PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 2
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,214,832 words · 1184 reading sections
Section 1021
12. The Fifth Diet of Augtburg was held in 1555. At this diet the ** Religious Peace of Augsburg" was concluded, which regulated the civil relations of the Evangelici&ls (by which term only the Lutherans were understood). According to this agreement, no state of the German empire was to be disturbed on account of its r…
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DIGAMISTS 801 DILL I also compared. All hia exegetical and critical IS were finally edited by professor Leydecker, and ished in folio in 1698, entitled Critica Sacra five iuidoersiane» m ioca qwBdam diffieiUora V, et N. Tet- ntL See Bayle, Dictionary, s. y. ; Simon, HisL que, N. T., chap. 58. igamlBts, a term ancie…
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Dil^e^ (Eeb. Dilan^ ^i^^t & gowrd-Jield or cuatm- her-patchy suggestive of a rich soil ; Sept. £ia\aav v. r. La\dB, Yulg. Delean), one of the cities of Judah, situ- ated in the *' valley" or maritime plain, and mention- ed between Migdal-gad. and Mizpeh (Josh, xv, 88). Van de Velde {Narrat. ii, 160) suggests that it ma…
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Dim^'nah (Heb. Dimnah\ S^J^?, a dung-hiU; Sept. Itfivdy Vulg. Danna)^ a Levitical city of the tribe of Zebulon, assigned to the family of the Merarites (Josh. xxi, 35). Gesenius, however, suggests that in this place we ought rather to read njia"!, Rimmonah, the Remmon (q. V.) mentioned in a similar connection in Josh, …
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the deported Samaritans, and who afterwards joined in the opposition to the efforts of the returned Jews in rebuilding their city (Ezra iv, 9). Junius (Comm. in loc.), without any auUiority, identifies them with the people ** known to geographers by the name Denna- n»;" but there b only a Demia mentioned by ancient yrr…
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Dinter, Gustay Friedbich, a German theolo- gian, was bom at Boma, in Saxony, Feb. 29, 1760. He studied theology at Leipsic, and on leaving the university was charged with the edociti« tf iki of chamberlain POllnitz. In 1787 be becaae pAri Kitacher, near Boma, and in 1797 director «ft^ ers' seminary at Friedrichatadt, …
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n England, up to the twelfth century, bishops were L to exercise their functions within a certain geo- phical territory called a parish; the word diocese I seldom used, nor was it at all employed in Eng- d, with authority from the popes, until A.D. 1138 •it. and For. Evang, Revieto, No. 211, p. 223). The arch of Englan…
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DIODATI 806 DIODORFS tingnished. The Bnbetance of the whole series is thb (see Eusebias, ffUt. Eccl. bk. viii): The sacred books of the Christians were sought for and burned ; death was the punishment of all who assembled secretly for religious worship ; imprisonment, slavery, and infamy were inflicted on the dignit…
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MOGNETUS, THE EPISTLE TO 807 DIOGNETUS, THE EPISTLE TO anion <^ the two natures an external and moral er than sabstantial union, naturally led, after Nes- inism arose, to the conclusion that Diodorus and school of Antioch had been its precursors, to say least. See the article of Semisch in Herzog, RecU- yidop. 1. c. ;…
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III. Auihorth^ and Time oj^ompottiion,— The writ- er oaUs himself (chap, xi) a dif:ciple of the apostles (arroffroXutv yivofievo^ fia^rfja^f and thus seems to place himself in a line with the apostolic fathers. But the eleventh and twelfth chapters are not free from the suspicion of being a later interpolation. (See th…
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Eusebius {Eist. Eodes, iii, 40, and tr, S3) tisi Dionysius of Corinth names **Dion7BiBStk gite" (whom Luke has recorded in tbe Acti) tf first bishop of the Chur<ih in Atheoi. Snk i a fuller account, according to which Diooju bom in Athena, studied there and m Egypt, &il came eminent for learning; and whik it Beiq in Eg…
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can have no absolute knowledge of God in thought ; all his knowledge is relative ; but man can be united to God, " lost in God" in the devotion of supreme love. In the Celestial Hierarchy the angels are divided into three classes, and each class into three orders {rayiia- ra), thus: 1. 1. Qpdvoi, thrones; 2. Xtpov^ifA,…
