PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 2
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,214,832 words · 1184 reading sections
Section 961
Des Cartes continued the exposition of his philoso- phy by publishing in Latin in 1644 his Prineipia Piu losopkuB. This work contains the elaborate and sys- tematic deduction of his whole scheme of the intellec- tual and jiiaterial universe. It commences as charac- teristically as the Novum OrpanoH of Bacon, with the f…
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'^^ument is much more legitimately employed by Ar- istotle than by Des Cartes as an evideaeeof ^ existences, not of existence in genersL It y d been indicated tiiat the Cartesian eothjnKBc^sq from the tacit assumption of the nu^ prbk. ] reasoning really proceeds in a drde. neMetja of the dogma assured him of his own s…
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This theory in regard to the mechanical complexion f vital movements afiected the ethics of Des Cartes, 'he chief details of his treatise on the Passions were erived from Aristotle, but his own views of mind and natter, and his own studies and experiments in anat- •my and kindred sciences, modified his explanation of h…
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Like the rest of his dogmas, the dream of the vorti- ces was not original with Des Cartes. Leibnitz speaks of them as " vorticum a veteribus coeptorum." Speis- sius charged Des Cartes with having borrowed them fVom Giordano Bruno and Kepler; and even his own enthusiastic biographer, Baillet, ascribes to Kepler three of…
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1. Midbar', 'na^TQ (Sept tpijAwc,andM^ is of very frequent occurrence, and is ususfly w*^ *' wilderness" (Gen. xiv, 6, etc), though in ^ places " desert" (Exod. iii, 1 ; v, 1, etc), ind 'o P* Ixxv, 6, *» south." It property deognites pe^ ^roimd; being derived from na?f, tfaftor', "fc> *J^ significant of the pastoral ca…
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In the poetical books "desert" is foand as the trans- lation of Midbar in Deut xxxii, 10 ; Job xxiv, 5 ; Isa. xxi, 1 ; Jer. xxv, 24. See Midbas. 2. Arabah^ C^??^ Sept *Apa/3a and dvafxii), from n;^9, arab% to dr^ up (Gesenius, Tkes, p. 1060), i. e. parched ('* desert" in Isa. xxxv, 1, 6 ; xl, 8 ; xK, 19 ; li, 8; Jer. …
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4. Chorbah^, fl3*jn (Sept iprifioQ, etc ; A.V. usu- ally " waste," "desolate," etc.), from S^n, to be dried up, and hence desolate, is a more general term de- noting a drjf place (Isa. xlviii, 21), and hence detola- (Psa. ix, 6), or concretely detolate (Lev. xxvi, 81, 88; Isa.znz,14; Ixiv, 10 ; Jer. tS, S4 ; xri.5:i 9…
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ac feature of such predictions As respects the Torm Qpi:373,most interpreters take it as nomenparti- eipiak for * destruction ;' but this is against the usage of the form elsewhere in Daniel (xi, 81), and the mean- ing is brought out much more vividly and poetically by our construction. * On the summit of abomination …
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DesU action, Citt of (Isa. xix, 18). See On. Destruction OF BEL AND THE DRAGON, The History of the, one of the apocr^'phal books of the Old Testament, found only in the Greek. See Apocrypha. I. Title and PosUhn, — This apocryphal piece, which is called by Theodotion, or in our editions of the Sept., Bi)X cat ApoKioVf…
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Destructioniats. See AsKiHiunons* Detenninlsm, the general name for all tko«^ ories according to which man, in his '•^*^*J*r «. al action, is absolutely determined by e*^*™"** temal motives not belonging to him, »i»d *"*r" deny his freedom or explain it as a "*",22h In opposition to determinism, the wwl ^°y*T ism has b…
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Deti^el (Heb. DefieT, bfttW^, according to Gesenius, invocation of God; according to Fttrst, acquainted with God; Sept. PayovriX ; Vulg. DeAuel)^ father of Eliasaph, the ** captain" (K'^bS) of the tribe of Gad at the time of the numbering of the people at Sinai (Num. i, 14 ; vii, 42, 47 ; x, 20). B.C. ante 1657. The sa…
