PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 2
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,214,832 words · 1184 reading sections
Section 61
II. Doctrinet ofDort (Infralapsarian).— The contro- versy with the Bemonstrants on the five points (see Arhikianibm; Rbmonstbakts) led to the clearer definition of the doctrines in question by the Synod of Dort, ^Ich revised to accept the supralapsarian view, at least in terms. See the Confettiont and Can-' out of the …
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(4.) " Of Grace and Free-wU,^BxA in like manner as, by the fall, man does not cease to be man, endowed with intellect and will, neither hath sin, which hath pervaded the whole human race, taken away the na- ture of the human species, but it hath depraved and spiritually stained it ; so tiiat even this divine grace of r…
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It has always been a question in the Church of Eng- laod whether the Articles are or are not Calvinistic On this question, see Toplady, Doctrmal Ccdvimtm of Hu Charck ofEngkmd (Works, vol. i and ii) ; Overton, 7ViMC3b0vft0iai» (2d ed. York, 1801); Laurence, Aim|>- Um Leetttre for 1S04 (Oxford, 1806, 8vo) ; Cunnmg- ham,…
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CALVmiSM 46 CALVINISTS the Synod of Dort (Hall, Hale, Dayenaiit) all adroca. ted general atonement, in which they Were followed by Baxter (Uuwer$al BtdcmptUm; Methodut Theologi- ca; Orme, Life of Baxter, ii, 64). The ** moderate'' doctrine aa to the nature of the atonement is, in brief; tliat it consists in " that s…
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CalvinistB, (1.) a name formerly used on the Con- tinent of Europe to designate all members of the m- CALVKIUS 41 CAMBRIDGE MANUSCRIPT etOed Be/brwted churches, as distixignished ttom the iMtkeran Church. It is still so used to a certain ex- tent, especially in France and Austria. (2.) It is now generally in nse to…
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Cambridge Mantuiorlpt (Codbx CAirrABRi- oiENSis, from its present place of deposit), called also Codex Bezje (from its depositor), usually designated as D of the Gospels and Ac(s, is one of the most im- portant uncial MSS. of the N. T. It contains the Greek text, with a Lathi translation on the opposite page, of the en…
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As regards doctrine, the synod declared their adhe- sion to the Westminster Confession ; but they did not accept that confession in regard to discipline, but pro- ceeded to construct a platform, of which we give the fbllowing abstract : It declares that the /orm of Church government is one, immutable, and prescribed in…
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HiEBOOLTPHICS. l^X — Hpj £ a n i o ^ HleroglTph of Csmfttiisea. Cambyses is probably the " Ahasuerus*' mentioned h Ezra iv, 6, as the Persian king addressed by the en- emies of the Jews for the purpose of frustrating the rebmldmg of the Temple, B.C. 629. Josephus also calls this monarch Cam^tee, the eon of CyruSf a…
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Bactrian GameL • of Central Asia, where eren now wild individuals may be found. The species extends through China, Tar- tary, and Russia, and is principally imported across the mountains into Asia Minor, Syria, and Persia. It is seldom seen at Aleppo (Russel, N. H. Aleppo^ ii, 170). One appears figured in the processi…
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It is likely the word D'^S'in^nK, achashteraiAm'^ (Esth. viii, 10, 14), rendered " camels," more proper- ly signifies mtdes (being explained by the addition **sons of mares," mistranslated "young dromeda- ries"), and implies the swift postage or conveyance of orders, the whole verse showing that all the means of dispat…
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The camd is frequently mentioned in Holy Scrip- ture. It was used not only in Palestine, but also in Arabia (Jud. rii, 12), in Bg^t (Exod. ix, 8), in Syria (2 Kings viii, 9), and in Assyria, as appears trom the Two-hamped CamelB. From the BUck obelisk at Nimrud. sculptures of Nineveh (see Layard, Nineveh and Bah, p. …
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CAMEL 53 CAMERARITJS to the ctmels of Midian, Ephah, and Sheba, as in the fbtare to bring wealth to Zion (Ix, 6). The "chariot of camels" may be symbolical (xxi, 7), or it may refer to the mixed nature of the Persian army. Jeremiah makes mention of the camels of Kedar, Uazor, and the Bene-Kedem (xlix, 28-33). Ezekie…
