Ritter, Erdk, xv, 889), the duties may have been levied not only on the fish and other commerce of the lake, but on the caravans of merchandise passing to Galilee and Judsa. It was also near the border be- tween the tribes of Zebulon and Naphtall (Matt, iv, 1…
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CAPERNAUM 101 CAPE TOWN Khaa MinTeh. The fbantain Caphammnm, which Jo- •ephos mentioiis CWar^ iii, 10, 8) in « rery emphfttic Bunner as a chief source of the water of the plain of Gennesaieth and as abounding with fish, would, how- ever, certainly answer better to the ** Round Fountain'* than to a spring so doee to …
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Capers, William, D.D., a bishop of the Method- ist Episcopal Church South, was bom in St. Thomas's Parish, S. C, Jan. 26, 1790. In 1805 he entered the sophomore class at the South-Carolina College, but left college before the time of graduation, and began the study of law. He entered the itinerant ministry in the South…
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Caphftrath. See Kephar-Akko. Capharbarttoha (prob. for ^3^3 *^&5, villoffe of hkssinff; but different trom the "valley of blessing" [see Bbrachah], named in 2 Chron. xx, 26), a place mentioned by Jerome (Ep. 86) as overlooking the des- ert of Sodom, and traditionally held to be the place where Abraham inteiceded with …
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1 Others again, as Calmet (Dissert, mar VOrigme da PhiHttms, p. 821), and still more Lackemacher iObser. PMl. p. 2, 11 sq.), bare tried to prove that the Philistines derived their origin fhmi the bland of Crde (so BoeenmOller, Alterth. II, ii, 868; iii, 885; Movers, PhOm, ij 28; Lengerke, Ken, i, 194; Ewald, Getch, Ttr…
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"The migration of the Philistines is mentioned or alluded to in all the passages speaking of Caphtor or the Caphtorim. It thus appears to have been an event of great importance, and this supposition receives support from the statement in Amos. In the lists of Gen. and Chron., as the text now stands, the Philistines are…
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Capitation or Poli/-tax, ammg ike Jewt, Moses ordained (Exod. xxx, 13) that every Israelite should pay half a shekel /br hie toul, or person, as a redemp- tion, ** that there might be no plague among the peo- ple, when they were numbered." Many interpreters are of opinion that this payment was designed to take place as…
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Capnis. See Reuchldt. Cappado'da (Kawwa^ojcm , explained by Herod, vii, 72, as Persic, and lately thou^t by Lassen to be fouid on inscriptions in the form Katpadhula; but Benfisy, MomUtnamm, p. 117, interprets as Kappadah- ja, "province of good horses' *), an ancient and the eaatemmest province of Asia Minor, bounded …
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Cappel (Cappellds), LouIb, younger brother of the foregoing, was bom near Sedan, October 16, 1586. In 1609 the church in Bordeaux provided funds for him, and he spent four years in travel and study in England, Belgium, and Germany. In 1618 he became professor of Hebrew, and in 1633 (with Amyraldus and PlaciBUs) was pro…
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(4.) The " captain of the Temple'* ((trrparriyhc tov Upov), mentioned by Luke (Acts iv, 1 ; v, 24) in con- nection with the priests, was not a military officer, but superintended the guard of priests and Levites who kept watch by night in the Temple. The " captains" mentioned Luke xxii, 4, were probably his subalterns.…
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Andent Assyrian Prooeesion of Captives. ment of tribute. But if in such a eaae the Ungs le- belled, they were treated with the greatest severity (Gen. xiv, 4-11; 2 Kings xxiu, 84; xxiv, 1-14; Isa. xxiv, 2 ; Jer. xx, 5, 6). See Tkiumph. CaptiTrity (properly some form of the root Ttys}, ikabah', to tdl» captwe ; but fr…
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The nation thus transported by the monarchs of Assyria and Babylon were treated with no unneces- sary harshness, even under the dynasty that captured theiD. So far were they from the condition of ftondls- mm (which the word ^captive" suggests), that the ^otk of Susanna represents their elders in Babylon as ntsining the…
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There is a difficulty in the statement with which the book of Daniel opens, which is generally interpreted to mean that in the third year of Jehoiakim, Nebu- chadnezzar besieged and captured Jerusalem, partially plundered the Temple, and carried off the first portion of the people into captivity, amon^ whom was Daniel.…