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Dionysius finally refuted the Chiliastic doctrine, against which Origen had dealt so heavy blows. See Millennium. *^An Egyptian bishop, Nepos, in a work called iXeyx'^C ' AXXfjy opurrCiv, insisted particu- larly on the literal interpretation of the Apocalypse, and the description of the Millennium therein contained. Ow…
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DIONYSIUS 811 DIONYSUS icomprebensiblj is the eternal genentSon of Christ I the Father.* Lastly, that this was his constant lion, -which he always held, everywhere preached professed, he affirms in these words : * I have writ- do -wrxite, confess, believe, and preach that Christ o-etema.1 with the Father, the only-b…
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Dionysius the Carthusian (called alsoDionys. of Ryckel, from his birthplace, or Dionys. of Leewis or Lenwis, ttom his family name), was bom at Ryckel, near Liege, Belgium, in 1408 ; studied at Cologne, and wrote in his 20th year a treatise dt ente et essentia. At 21 (before which age the Carthusian rule would not admit…
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DiOBCoroB, anti-pope, had been sent as legate by pope Hormisdas to Constantinople. He was chosen pope Oct 15, 529 (on the death of Felix FV), by a num- ber of bishops ; but, about the same time, Boniface II was elected and snstained by Athalaric the Goth. Di- oscorus died within a month of his eleetion, Sm,Z 529, and …
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Under the name of Ckristiamts Demoeriius he wrote, Orthodoaia orthodoxorum (1697) i—Papismus protestan^ titm fxqndans (1698) i—Faiwn fatmm (Amst 1710) :— Glanz des EvangeHums Jesu ChrisH (Stockh. 1827) :— Der Begenienspiegel, ein laieimsches Gedicht .—PersonO' Ha (an autobiography, no date). His writings were collected…
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The Directory prescribes no form of prayer, nor any responses on the part of the people, except ilmai. It enjoins that ^* the people shall enter the churches rev- erently, and in a grave and becoming manner, with^ out adoration, or bowing towards one place or another ; that the minister is to begin with prayer, to whic…
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DISCERNING 815 DISCIPLES OF CHRIST lorites, they founded the Congregation of Narbonne, the Spiritual Congregation, which were suppressed l318 \>y the Inquisition, part of them being put to th, and the others imprisoned for life. 14. Sisters he Ave Maria, 15. Female Capuchmi. 16. dari*- s of the Stricter Observance, …
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In 1828 Alexander Campbell established the *' Chris- tian Baptist." Through this monthl}r, and several public oral debates on baptism, and extensive tours of preaching, his views spread rapidly and widely among the Baptists. But personal opposition at last took the form of ecclesiastical action, and in 1827 the Dover A…
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The apostolical discipline is illnstrBted ly&i of the incestuous person (1 Cor. t, 1-llX Hm I excommunicates the offender, (1) verse S, own judgment concerning the offence and i£i ] trator ; (2) verse 4, stating that he acts **iBtfai of our Lord Jesus Christ;** and^ (3) assodstag himself the whole body of the Corinthia…
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the word discipline, standing alone, implies only litential, and not punitive dbcipline. [II. In the Modem Church.— The exercise of puni- 9 discipline in the modem Church is found to be Mssible, or nearly so, in state churches. In the arch of England, and the Protestant state churches the Continent of Europe, it is alm…
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In Congregational churches, discipline is adminis- tered by the Church. For the principles and meth- ods of Congregational discipline, see Punchard, View of Congreyaiionalism (1844), 177 sq. ; Dexter, On Con- ffregaUanalUm (1865), 259 sq. In the Methodist Episcopal Church an accused member is brought to trial before a…
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About 1260 public associations sprang vfbls0 for the purpose of discipline, under the naae f^ lants (q. v.). ** Sometimes discipline was carried to sb €90 more extravagant than that of St. Dominic Ino^^ we may judge from the laws of the Visigoths. n>' which (lib. vi, tit 5, sec. 8) bears the ft»lknri^fc*» dable beadin…