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Another proverbial expression occurs in Matt xxiii, 24 : ** Strain at {fivKilw) a gnat and swallow a camel." Dr. Adam Clarke proves that "at" has been substi- tuted for ** out," by a typographical error in the edi- tion of 1611, in our version, " out" occurring in Arch- bishop Paricer's of 1568. The reference is to a c…
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Camero, or Cameron, John, one of the greatest Protestant divines of France in the seventeenth cen- tury, and founder of the " moderate" school of Cal- vioism, was bom in Glasgow 1579 or 1580. Before he was twenty he began to lecture in Greek at the Uni- versity of Glasgow ; in 1600 he went to France ; and in 1602 he wa…
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Cameronlans (1.), the mitigated Calyinists, who Mlowed the opinions of John Camero (q. v.). (2.) The anti^yrelatical party in Scotland, so called ttom Bidiard Cameron (q. y.). See CoYEVAirTEBS. CameroDiBtB. See Cahxboniaks. Camisards (firom the French comtps, a peasant's jftcket), a sect of iknatics (made such by opp…
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CAMPANARIUM 66 CAMPANUS Ea8I.~Fib0i Division— Camp or Jitdah: 186,400. JUDAH, 74,600. I88A0HAX AKD ZKOULUV, 54,400. 57,400. Moen, AADOM, J83 Pa •oo^Sw 'OOJ^gS ^jumrrKxa ont msevMTK . *00fl*0^ '001*901 :HrT«Baa 'O imro— *iOi«iAia oamj,— 'iw^ Diagram of the Gamp of the Israelitea during the Ezode. Levi an…
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Campanile, a name adopted fhnn the Italian for a bell-tower. See Campanarium. Campanites, a Socinian sect in Hung^aiy, jm> named fh>m Johannes Campanus (q. v.). CampanuB, Johannes, an anti-Trinitarian theolo- gian of the 16th century. He was a native of the duchy of Julich, and in 1528 was appointed lecturer on theol…
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CampbeU, Alexander Aagnstus, a Presby- terian minister, was bom in Amherst county, Va., Dec. 80, 1789. He first studied medicine, and in 1811 grad- uated M.D. at Philadelphia. A violent attack of yel- low fever was the means of his conversion, and he gave up the practice of medii^ne and applied himself to theology. He …
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Campbell, John, an Independent minister, was bom at Edinburgh in Maroh, 1766, and apprenticed to a goldsmith. About 1789, at which time he was ac- tively engaged in measures for the extension of Sun- day-schools, he began to prepare himself for the Chris- tbn ministry. He snbsiBquently visited London to take charge of …
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Campen, James Van, one of the chiefs of the Anabaptists. After the expulsion of the sect from Germany he went to the Netherlands, and John Boc- cdd (q. V.) appointed him, in 1534, bishop of Amster- dam. He was executed in 1534. Campen, John de, was bom at Campen, in Over- yssel, about 1490. Ho studied Hebrew under Reu…
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For the scientific classification of this plant, see the Penmf CydopcBdia, s. v. Lawsonia. The shrub is fig- ured and described by Sonnini, TrcKodt^ i, 164 ; see also Oedmann, Samml, i, 91 ; vi, 102 sq. ; Hasselquist, TrM, p. 603 ; Shaw, TVov. p. 108 ; Hartmann, Hebrder, ii, 866 sq. ; Russel, Aleppo, I, 184 ; Mariti, p…
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The camp-meetings were introduced into England by Bev. Lorenzo Dow (q. v.), an earnest Methodist preacher, who, after laboring for some time in Eng- Isnd as an independent itinerant, and finding, in 1807, a general religious interest in Stafibrdshire, suggest- ed to the people the plan of camp -meetings. The people imm…
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There is a mined place called Kana eUJelil, about eight mOes N. j^ E. from Nazareth, which Dr. Bobinson is inclined to regard as the more probable site of Cana. His reasons, which are certainly of considerable weight (especially the strict agreement of the name, *' Cana of Galilee"), may be seen in Biblical Researches,…
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The extent and boundaries of Canaan are given with tolerable exactness in the Bible. On the west, the sea was its border from Sidon to Gaza (Gen. x, 19). On the south it was bounded by a line running from Gaza to the southern end of the Dead Sea, in- cluding the Judnan hills, but excluding the country of the Amalekites…