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8. Its comparative Mildness. — ^The captive Jews were probably prostrated at first by their great calamity, till the glorious vision of Ezekiel (i, 1) in the fifth year of the captivity revived and reunited them. The wishes of their conqueror were satisfied when he had di$pla^*ed hb power by transporting them into anot…
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sion to restore " his fhthers' sepulchres,'* and the walls of his native city, and is sent to Jerusalem with large powers. This is the crisis which decided the natioi^ restoration of the Jewish people ; for before their dty was fortified they had no defence against the now con- firmed enmity of their Samaritan neighbor…
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6. T*he DUpenion^ rf Auunropd (2 Mace. i, 27; James i, 1 ; 1 Pet. i, 1 ; John rii, 86 ; Josephus, Ant, xii, 1, 8, etc. ; Sept for ty^b^, which it also renders iiroiKtaf /icro(jr€<r(a, alxfMKu*(ria\ is the collective name given to all those descendants of the twelve tribes (James i, 1 ; t6 SutBiKa^vXoVf Acts xxvi, 7) wh…
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CAPTTVITT 113 CAPTIVITY Oneka and STrians ; and .at both of these epochs they emifprsted in large numbers. Whether they had in those times, as was afterward the case, a oniyersally rseognised ethnarch at their head, is open to doubt, altboogh 8tder (Mam 8nUa enumerates the names of fifteen generations of such, down …
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(e.) Another principal section of the Dispersion we find in Syria, whither they had been brought chiefly by Seleucus Nicator or Nicanor (Joseph. Ant,vii, 8,1), when the battle of Ipsus, B.C. 801, had put him in pos- session of the countries of JSyria Proper, Babylonia, Mesopotamia, Persia, Phoenicia, Palestine, etc. Un…
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IV. Melaphnrieal U»e» of He Term " Captrnty.**^ *^ Children of the captivity" is a common figure of speech denoting those who were in captivity, or per- haps sometimes literally their posterity (Ezra, iv, 1). "Turn again** (Psa. cxxvi, 1), "turn away" (Jer. xxix, 14), "turn back" (Zeph.iii, 20), or, "bring again*' (Eze…
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There is likewise an order of Capuchin nuns {Capu- chines or Ct^mcmea), also known as Ntau of the Passion, instituted by Maria Lorenza Longa, the widow of a no- ble Neapolitan. Their first establishment was at Na- ples, in 1538, wfcen they took the third rule of St. Francis. They, however^ soon quitted this for the mor…
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^tfjid. IM. p. 17 [ib. 1M;J}, «id &jjme of them under , cially in the provinces— but simply in order to levy a CARACCIOLI lie CARAVAN greater tmoant of taxes on releases and heritages, which were paid only by citizens. In his campaigns he imitated at one time Alexander, at another time Solla ; while his main object…
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2. ReUffiom Caravane, — Soeh companies of pilgrims pass regolarly along the roote (hence termed the Haj) to Mecca, Ibor each year; one fh>m Cauro, consisting of Barbars, a second of Tnrks from Damascns, a third of Persians fh>m Babylon, and the fbnrth of the Ara- bians and Indians from Zibith, at the month of the Bed S…
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CARBUNCLE 118 CARCHEMISH be his covering. He is usually obliged to content some rice, dried nislns, dates, and, above all, coiS^ himself with such cold food or fruits as he has himself berries, with a roaster and a -wooden mortar to pound brought His outfit should therefore consist at least them : all this is in add…
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CARDINAL 119 CARDINAL probably Uglath-pileser. That OarchemiBb waa a ftiODgbold on the Euphrates appears from the title of a prophecy of Jeremiah against Egypt (xlvi, 2): "Against the army of Pharaoh-necho, king of Egypt, which Uy on the riyer Euphrates, at Carchemish, and which Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon, …
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2. College of Cardinals.— ^^ The college of Cardinals, in its origin, was nothing else than the council which, according to the canons, every metropolitan was obliged to consult, and in which, during a vacancy, all the metropolitan powers resided, viz., the synod of pro- vincial bishops, and the cliapter of the metropo…
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Gardinal*8 Hat cil of Lyons in 1245 : the privilege was granted by Pope Innocent IV. Ito color is designed to show that the cardinals are bound to shed their blood in the cause of the Church, if need be. A number of symbolical ceremonies accompany the investiture. The hat is given by the pope's own hands ; and many ca…