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Hezekiah (q. v.) suffered, according to our version, from a boil (2 Kings xx, 7). The term here used, l^niZJ, skickin', means literally inflammation; but we have no means of identifying it with what we call boil (q.v). The disease of Jehoram (q. v.), spoken of in 2 Chron. xxl, 18 (comp. the similar case of Herod, Acts…
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Di'shan (Heb. Diskan', )m'% another fcm h the name Diehon; Sept 'Purwv.bnt in 1 ChniLU AauTwv V. r. Aurav), the name of the yoongestMBtf Seir the Horite, father of Uz and Aran, and he^ ^ one of the original tribes of Idumsa (Gen. zzxtl £. 28,30; 1 Chron. i, 38, 42). B.C. dr. 1963. Sk lift DiSHOX. Di'ahon (Heb. Di$hon…
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is required — in cases pro foro extemo through ipostoKc Dataria, and in cases pro foro intemo i^h the Pcenitentiaria. See Curia Romana. If K>inmunication with the pope is interrupted, or if } is danger in delay, and the granting of the papal msation be highly probable, the bishop may excep- >Uy grant a dispensation whi…
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2. In age and importance the next to the Babyloni- an.was the Egyptian colony of Jews ; indeed, in influ- ence, this even stands the highest (comp. Strabo in Joseph. Ant, xiv, 7, 2). On the first immigration of Palestinian Jews thither, which began with the inti- macy under Solomon, and was cherished by the Egyp- tizin…
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DISPERSED 823 DISPERSION eph. Ant. x!r, 7, 2). He had his seat at Alexandria, nd yn'as called an aiabarch (q. v.), Akafiapx^Q (<^0' eph. A iU. xviii, 8, 1 ; xix, 6, 1 ; xx, 7, 8 ; comp. Rhen- Jrd, Opera philol, p. 684 sq.), with which the patriarch f the modem Oriental Christiana may be compared, Ce -was supported b…
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Diapersion OF MANKIND. This event is usu- ally held to have been occasioned by the confusion of tongues (q. v.) at the overthrow of Babel (Gen. xi, 9, where the term employed b V^^^putt, to ''^ tcatter""). As to the manner of the distribution of the posterity of lloah (Gen. x, 82, where the term is I^B, parad', to ditt…
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Dissenters object to the Church of Kngjland ec sati grounds as the following : 1. That the Church, as 7 law established, is the mere creatoie of the state, *t much as the army. 2. That many of her offices ^ dignities are utterly at variance with the dniplkitT i^ apostolic times. 8. That the repetitions in the LIxxi- gy…
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Dithmar, Justus Chbistoph, a German divine and jurist, was bom March 13, 1677, at Rottenburg, in Hesse. After studying at the University of Marburg, where he applied himself to theology and the Oriental languages, he removed to Leyden, where he was of- fered a professorship, which he reftised in order to ac- company a …
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Div^s. See Lazarus. Divination (0^J5, ie^aoa, a hi [see bebr].* some kindred term ; Gr. fmvrtla [hot Ocidwir, /yk in Acts xvi, 16] ; used in the verb form CD?, iors'. only of false prophets, etc, e. g. of the Hebrews, B^ xviii, 10, 14 ; Biic. iil, 6, 7, U ; of necroaiaac«& 1 Sam. xxviii, 8 ; of foreign prophets, as of…
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Jer. V, 81 ; Dan. ii, 2), who in all nations made it sub- servient to their own purposes. Thus in Persia, Char- din says that the astrologers would make even the shah rise at midnight and travel in the worst weather in obedience to their suggestions. See Astrologer. The invention of divination is ascribed to Prome- th…
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Against<every species and degree of this superstition the sternest denunciations of the Mosaic law were di- rected (Exod. xxii, 18 ; Lev. xix, 26, 81 ; xx, 27 ; Deut xviii, 10, 11), as fostering a love for unlawful knowledge (comp. the Koran, ch. v ; Cato, Dt Re Rust. 5; "vanusuperstiiionerudesanimosinfestant;'* Colu- …
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8. The Ufim and Thuomam (Num. xxvii, 27), wiik seem, to have had the same relation in true diriioika that the Teropkim (q. v.), or idohmemcy, had m & idolatrous system (see Hos. iii, 4). See Tbdi sal Thummim. Similar to this was divinatioa by meifis of the Ephod (q. v.). 4. Phmomancy, by means of the J7a<&-Aro^(Vp T*.…
