PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 2
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,214,832 words · 1184 reading sections
Section 241
1. Wheat (STan, chiUUjh\ i.e. fl??^, like the Arabic MUah; the several kernels are denoted by the plur. b'^an ; Greek irvpoc ; in the N. T. the more generic term crtroc ; in modem Egypt and Barbary ibamc&tm, Heb. n^{^) was the most important kind of bread-oora grown in Palestine (Isa. xxviii, 26 ; Ezek, iv, 9), and, li…
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CEREMONY 189 CEREMONY ttT), ts wen as in Egjpt (Herod. U, 86; Plinj, xriii, 19X Aimbia, and Palestine (wliere it is still raisedX of eeyeral rarieties, the winter grain being esteemed the bert (Ezod. iz, 82). Among the Israelites it was nsn- allj associated with barley as a field-crop (Isa. 1. c). The meal is fine, …
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The distinction may be made dearer by the follow- ing illustrations : To baptize is not a ceremony, but a necessary church act ; but the use of a cope and sur- plice, of a silver baptisnud cup and bowl, of certain liturgically prescribed words, the laying on of the hands, the sign of tlie cross— these constitute ceremo…
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of divine authority, implied in their respect to the rit- ual which that authority is conceived to have aanc- tioned, may be taken as a proof that they hare nothing to apprehend from the violation of the law under which they are placed (Watson, s. v.). '* The rites and ceremonies of the Christian Church, agreeably to …
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As to his peculiar tenets, also, " there is great di^ ference of opinion. Some consider his system to be pure Gnosticism ; others a compound of Gnosticism, Judaism, and Christianity. Irenasus says, * Cerinthus taught that the world was not made by the supreme God, but by a certain power (Demiurge) separate from Him, an…
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Cetabim (the usual Anglo-Latin form of the Heb term D'^n^H^, KtMiMy the WriiMngi), one of the three large divisions of the Old Test used by the Jews, and thus distinguishedfrrom the Law and the Prophets (the other divisions), as being, in the first instance, committed to writing, and not orally delivered. Hence the Boo…
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Missions nr Ceylon.— 1. Bomtm Ca(i&o2ic.— During the tenure of Ceylon by the Portuguese (1505-1656), they introduced the Roman Catholic religion. In 1544, Xavier (q. v.) preached to the Hindoos in Ceylon. The mission was very successftil; a Jesuit college and several convents were erected, and the province of Jaffna be…
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The Church mission station at Baddagame, in the low country, ten mUes north of Point de Galle, com- menced at the same time as that at Kandy, has been even less successful. Schools have been established, printed books have been circulated and read, and many have been made acquainted with the principles of Christianity.…
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Chab^d. See Achababa. Chabatstseleth. See Ross. Cha'bris (Xa/Spci'c v. r. 'A/3pic, Vnlg. omits), the son of Gothoniel (o rov T.), one of the three " rulers" (dpXo»^«c) ^^ "ancients" (irpeofivTtpoi) of Bethulia (q. V.) in the time of Judith (Jud.vi, 15; viii, 10; x, 6). Chad, St., bishop of York in the 7th century, w…
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2. Chains for ornamental purposes (comp. Judith x, 4) were worn by men as well as women in many coon- tries both of Europe (Smith's Diet, of Class. AnL s. ▼. Torques) and Asia (Wilkinson, iii, 875), and probably this was the case among the Hebrews (Prov. i, 9). The necklace (PJ?., amak^) consisted of pearls, corals, et…
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?-- -TIT V-» verbs whose second and third radicals are alike =^ym doubled. The third book is called ^^1;^^ ^BQ, and treats of the vowel points and accents. Originally writ- ten in Arabic, these marvellous grammatical discover- ies were at first inaccessible and unknown to the Ger- mano-French interpreters ; but they e…
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The acts of this Cbuncil in Greek, with the exception of the anathemas, are lost See Evagrius, Hist. Eccl. ii, 4; Labbe and Cossart, CondUa^ tom. iv; Mansi, Conci'iay vi, 690; Landon, Man. ofOmndUy p.l 13-127 ; Gieseler, Church History (Cunningham's), i, 240 ; Mas- heim, Church History^ bk. ii, cent v, pt. ii, ch. v, …