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Cards, John, a minister of the German Reformed Church, was bom in Northumberland county. Pa., in September, 1811. He studied theology in the Theo- lodcal Seminary of the German Reformed Church at York, Pa. In 1882 be was licensed and ordained, and immediately became pastor of the German Reformed church in York, Pa., wh…
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Cargill, Donald, one of the leaders of the Scotch Covenanters (q. v.), was bom In Perthshbre about 1610. He received his education at Aberdeen, entered the ministry of the Presbyterian Church, and was pas- tor of the Barony church at Glasgow. When the English Church was established in 1661, he refused to accept his cha…
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The denominational statistics of the two provinces were, according to the official census of 1867, a^ fol- lows: Carinthia— Roman Catholics, 807,642; United Greeks, 8; Non-united Greeks, 1; Lutherans, 16,006; Reformed, 18. Carmo/d~Roman Catholics, 466,768; United Greeks, 278; Non-united Greeks, 294 ; Luther- ans, 76 ; …
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ful, and that the spirit was sufficient for the illumina- tion of the faithful. The ferment increased until Wit- temberg was in a storm, the University in danger of dissolution, and the timid Melancthon, although coun- tenancing all the reasonable steps of Carlstadt, was nevertheless in great foar that his rashness wou…
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1. (Sept. usually KdpftriKoc [so Josephus, Ani, v, 1, 22, etc. ; Tacitus, *'Carmelus," Hist, ii, 78; also Sue- tonius, Vespas. 5, 1] ; but KcipfUjXtov in 1 Kings xviii, 19, 20; 2 Kings ii, 25; iv, 25 [so Josephus, ArU, xiii, 5, 4], and XipfuX in Josh, xii, 22). A prominent head- land of lower or central Palestine, boun…
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According to the reports of most travellers, the mountain well deserves its Hebrew name (see above). Mariti describes it as "a delightful region," and says the good quality of its soil is apparent from the fact that many odoriferous plants and flowers, as hyacinths, jonquils, tazettoe, anemones, etc., grow wfld upon th…
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2. (Sept XepftiK in Josh., 6 Kap/xf|Xoc in Sam. and Chron.) A town in the mountainous country of Ju^ dab (Josh, xv, 66), the residence of Nabal (1 Sam. XXV, 2, 6, 7, 40), and the native place of David*s fii- vorite wife, "Abigail the Carmelitess" (1 Sara, xxvii, 3 ; 1 Chron. iii, 1). Thb was doubtless the Carmel at whi…
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The great schism of the 14th century split also the order of the Carmelites, and completed their corrup- tion and disorganization. Several attempts at a ref- ormation were made, of which that of Thomas Con- "-""cte, who laid the foundation of the Congregation of Mantua, was the most successful. Thomas himself (a celeb…
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Car'mite (Heb. Camuf, *^tt'i5 for *'^tt'iS, Sept Xapfu), the patronymic of the descendants of the Beu- benite Carmi (Num. xxvi, 6). Camahan, Jambs, D.D., president of Princeton College, was bom Nov. 15, 1775, in Cumberland coun- ty, I^ In November, 1798, he entered the junior class in the college of New Jersey, and re…
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CAROB 128 CARPENTER liorum (HelmBt 1679, 4to) ; Zenner, Bacchanalia Chrig- Uanontm (Jena, 1C99, 4to); Landon, £ccl. Diet. s. v. Carob. See Husk. Carol« a hymn sung by the people at Christmas. **The Christmas carol may be traced to the primitive Church. TertuUian (cuk>ers, Gentil, 89) states that at their feasts it…
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htodam OrliicitHl Woodea L(K'k*tnakcr. Carpenter, Charlea 'W,, a Methodist Episcopal minister, was bom in New York, Dec. 16, 1792, where his parents were members of the John Street Church. He entered Columbia Collef^e, but was compelled by ill health to quit before graduation. He was convert- ed in his eighteenth year…
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Car'pua (Kdpwoc, perhaps for KafytroQ, fruit; on the accentuation, see Winer's Grammar, 6th ed. p. 49), a Cliristian at Troas, with whom the apostle Paul states that he left a cloak (2 Thn. iv, 18); on which of his journeys it is uncertain, but probably in passing through Asia Minor after his first captivity, for the l…
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Carriage. Vehicles answering to this term in modera usage were not known to the andents. See Cabt. In the English Bible this word stands, there- fore, as the incongraous rendering of several totaD j different terms. In 1 Sam. zvii, 20, the Hebrew word nbl^Q, magalah', rendered "trench" in our version, and ** place of t…