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II. Forms of divination expressly forbidden in Scrip- ture. Allusion has already been niade in this article to Deut. xviii, 10-12. As these verses contain the most formal notice of the subject, we will first take the seven or eight kinds of diviners there denounced in the order in which they are mentioned. 1. At the v…
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LOMANCY. Another origin for ')313?n is found by some (comp. Vitringa, Comment, ad lea. ii, 6) in the noun ')^9, the eye, the root of which occurs once only (1 Sam. xviii, 9) as a verb, " Saul eyed David." This derivation would point to fascination, the Greek Paoxavia and the Latin/lucimcm. Yossins derives these words …
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But the versions of the Sept and Vnlg. give quite I different turn to our ^naa, and point to that part >f the augurial art which consisted of omens from birds, * e. omkhomancy (dpvtBofiavrtia, ocWto/ioc, hpvtBooKo- nicfi). The Syriac and Arabic versions fevor this view [=augurari ab animali aktio). Birds in their fligh…
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DIVINATION 832 DIVINATION confounded (xii, 12). The conjectore of Aben Ezra, that it was " their skill in the secrets of physical sci- ence" (quoted in Carpzor, ApparcUuA, p. 648), such as is attributed to the Etrurian /u/^uratorM by Humboldt (^Kosmosy 1. c.)v which enabled them to sustain their impious contest, is …
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6. siK bKiu, sho9f ob, "a consulter vitk te& spirits" (Sept. iyyatrrpifivOoc ; Tnlg. qtnPjfimacat' sulit). Most writers treat this dass of dirinen » w- romancers (so Gesenius, Thes. p. 84). But, vfanmr be the close connection of the two as dedadbk be other passages, it is imposrible to soppose that io Dm xviii, 11, six…
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7. '^3J^7,yMMc5»»'', from 5^^, to know, is uniformly jndered in A. V. by "tciaawrrf," akin to "wwe" and ) the German verb "twwcn" (old German wisan), to now. (Sept. in four places, yvwrniQ^ a knowing one ; '^ulg. (triahu, most frequenUy.) This Hebrew noun ccurs eleven times, and in every instance is coupled rith nix ; …
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III. Forms of divination merely referred to in the Bible, without special sanction or reprobation. . We here find the same general phrase as in the foregoing passage of Dent, introductory to another but much shorter catalogue ; for in the remarkable passage of Ezek. xxi, 21 [or 26 in the Hebrew], we have the three funo…
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DIVINATION 835 DIVINATION lia Uoody divination. A still more hideous mode filiation is mentioned of the ancient Britons, who d ctzt down at a blow of the sword one of their u& sacrifices, in order to observe the postore of ill, liis convulsions, flow of the blood, etc., and so er tbeir predictions according to the r…
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7. t3'^?iO?, Kasdim' (Sept XoX^otot; Vulg. ChaL dcB%). Here, says Cicero (De Div, i, 1), we have a class " so named, not ttom their art, but from tiieir nation.** But only a section of the nation, the learned caste : "the dominant race,** sa3r8 Ernest B^nan, ** who gave their ^ame, though only a minority, as the Turics…
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). SirJ.F.Davis(CSUMi,fi,lQl) nese " mode of divination by ceria ' shape the longitudinal sections of a These are thrown by pairs, and, aa th^ tn judgment is formed of a fhtnre event by the interpretation afforded by a Sibylliae vio3i»^ up in the nearest temple.** Captaiw Bat&ii Eastern Af rial, mentions some not " of …
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as its heads, claimed to itself, in consequence of this relationship, the title ot rov Xpunov^ Hum of Ckritty by way of eminence. To this it has been objected that, had the party in question designed, by the name they assumed, to express the relationship of their lead- er to Jesus Christ, they would have employed the w…
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DIVISION OF THE EABTH. That aU mankind were originally of one ikmily — spoke but one language, that, in consequence of their being united in a design which accorded not with the views of Providence, the Almighty confoonded their speech, and introduced among them a variety of tongues, which produced a general dispersion…