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CANAANITE 64 CANAANITE Ca'na&Dlta (Heb., usnallj- in the sing., and with ' the art, hak-Kenadm^, "^^^SH, i. e. accurately accord- ing to Hebrew usage [Gesenios, Heb. Gram, § 107], **the Canaanite;" but in the Auth.yer8., with few exceptions, rendered as plural, and therefore indis- tinguishable from 0*^3993, KenaSmm…
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The plains which thus appear to have been in pos- session of the Canaanites, specially so called, were not only of great extent ; they were also the richest and most important parts of the country, and it is not un- likely that this was one of the reasons why — 2. The name "Canaanite" is also applied as a gen- eral na…
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feated and continually harassing the Israelites, were at last totally destroyed by the tribe of Simeon (1 Chron. iv, 43). Even after the return of the Jews from the Babylonian captivity there were survivors of five of the Canaanitish nations, with whom alliances had beed made by the Jews, contrary to the commands which…
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**Many have asserted, in order to alleviate the dif- ficulty, that an allotment of the world was made by Noah to his three sons, and that by this allotment the Land of Promise fill to the share of Shem ; that the descendanto of Ham were therefore usurpers and in- terlopers, and that, on this ground, the Israelites, as …
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See Kitto, PicL HiH, of ike Jewt, i, 886 sq.; also Daihf Bible lUustr, ii, 286 sq.; Bp. Sherlock, Worka, ▼; Drew, Seripi, Studies^ p. 122 sq. ; Paley, SermoiUf p. 429; Mill, Smimm (1846), p. U7; Simeon, Warkt, ii, CANAANTTE 67 CANDACE m; Seott, The Eaetirpaiion of the CanamnUeB (Ser^ MOM, 1, 298 sq.); Pitman, Dettr…
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CANDACE 68 CANDLE the fourth centmy, Bays that in his day the queens of Ethiopia continued to be called Candace (Hiti. Eoel, ii, 1, 10). A curious confirmation of the fact of female sovereignty having prevailed in Ethiopia has been re- marlLed on the existing monuments of the country. Ancient Ethiopian Qaeen triamp…
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There are monographs bearhig on this subject as fol- lows : D. W. Mailer, De perenmbus vet. lucerms (Altorf, 1705) ; J. J. Holier, De vet. \vxvoKaiff, (Jen. 1661) ; Schnrzfleisch, De lumimiinu sacris (In his Controv, xxv); Stockhausen, De cvitu ei um lumirium antique (Tr. ad Rh. 1726). See Candlestick. II. Candles in …
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religion with the GentUe idolaters." The HomQy goes on to show that this candle worship is closely con- nected with superstition and idolatry. Jeremy Tay- lor says of the Papists : " This is pla^ by theh* public and authorized treatment of their images ; they conse- crate them ; they hope in them ; they expect gifts an…
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The following are the prayers for the hallowing of candles upon Candlemas-day, copied from *' The I>oc- trine of the Mass-book," 1554. The asterisks Indicate crossings : ** O Lord Jesus Cbrist, * bless thou this creature of a waxen taptr at our humble supplication, and by the virtue of the holy cross pour thou into it …
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CANDLESTICK 11 CANDLESTICK Aw/iq. ill, 6). But as the tefm here used !• not the eomiDon name for pomegnmates, and as the Sept. and Talgate render it <rfaifNin^pfC And «pfteen(^ it is safest to asBome that it denotes bodies of a spherical shape, sod to leave the precise kind nndefined. B&hr, however, is in fiavor of …
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CANE 72 golden Bnoffsn (d^J^^p ; IwttpvTnjpfc ; /oreipe$\ and carried away the snuff in golden dishes (DIPinp ; viroOEfiaTa ; acemB^ Exod. xxv, 88). When carried about, the candlestick was covered with a cloth of blue, and put with its appendages in badger-ekin bags, which were supported on a bar (Num. iv, 9). In Sol…
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1. Common Cane. — In most of the passages of the Old Testament the word kaneh seems to be applied strictly to reeds of different kinds growing in water — that is, to the hollow stems or culms of grasses, which aro usually weak, easily shaken about by wind or by water, fhtgile, and breaking into sharp-pointed splin- ter…