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Cantaxefl, William, a Scotch divine and politi- cian, was bom in ,1649, at Cathcart, near Glasgow, and completed his studies at the Universities of Lon- ^n and Utrecht. While in Holland he was intro- dnced to the prince of Orange, who honored him with lui confidence. After his return to England he be- rime connected wi…
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drawn by oxen, convejring female oaptivas ; and otlicn represent carts captured from enemies with capdvea, and also some used in carrying timber and other arti- cles (Layard, Nmevek, ii, 896; Nm, <md Bab. p. 184, 447, 688 ; Man. of Babylon, pt ti, pU. 12, 17). Four- wheeled carriages are said by Plmy {NaL H%$L vii, 66)…
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V. Held m 254 (?), when the Spanish bishops Mar- tiaUs and Basilides were deposed as LtbeUaHcL VI Held in 255 and 256, under Cyprian, on the ne- cessity of rebaptidng heretics-attended by 71 bishops. PLAN They decided that there can be no valid baptism out of the Catholic Church, and addressed a sjmodical let- ter t…
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Until 1130 the order had no written statutes. Then the fifth prior of the Chartreuse, Guigo, compiled the ConsnetwKnet CartuniB, Bernard de la Tour collected, in 1258, the resolutions of all general chapters which had been held since 1141. This collection was con- firmed by the General Chapter of 1259, and bears the ti…
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Archbishop Grindal and Dr. Whitgift zealously op- posed Gartwright, and in 1571 he was deprived of his profSessorship and fellowship. He retired from Eng- land to the Continent, beaune chaplain at Antwerp, and afterward at Middleburg. At the end of about two years he returned to England, and published a Seoomi Admamikm…
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CARVOSSO 136 CASAS 2 Chnm. U, 6, 14). In Solomon^s time, Hanm the Phoenidftn had the chief care of this, as of the larger architectural works. That the art of carving, how- ever, was coltiyated by the Hebrews themselves to a QMisiderable extent, is evident, not only from the dm^ ubim, which were set first in the Tab…
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CASAUBON 187 CASIPHIA gaa. in 1625 ; mlao in French, at Antwerp, 1679) ; jPrm- c^ quadam ex quilnu procedenditm e$t in ditpHiaiiotu adwumifeikmdamet defendendamjusiitiamlndonmj etc His works w«re published at SeyUle, 1562, in five parts, 4U> ; bat liia JStitoria Gtnend de Uu Indteu remains in MS.— Prescott, Bidorg o…
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Caaement (33^t eJknab\ Prov. vii, 6 ; «< lattice," Judg. V, 28), a kind of barrier of open-work, placed before windows in the East, which, being usually open in summer down to the fioor, require some such de- fence. See HousB. Caahel, formerly an archiepiscopal see in Ireland. This ancient see is now deprived of its m…
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the mined sitea in the Hauimn BtQl ftmnd by travel- lers. See Hauban. Seetzen*s commentators (notes on pt 7, March, 1806, iv, 198) suggest the modem m^ SxbAn aa the possible site of Casphon, but add, ** Site, however, uncertain." See also Caspis. CaB^'pis (Keunnc)j a strongly-fortified dty— wheth- er east or west of J…
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2. Kbtsiah', n9*^:e|:p, named only in the plural in Psa. xlv, 8 (Sept. jcaai'a, Vulg. otwia), in connection with myrrh and aloes, as being used to scent garments with. The word comes from the root y^^t to abrade^ and appears to refer to the peeled bark of some species of dnnamon, perhaps differing in this from the prec…
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CASSIAS 140 CASSIANUS ift one of the gabetancet brought across the Indus from ' Lahore (Royle, IBiut. Himal, Bol. p. 860). Dr. Falcon- I er, on his journey to Cashmere, discovered that it was ' exported ftx)m that valley in large quantities into the ' Punjab, whence it finds its way to Bombay (as in the time of Plin…
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CASSIODORUS 141 CASTELL llaolili aortkle GBSsianiis, in Entk s. Gniber*t EneyUo- padie; Hagenbach, Hittory ofDoctrme$, § lU; Lard- aer, Warkt, v, 27 ; Clarke, Sacred LUeriouref ^ 188. Ca88iod5niB, or Cassiodoriut, Magnus Aubblixts, Smator, was bom at Scyladmn (Sqaillaoe), in Brut- tiun (Lacania), of a noble Boman f…
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Caste. See Hindooisii. Castell, EDinnffD, a learned English divine, was bora at Hatley, Cambridgeshire, 1606, and was edi»> cated at Immanud and St. John's colleges, Cambridge. While at the University he compQed his Zextcon Hep- tagiotton, Dictionary of Seven Luiguages (Lond. 1669, 2 vols. foL), after seventeen years'…
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Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.