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Chaldse'a (Jer. 1, 10; li, 24, 85 ; Ezek. xvi, 29; xxiii, 16; Gr. t; XaXSala, for the Heb. D'^?to, else- where " Chald«eans") is properly only the most south- ern portion of Babylonia. It is used, however, in our version for the Hebrew ethnic appellative Kasdim (or *'Ohaldees'*), nnder which term the inhabitants of the…
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3. Divisions. — In a country so uniform and so devoid of natural features as this, political divisions could be only accidental or arbitrary. Few are found of any importance. The true ChaldsBa, as has been already noticed, is always in the geographers a distinct region, being the portion most southerly from Babylon, ly…
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but there is little cultivation, the inhabitants subsist- ing chiefly upon dates. More than half the country is left dry and waste from the want of a proper system of irrigation, while the remaining half is to a great extent covered with marshes, owing to the same neg- lect. Thus it is at once true that *' the sea has …
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" The fragments of Berosus, preserved by Eusebius and Josephus, and to be found in Scaliger (De Emen- dat. Temp.\ and more fully in Fabricius (Btb, Gr, xiv, 175), aflbrd some information on the subject of Chal- dsean philosophy. Berosus was a priest of the god Baal, at Babylon, in the time of Alexander the Great. The T…
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CHALDEE PARAPHRASES 201 CHALDEES Biblical and Targomical Chaldee. Winer, however, regaxding linguistical characteristics chiefly, distin- goishes three grades of its parity : the hmguage, as ImumI in the Targnm of Onkelos, as most free ttom Hebraisms ; the Biblical Chaldee, which, as it frequent- ly intermixes certai…
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2. The kingdom of the Chaldees is found among the four "thrones*' spoken of by Daniel (vii, 8 sq.), and is set forth under the symbol of a lion having eagles* wings. The government was despotic, and the will of the monarch, who bore the title of ** king of kings** (Dan. ii, 87), was supreme law, as may be seen in Dan. …
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I 552; X, 94, etc.); but this reproa<^ is not justly levelled against the Clialdsans of the empire, and indeed it was but partially deserved so late as the reign of An- gustus (see Strabo, xvi, 1, § 6). Josephus, however, uses the word in tiiis sense QWtWf ii, 7, 88). — Smith, s. V. I Upon the walls of the Assyrian pa…
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In analyzing the "intellectual character of Dr. Chalmers we find but two prominent peculiarities. The first b the large development of the perceptive foeolties. It was this peculiarity that directed his mind to natural science, and fitted him to excel in those departments that demanded the exercise of the perceptive po…
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Modem Oriental ^^ Chamber on the Wall.** waUMifl^ Sept virkpt^v) which the Shunamite pre- pared for the prophet Elisha (2 Kings iv, 10). Such an *' upper chamber" (^Treptfiov) is still the guest- chamber where entertainments are made, which was the custom with the Greeks as well as the Jews (Matt, ix, 14 ; Mark xiv, 1…
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Chameleon, a reptile belonging to the saurian or lizard-like order. In the original of Lev. xi, 30, occur the words ho'dch (nb, so called apparently on account of its great strengih) and Hnshe'meth (T'arpri), the CHAMIER 205 CHAMOIS first of which, in oar version, is rendered "chameleon" (after the Sept and Vulg. x…
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The only species that seems to answer the condi- tions required is a wild sheep, still not uncommon in the Mokattam rocks near Cairo, found in Sinai, and eastward in the broken ridges of Stony Arabia, where it is known under the name of hehsh^ a slight muta- tion of the old Hebrew ^bS, hesch^ or, rather, b!l3, hebes^ w…
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Chandler, Edward, D.D., bishop of Durham, was bom in Dublin about 1650. He received his edu- cation at Emanuel College, Cambridge, where he took his degree of M.A., and in 1693 he became chaplain to bishop Lloyd, of Lichfield (afterwards of Worces- ter), who gave him preferment in both those cathe* drals. In 1717 Dr. C…