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BSED. 8. Sweei Cane. — This is designated in Heb. by Keoh' Bo^sbm (a«a JTSjJ, rted tf fragrance, Exod. XXX, 28), or Kankh' hat-Tob' (a^»n nag, good or fragrant reed, Jer. vi, 20). It is probably' in- tended also by haneh (" reed") simply in Cant, iv, 14 ; Isa. xliii, 24 ; and £z^. xxvii, 17, as it is enumerated with …
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Canne, John, a Baptist minister, was bom in En- gland about the year 1590 or 1600. In early life he was a minister in the Established Church, bat joined the Baptists not for from 1630. He was for some time pastor of the church in Southwarlc, London, being suc- cessor to Mr. Hubbard, its first pastor. He was ban- ished …
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8. As applied to Scripturt^ the derivatives of koviov are used long before the simple word. The Latin tnmslation of Origen speaks of ScriptunB CanoniUxt {de Princ, iv, 83), Ubri regulares (Comm. m Matt, § 117), and hbri ctmonkati (id. § 28). In another place the plirase haberi in Ccaone (Prd, m Cant. s. £) occurs, but …
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The foregoing tradition occurs in one of the oldest books of the Talmud, the PWhe Aboth; and it is re- peated, with greater minuteness, in the Babylonian Gemara (Baba Balhra, fol. 18, 2. See the passages in Buxtorf *s Tiberias, lib. i, c 10 ; comp. Wachner, Antiq, Heb, i, 18). The substance of it is that, after Moses a…
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8. The persecution of Antiochus (B.C. 168) was for the Old Testament what the persecution of Diocletian was for the New, the final crisis which stamped the sacred writings with their peculiar character. The king sought out '* the books of the law** (ra fiipKia Tov vSfMVy 1 Mace, i, 56) and burnt them ; and the possessi…
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viz., "the other writings," as distinguished firom the Law and the Prophets (comp. the expression rd dSXa /3t/3Xia, used by the Son of Sirach, Ecclus, ProL) ; and that in process of time it was abbreviated into '' the writings." This part is oommonly cited under the title Hagiographa (q. v.). 5. The O.-T. Canon, as es…
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The general use of the Septuagint (enlarged by apocryphal additions) produced effects which are plain- ly visible in the history of the O.-T. Canon among the early Christian writers. In proportion as the Esthers were more or less absolutely dependent on that ver- sion for their knowledge of the Old-Testament Scrip- tor…
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EjKf» B»], Houumm Piox. Adv. hear, r, 85. L A»f. i, 10; 11,8. 8d. in Pm. CXXT. Sa. in Jer. xxxL ildv. d. JVo«& ft. Conv. TlUf 8. e. Arian. 1, 416. Dffm. Efo.yi, 19. il(fv. .Bun. Iv, 16. Hear. Ivii, 8, etc Jn PklzUz, 8. Sccfp. 8. JnPfclxvlfi, 19. 2k 7Vln.iT, 143. /n/^.cxvUi, 18,8. l>enon\ l>0CfO.…
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5. The English Church (Art 6) appeals directly to the opinion of St. Jerome, and concedes to the apocry- phal books (including [1571] 4 Esdras and the Prayer of Alanasses) a vat '* for example of life and instruc- tion of manners," but not for the establishment of doc- trine ; and a similar decision is given in the Irb…
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One testimony, however, which derives its origin from the Syrian Church, is specially worthy of notice. Junilins, an African bishop of the 6th century, has preserved a ftdl and interesting account of the teach- ings of Panlus, a Persian, on Holy Scripture, who was educated at Nisibis, where " the Divine Law was regu- l…
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2. The first certain notice which we have of the ex- istence of any of the New-Testament writings in a collected form occurs in 2 Pet. iii, 16, where the writer speaks of the episties of Paul in such a way as to lead us to infer that at that time the whole or the greater part of these were collected together, were know…
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PhOaatrios. , Jerome. RnfiniiB Innocent [Gelasiue] Cassiodonut (Kef. Tmn».y (c) i Isidore of Sev... Cod. BarocWa. () () 11 L. c w^, L. & 9upr, L. e. supr, L. c. 9upr, Ue. mtpr. £r. ^. iii, S6. L. cmipr. Adver. hcsr. izxxi,a. Ap. Eneeb. H. J?.ri,2ft. L. c sttpr. Lb cmtpr, L. 0. 9upr, Synopsta 8. S, vi…