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2. Among the early Christian writers, Jerome, in his Prefiices, gives us the most complete information that we possess regarding the authority of these books in his time. After enumerating the twenty-two books of the Hebrew Canon, consisting of the Law, the Prophets, and the Hagiographa, he adds : " This pro- logue I w…
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6 Shepherd of Hernias. The earliest catalogue which we possess of the books Scripture is that of Melito, bishop of Sardis, pre- rved by Ensebins. From his statement, written in e year 170, it seems evident that there had then been ) catalogue authorized by the Church or any public »dy. He enumerates the books of the J…
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The local Council of Hippo, held in the year of Christ 898, at which Augustine, afterwards bishop of Hippo, was present, formed a catalogue of the sacred books of the Old and New Testament, in which the ecclesicutical bookt were all included. They are in- serted in the ibllowing order in its 86th Canon, viz. : " That …
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Some of the most important manuscripts of the Holy Scriptures which have descended to us were written soon after this period. The very ancient Alexandrian MS. now in the British Museum contains the follow- ing books in the order which we here give them, to- ■'cther with the annexed catalogue : " Genesis, Exodus, Levit…
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A few years after, the divines of the Conndl of "rent aaaembled, and among the earliest subjects of [lelr deliberation was the Canon of Scripture. " The '.anon of Augustine," says bishop Marsh, ** continued > be the canon at the ruling party. But as there rere not wanting persons, especially among the learn- d, who f^r…
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DEUTERO-CANOXICAL 766 DEUTERO-CANONICAL books of Esdras. These books were equally rejected 1 1829, i, 421 sq.) has maintained a somewhat by the Church of Rome and by Luther, who did not | principle (see Ganssen's J%eopmetutia), The {jBth\ translate them. The Church of England further de- clares that ** all the boo…
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Another principle was that adopted by all tbe in- formed communions (except the Ang^liam Chared), viz., to use Mr. Joneses words, that **<Aer« vt mtari or nmate evidences in (he Scripture*^ wkich^ ef^k the iUumimation or testiwumy of the ffofy SpiriL, an d- only true proofs of their beiag the Word qfGoi; «. w use the w…
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Denteionomy- (hi Heb. the title is taken, like most of the other books, Arom the initial words, nki( n'''in?n, " The»e are the words," or shnply D'^'?5?, *^ Woiids ;" in the Sept. AtvnpovofuoVf second lam, as being a repetition of the Law; Yulg. DeuterotUum: called also by the later Jews fCninn ^13^73, duplicate of the…
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(1.) Rdigioiu Statutes (xii-xvi, 17).— There is to be but one sanctuary where all offerings lure to be offered. Flesh may be eaten anywhere, but sacrifices may only be slain in **the place which the Lord thy God shall choose" (xii, 5-32). All idol prophets, all enticers to idolatry from among themselves, even whole cit…
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The chief grounds on which the last opimoa Rsti DEUTERONOMY 769 DEUTERONOMY ^e many variatioiis and additions to be fotind in teronomyf both in the historical and legal portions, ell as the observable difference of style and phra- >gy. It is necessary, therefore, before we come to ider more directly the question of…
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(5.) There is a difference in the account of the en- campments of the Israelites as given Deut. x, 6, 7, compared with Num. xx, 28 ; xxxiii, 80 and 87. In Deut. it is said that the order of encampment was, 1. Bene-jaakan ; 2. Moeera (where Aaron dies) ; 8. Gud- godah ; 4. Jotbath. In Numbers it is, 1. Moseroth ; 2. Ben…
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III. Date of CompotiHon.^WtiB the book really written, as its language certainly implies, before the entry of Israel into the Promised Land ? Not only does the writer assert that the discourses contained in the book were delivered in the plains of Moab, in the last month of the 40 years' wandering, and when the people …