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MOHET. Channel, the rendering in the Auth. Vers, in cer- tain passages of two Heb. words: p'^BK, aphih\ the M of a brook (2 Sam. xxii, 16; PaL^xviii, 15; laa, viii, 7 ; elsewhere " stream," " river," etc.) ; and nbaa, thihbo'lttk, a ttream (Isa. xxvii, 12 ; " flood," Pta.Uix,2,15). Channing, William Ellebt, D.D., an …
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iv), from which the present article is condensed. His Works have been published in Boston in 6 vols. 12mo (reprinted in England). Many of them have been translated into German (Berlin, 1850-55), also into French, with an Essay on his Life and Writings, by Laboulaye.— ^lfemotr« and Correspondence ofChanning (Bost. 1848,…
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performance of all those parts of a prose liturgy which mass was the creation of God ; while the latter speaks are permitted to be sung or recited in a musical tone, of it as the already existing materials out of which he In a wider sense, it is used to denote those forms of formed the world, or even as itself the ca…
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In Sngland the word is now used to denote, 1. Do- mestic chapels, built by noblemen for private worship in their families ; 2. College chapels, attached to col- leges ; 8. Chapels of ease, built for the use of parish- ioners who live at too great a distance frx>m the parish church ; 4. Parochial chapels, which differ f…
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Chaplain {papeOamuy, a person who performs di- vine service in a capeUa (chapel). The position of the chaplain was contingent upon the nature of the capeUa, which either denotes a church without parochial righto, an oratory, a sanctuary, or even a part (altar, ete.) of a particular church. See Chapel. Thus the chaplain…
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Chaplin, Jonathan R, a Methodist Episcopal minister, was bom in Connecticut in 1789, was convert- ed in 1880, and entered the travelling ministry in the Oliio Conference in 1834. He was three years principal of Norwalk Seminary, Ohio, and then remained in the itinerant work in Ohio till 1840, when he removed to the Mic…
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The numerical division of the Old and New Testa- ments into modem chapters is by some ascribed to Lanfiranc, who was archbishop of Canterbury in the reig^ of William the Conqueror and William II, while others attribute it to Stephen Langton, who was arch- bishop of the same see in the reigns of John and Henry III. Its …
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Chapter-hoose (see Chapteb), an apaxtmeat or hall in which the monks and canons of a monastic es- tablishment, or the deans and prebendary of cathe- drals and collegiate churches, meet for transacting tht business of the body of the socie^. Chapter-houses were often built in the most magnificent and coetly style of arc…
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Character Indelebllis. In the Church ot Rome It is held that a spiritual sign, called ekaraeter, is im- pressed in the aonl by certain sacraments. Aquinas taught thaty 'Mn consequence of the death of Jesus, the sacraments instituted in the New Testament have obtained what is called vrrtm ifnstrumentaUs, or effec- tka, …
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CHARIOT 214 CHARIOT tares. There has been some specnlatioa m to any dif- | ferenoe of meaning between the above word and the briefer (maac.) form 33*^Q, merhab', which occurs in three passages only. In 1 Kings ▼, 6, the latter obvi- ously means chariots, taken collectively. But in Lev. XV, 9 (Auth. Vers. " saddle'*)…
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Jewish chariots were no doubt imitated from Eg}'p- tian models, if not actually imported frt>m Egypt These appear to have come into use not earlier thsn the 18th dynasty (B.C. 1580). The war-chariot, frnm which the chariot used in peace did not essentially dif- fer, was extremely simple in its construction. It con- sis…
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CHARIOT 216 CHARIOT Andent i-^ptittti Uhjtriut ia l^nUtc*, therefore could not be ignorant of the art of riding ; but for ages after that period Arab nations rode on the bare back, and gaided the animals with a wand. Oth- ers, and probably the shepherd invaders, noosed a sin- gle rope in a slip-knot round the lower…