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6. The judgment of the Greek Church in the case of the 0. T. was seen to be littl^ more than a reflec- tion of the opinions of the West. The difRarence be- twlbn the Boman and Beformed churches on the N. T. were less marked ; and the two conflicting Greek con- fiAsions confirm, in general terms, without any distinct en…
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CANON 85 CANON on the contrary, are in all respects fiiYorable to this snppositioiL We want to see that they are in har- mony with each other ; that the statements they con- tain are credible ; that the doctrines they teach are not (boUsh, immoral, or self-contradictory ; tliat thehr au- thors really assumed to be u…
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Canon, Eoolesiabtioal (leaycay, rule, see the foregoing article, § i), a term used in various senses, as fi^ows : CANON, a clerical title. 1. The roll or church register in which, in the an- cient Church, the names of the clergy were written was called the ccmon ; and the clergy were hence called canomci (Bingham, Or…
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Although these canons have special reference to discipline, they are not entirdy silent on the subject of dogmas, morals, and the ceremonial of worship. They clearly distinguish between the orders of bishop and priest, afilrm the superiority of the former, qieak of an altar and a sacrifice in the Church of Christ, and …
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The great increase of the worldly power of the cler- gy under the Carlovingian dynasty necessitated more copious and complete collections of the canons. Among the more important we name (1) the CoUedio Ansdmo dedicata (888-897, 12 vols.), of Italian origin. It m- dudes the pseudo-Isidorian decretals, and also the In- s…
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4. Decretal of Bom/ace VI JL— In 1298 a new collec- tion, including the post-Gregorian decretals, was pub- lished by Pope Boniface YIII under the title I^ber sextuMy because it was a completion of the five books of Gregory. After the publication of the Uber ee^^us Boidfkce issued a series of decretals (among which we f…
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CANONS 89 CANONS oftbeEngtiBhCharch. The legaliyeconstltiitioiii were ecdMiasdoal laws enacted in national synods, held un- der the cardfaials Otho and Othobon, legates from Pope Gregoiy IX and Pope Clement IT, hi the reign of king Henry III, abont the years 1220 and 1268. The pnvmdai constttntions are prindpaDy tli…
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OF. CANONS OP THE PBOTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHUBCH (of America), the law or discipline of that Church. The canons are of two kinds : (1.) ** The con- stitution and canons of the General Convention, form- ing a code for the uniform government of every dio- cese and every church;" (2.) "The constitutions and canons of the se…
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CanonXoas, virgins who devoted themselves to the celibate before the monastic life was known, and there- fore before there were monasteries to receive them; and called canomom (canonical virg^s), because their names were enrolled in the canon or matriada of the Church, that is, in the catalogue of ecclesiastics. They d…
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pui^gatory, nor if he be a baptized inlknt dead before reaching years of discretion, except in cases of martyr- dom. The act of beaUficatiKm precedes that of canon- ization. See Bbatificatiok. The worship of ** canonized saints'* is ei^ined by the Council of Trent (Sees, xxv, Dt moooatione, etc.). Uany Bomanists have …
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^ CanthSroB (a ai^ orpoC), In the atrium of an- cient churches there was commonly a fountain or cis- tern, in which worshippers could wash their hands and faces before entering the church. Eusebins says tliat in the oourt over against the church were placed foun- tains (Kpfivai) of water, as symbols of purification, fo…
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The title, though it is possibly too flattering to have come from the hand of Solomon, must have existed in the copy used by the Sept, and consequently can lay daim to a respectable antiquity. The moxal ar- gonient pot forward by the supporters of the most re- cent literal interpretation, and based upon the improb- abi…
990 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.