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ft. The opinion of De Wette, Geeenhia, tfd ¥^ that the Deuteronomist is a distinct writer frw ^ Jehovist. De Wette's arguments are baaed (1) ^ the difference in style ; (2) on the cootadtctks ^ ready referred to as existing in matters of hiitfliy.f well as in the legislatioo, when coo^ared with tbtf ^ Exodus; (8) on th…
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The book contains, in addition, not a small number of plain, though indhrect traces, indicative of its Mo- saic origin (see Jour, Sac, Lit. Jan. 1858, p. 818 sq.). We thus find in it : 1. Numerous notices concerning nations with whom the Israelites had then come in contact, but who, after the Mosaic period, entirely di…
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y. Separate commerUariet upon the book of Deuter- onomy are not numerous ; the most important are des- ignated by an asterisk (*) prefixed : Origen, Selecta m DeiU, Qn Opp, ii, 886) ; Epbraem Syrus, KrplanaHo in Deut. (in Cjy. iv, 269) ; Theodoret, Qucestiones in Deut. (in Oj^. i, pt. i) ; Isidorus Hispalensis, Comment…
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DEVELOPMENT Y73 DEVELOPMENT tber, -wlko in his reply (dated April SI, 1544) finds it icult to believe in the change, bat says that, at all tnts, r>6 vay has not received this doctrine fh>m him, I that be (Lather) would continue to fight that bomination" publicly and privately. After his re- II to Hungary, D^vay la…
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But, even with all these guards and cautions, the doctrine of development, when applied within the sphere of moral action, is a perilous one. Any theory of the history of man which leaves out of the case his tree agency, must end either in Fatalism or in Panthe- ism. Dr. T. H. Skhmer, Jr., in the Baptist Quarterly Revi…
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was brought out morfe dlstihcdy in the fimrtk es^ that of justiflca^n by faith in tbe prevalence of error acting in both tive and spur to the clever deania tion of the truth. At the same time, tbioa^ u aptness to overiei^ himseli^ and to ezsraente de» portanoe of whatever may be engaging him «t1ki» ment, an age wiiich …
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4. The followbig section was prepared for this Cy- clopndia by the late Dr. Harbaugh just before his death. We print it as he left it, though it hivolves a UtUe repetition of what has been given above. -Oewfopmsrrf.— This word, related primarily to the sphere of organic life in the natural world, has also come to perf…
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See, besides the works cited in the coarse of this article. Trench, ffvbean LectureSy 1845-46, lecture v ; Lord's Theological and Literary Journal^ April, 1854, art. vi ; Hampden, Bampton Lectwret for 1882, lect. viii ; Soames, Latin Church during Anglo-Saxon Timegy chap, xu; Craik, Old and New (N. Y. 1860), p. 226 sq.…
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DEVIL m DEVOTION , it . cjoinot be denied that these repTesentations e fitted to serve as introductory to dogmatic djB> loXogyj -when the belief was eventnally carried out ts fall conclusion. The period of the exile is the 9 of this development; and when also the Medo- sian tenets of Ahriman and his emanations came …
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XdW TOV KOfffiOV TOVTOV OT ^ibg TOV alGiVOQ TOVTOVf John xii, 81 ; xiv, 80 ; xvi, 11 ; 2 Cor. iv, 4 ; Eph. ii, 2), although destined to a Aiture fearful sentence (2 Pet. ii, 4 ; Jude 6), when Christ shall appear to overthrow the kingdom of Satan (1 John ii, 8) ; indeed, Satan has already through him received his conde…
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The value of this blessing cannot be adequately ap- preciated by the Western reader; but in Palestine, and indeed throughout Western Asia, rain rarely if ever falls from April to September, and the heat of the sun being at the same time very strong, all vegetation would be parched and dried up were it not for the co- p…
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wrote JHsaert. de oorrtipfo Ecdetim Romana statu le LtOherum, etc. (Wittenberg, 1784, 4to); Obterva- 9«s JSacrxB (Leips. 1735-^, 3d edit. 5 Vols. 4to), con- ning illustrations and critical remarks upon diffi- It parts of Scripture ; also Observaiiones MiacellanecB eips. 1786, 4to), on questions of exegesis and Church i…