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Not very different from the Persian chariot is one represented on a coin found at Babylon, but somewhat ruder ; but the spokes of the wheels are eight, as in the As- syrian chariot. This coin has given occasion to much unsound spec- ulation in the attempt to connect it with the history of Daniel. See Aodenk Babylonian …
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Chariots of thb Sun. The ancient Persians who worshipped the sun dedicated to that luminary certain horses and chariots, which, in allusion to his rapid course, they consecrated to him. The kings of Judah fell into tills peculiar idolatry. In these chariots, the Babbins informs us, the king and nobles rode when they we…
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" For another reason, love transcends all the other gifts. It never ceases. In the ftiture worid the oth- er gifts will disappear, at least in their present nature. The mysterious tongrues will cease in the land, where all understand them. Prophecies will be lost in their fulUlment, like the aurora in the moon. Knowled…
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Numerous other communities of women have been established on the same plan, and on nearly the same rule. The most important among them is the congre- gation of St. Carolus Borromnns, so called because they chose Borromeo as their patron. Their mother-house is at Nancy, France ; and in 1845 they counted 70 houses, with …
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Charlemagne was throughout his reign the champi- on of Christbnity. He never rested until the Saxons were not only subjected, but baptized, if not Christian- ized; his war against the Lombards, wlioae kingdom he finally ani^sxed, was originally commenced at tbe is- stance of the pope, whose power was menaced by the n-…
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No statement was presented by the other party, but the emperor caosed a refutation of the Lutheran Con- fiassion to be prepared, to which the Protestants replied in the Apologia GmfesskmU^ also ftom the pen of Me- Unethon; but this failed to change the purpose of Charles, who, influenced by Campeggio, the papal leg- at…
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CHARLES IX 222 CHARNOCK Ctefore eommeiUarii (Fnmkf. 1785, 8 vols. 6yo) ; Ranke, History of the Reformation; Preflcot£, HUtary of Philip II; Ranke, History of the Papacy (2 voU. 8vo, 1851) ; Motley, The Hise of the Dutch BqmbUc (8 vols. 8vo, N. T. 1857) ; Sismond^ Histoire des Frangait, 18 vols. 8to (BraxeUes, 1849 ;…
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In modem usage the word charm (Lat txtrmem, a song) denotes a spell, in a form of words, geneiaUy in verse, supposed to possess, when recited, some occuh power, either hurtAil or beneficiaL When written oo paper or parchment, and worn on the person, dianas are to be classed with amulets (q. ▼.). See also Is- GANTATION…
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UooDds. 1% OstiieheB (!i4fac«d>, 18. The oryx. 19. WUd Figs. 1,9, Porcupine. 7. The ibex. 8, 14. CHASE 224 CHAsrom lion (Shaw, TVov. 152 sq.)* Compare the description in Job xviU, 8 sq. Tliey do not appear to have had hunting dogs (yet comp. Joeeph. Ant. iv, 8, 9), and it is doubtful if in hunting birds they use…
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Chase, Squire, a Methodist Episcopal minister and missionary. He was bom in Scipio, Cayuga Co., New York, February 15, 1802 ; was converted at about fourteen ; entered the travelling ministry in the Gen- esee Conference in 1822 ; was set off with the Black Biver Conference at its organization in 1886 ; sailed as missio…
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toriously struggled with evil sphrits, etc. — all of which may be found in the book DlS:PSh *^nap, published in 1815 by the grandson of Baal-Shem,' R. B&r Unz. Baal-Shem and his successors received the name Za^ dik (p^^^^i i* 0* riffhteous)f and his fame attracted mul- titudes of Jews ttom all parts of Poland, who were…
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The best sources of chastity are, first, the true fear of God, which leads to avoid offending God by a sinful misuse of the noblest force of nature, and disturbing the divine law of human reproduction by beastly in- dulgences ; secondly, education, inculcating honesty, modesty, and morality ; thirdly, active occupation…