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1. jApBKnras. I. OonB— the dmmerlans oo the north coost of tbe ^ Sea. Their descendants went, 1. A»hkenaz—tai nnknovn people, perhapo IiuIsmb il nia and the Blaok dea. DIVISION 889 DIVORCE BiphatM — the inhsMtanfts of the RiphMn MoontainB. ICaooo — the inbabitentf of the Caacasos and adjacent Boontrtea — Scythian…
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DIVORCE 840 DIVORCE in Justification of Moses maintained that he permitted divorces for causes below adultery only for pmdential reasons for the time being. Nor was this limitation by Christ nnnecessary, for at that time it was common for the Jews to dissolve the onion apon veij slight and trivial pretences (liatt. …
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DIVORCE, Christian Law of. Under tk sa divorce are included several aeparatioitf of aao^ persons which are quite nnlike one anodier. Fe& they may have been Joined in nnlawlbl vt&ei ' when near relationship waa a bar to tkdr mm. and the law, on ascertaining this fed, dedsa te they never were legally married. Such m tbi …
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"except it be for fornication," gives a sample of the causes which may dissolve the marriage union, as one of many which put an end to the state beautifhlly called one flesh. Plainly but one cause of separation with remarriage is in his thoughts, and that is one in its outward nature and grossness distinct from all oth…
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An important chapter in the modem history of di- Tce would treat of French legislation on that subject. A law passed Sept 20, 1792, at the opening offtc tional Convention, overthrew the aackot law followed the Roman Catholic doctrine of i^nai opened the way for divorce on three grooDda. TW' are, 1, mutual consent; 2, …
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In the United States, the divorce laws, in different states, run along fh>m the strictness of English law al- most to the looseness of that of Rome and revolutionary France. The tendency is towards increased looseness, as is shown by the revised laws of the older states, and the laws of some of the new states. Of loose…
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DIZAHAB 844 DOCETiE mother maXL They are not those whom God has joined together, and the woman man has unlawfully parted from her husband, bo that she commits adul- tery in her new marriage. Again, there are questions of discipline growing out of divorces, as when a mem- ber of the Church contracts a marriage not fo…
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Dobrltzhoffer, Mabtin, a Jesnit missioBarv, ve bom at Grfttz, in Styria, in 1717. He was adaut^d to the Society of Jesus in 1736, and was seat a ITi3 as missionary to Paraguay, where he spent eigfatia years among the Abipones and Gnaranas, whea, cs the expulsion of the Jesuit missionaries frtno BpuaA South America in 1…
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new places, and attacked the true Christian fiiith at most unexpected points. Even some of them, as Cle- ment and Hilaiy, were temporarily ensnared by some of its subtleties. Docetism (the speculative view of Christ's person) reai^>ears in modem times in the mytUcal and spirituidistic theories which ** attempt to reduc…
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2. The word was used at an early period as a general expression for a teacher of Christian doctrine, and later it was applied (before it became a special academical title) to men eminent for their knowledge in theology, and for their skill in teaching it Pre-eminently the title Doctors of the Church (doctores ecclesise…
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Priest of the ChrlstiaQ Doctrine. I>OCTRINES, HISTORY OF 847 DOCTRINES, HISTORY OF Church ; while in the treatment by a Bationalistic au- thor it will lose the character of a branch of Christian theology, and appear as simply historical. But, though conception and definitbn, and, consequently, mode of treatment and d…
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Doctrines, History of (Germ. Dogmengetchu^), special branch of Historical Theology. 1. The conception and the definition of History of bristian doctrines depend upon the conception and sfinition of what constitutes a Christian doctrine logma). For evangelical Christians, who believe that )thing should be received as Ch…
919 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.