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Channcy, Isaac, an English Nonconformist di- vine (son of Charles Chauncy 1st [q. v.]), was one of the ministers <^ected in 1662, and afterwards becune pastor of a Congregational church at Andover. In 1687 he became pastor of the Independent Chorcb in London, which had previoudy been Dr. John Owen's. CHAZIR 227 CHED…
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Chedorla^dmer (Heb. kedorkO^mer^ ^^orb'n'is ; Sept. XoioKkoyouMQ, Josephus Xo^oXXo/u)poCt AnL i, 9, 1), a king pf Elam, who, in the time of Abraham, with three other chiefe, made war upob the kings of Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, Zeboim, and Zoar, and re- duced them to servitude (Gen. xiv, 1 sq.). B.C. dr. 2080. For twelve …
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Cheese (in 1 Sam. xvii, 18, "ikm ''2t'»*in, charU- 9e/ he^halab'f slices of the [curdled] mUk; Sept. rpi;- ^aXidic Tov yaXaKroQj Vulg./ormetta casei; in 2 Sam. xvii, 29, nifi^ shtphoth'^ according to the Rabbins, so called from being ^ereJ from the whey ; Sept. 2a^<ad, Yvdg.pinguesf in Job x, 10, •^J'^^fi gdmah', oooff…
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Che'lal (Heb. Kelal^ hi'S, compUAon; Sept Xa- X^X), one of the *'sons" of Pahath-Moab who divoited his Gentile wife after the return from Babylon (Ezra X, 80). B.C. 458. Chelbenah. See Galbakum. Cheroias (XcXiciac, i. e. BUkiaK), the three or foui* men. CHELLIAN 229 CHEMNITZ 1. The fkther of Asadiah and ancestor …
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Chemnitz (properly voir KxMifirz), Martin, an eminent German theologian, was bom at Treuenbrit^ sen, in Brandenburg, Nov. 9, 1522. His parents de- signed him for an artisan, but he took kindly to no trade, and a distant relative (Niemann) called him to Magdeburg (1589), where he spent three years prepar- ing for the Un…
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1. (Sept. Xavavav v. ^ Xavavd). The fourth named of the seven '* sons'* of Bilhan, son of Jediael, of the tribe of Benjamin, a leading warrior apparently in the time of David (1 Chron. vii, 10). B.C. cir. 1020. 2. (Sept. Xavaav v. r. Xavava and Xavaava). The father of the fahe prophet Zedekiah, which latter encouraged…
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Cher'etliim (Heb. Kerethim\ b'^n'n^, the regn- lar plmml of ChereliUe)^ occurs in this form only in EzeL xxT, 16 ; Zeph. ii, 26^ in the former of which passages it is rendered **Cherethims," and in the lat- ter *' Cherethites.*' The only other passage where the Cherethxtes are mentioned singly (although in a slight- ly…
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CheMth (Heb. Kerith\ n*^'l3, a cutting f Sept. Xo^^), a *' brook" (bn^, muk'cdf Sept. xttfiajipav^ L e. torrent-bed (the Arabic wadg) or winter-stream of Palestine, in (a, not "by") which, i e. upon whose sloping bank the prophet Elijah (q. v.) hid himself during the early part of the three years' drought (1 Kings xvii…
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Cher'ub (Heb. keryb\ 3^^2, in the sing, only in Exod. XXV, 19; 2 Sam. xxU, ll; 1 Kings vi, 24, 25, 27; 2 Chron. iii, U, 12; Psa. xviii, 10; Ezek. x, 2, 7, 9, 14; xxviii, 14, 16; Sept. Xipovp), plur. CHER^U- BIM (Heb. henOfim', ^"^W^, sometimes 0*^^*^^ ; Sept x^^P^/Jt 'V' r* X<pov/3€(fi, and so in Ecd. xlix, 8, and Heb.…
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In like manner were lion-shaped and eagle-formed griffins supposed by the aborigines of Northern Europe (Herod, iii, 102, 116) and India (Ctesias, Ind. p. 12) as guardians of the gold-bearing hiUs (comp. Gen. ii, 11) ; and in Greek mythology (see Creuzer, SyvtMikj ii, 647) they were sacred to the deities (e. g. Apollo,…
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ni. Their Form and Character.— If we may trust the unanimous testimony of Jewish tradition, we must sup- pose that they had the faces of human beings, accord- ing to the positive assertion of Maimonides, Abarba- nel, Aben Ezra, etc. (Otho, Lex. Bob. s. v. Cherubim ; Buxtorf,fl»rt.i4rc.JV»rf.p.l00). But, taking Ezekiel'…
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Arks, surmounted by mysterious winged guardians, were used in the religious service of most ancient na- tions, and especially in Egypt (Plutarch, de Ind. xxxix ; Wilkinson's Anc. Egtfpt. v, 271 ; see Abk), but none of them involved the sublime and spiritual symbolism of the cherubim on the mercy-seat — at once guardian…
1,087 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.