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Ancient Diadems. 1. EgyptUn (Wilkinson's Ane. Egypt.) ; 2. Of Sardanapalns ITT (AHsyriRn Sculptures, Brit. Mu?eum); 8. Pen«epolitan (Sir R. K. Porters TrareU)\ 4. Parthian (Cohi of one of the ArsacidfB) ; 5. Jewelled, of Constantine (Coin in Biii. Mas.). DIADOCHUS 780 DIAL 8. V. Tiapa ; and Hesych.). Possibly t…
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Andent portaUe SandLUs. lowed into the stone, and the stone cut down to as ib- gle." This kind of sun-dial was portable, and did oit require to be constnicted on or for a particular spct t? which it was subsequently confined, and, tfac^eldre. one ready-made might easily be brought on a esisci from Babylon to Ahaz. If …
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DIAMOND 782 DIANA shows tbst upon such steps as appear to have been used for exhibiting the sun's meridional altitude, any very large partial eclipse on the northern limb of the sun, occurring about ten dajs from the winter sol- stice, near the hour of noon, would produce the effect described in the instance under c…
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Dian'a. The ArtemU of the Greeks C^}^^ Acts xix, 24), and Diana of the Romans, is a godi^ known under various modifications and with ite^ incompatible attributes. According to the tbamc accounts and Hesiod, she was the daughter af Jspi^ and Latona, bom at the same time with ApoOs li D»> los. As the tutelary divinity of…
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Epheaian Coin with Diana'i Temple. Image of the Epheoian Diana. on the sides; and others described in BIillin*B Galerie MythoL i, 26. See Shrike. Of this heaven-descended image the great city Eph- esus was a "worshipper," vcwKopoc, literally a ** tem- ple-sweeper," a title which was assumed by many cities as a mark …
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was brought oat more distinetiy in tfasfiovrfh that of justification by fkith in the liitiiift^B | prevalence of error acting in both infltaaees ae ii tive and spur to the clever desnarcatioo oi c tion of the truth. At the same time, dum^ aptness to overieap himself, and to eza«anle portanoe of whatever may be ettgtk^t…
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4. The following section was prepared for this Cy- clopoMiia by the late Dr. Harbaugh just before his death. We print it as he left it, though it hivolves a little repetition of what has been given above. -Oawfopwew*.— This word, related primarily to the sphere of organic life in the natural world, has also <iome to p…
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Diokey, 'WilUam, a Presbyterian minister, was bom Dec. 6, 1774, in TorlL County, S. C. His parents soon after removed to Kentucky, where he grew to manhood. He obtained an education with much self- denial, and in 1802 was licensed to preach. He la- bored fourteen years with the churches of Salem and Bethany, Ky., and t…
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Diokaon, David, an eminent Scotch dirioe, bom at Glasgow in 1583, and educated at the Uci^ sity of Edinburgh, in which he afterwards becase^^ lessor of Philosophy. Having been aRwrntedf^ ter of Irvine in 1618, he became a very popular pi«^ er. In 1648 he became professor of Diriaitj in ^ ICTATES OP POPE GREGORY 181 D…
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The first production of this kind, relating to the Bi- ble, of which we have any definite knowledge, aside from those purely lexical, was the Onomasticon of Eu' sebius, edited and translated by Jerome, which, how- ever, was merely geographical, and embraced Pales- tine only. It has been of great service, nevertheless, …
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like modem history. The geography the Bible are fundamentally investigated details of Biblical criticism are given with accuracy, and considerable copiousness. For the ii (and we may almost say the only) time, tl» ties of the natural history of the Bible are hat ^ orously grappled with by persons (Dr. Bojle k k departm…
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I>ICTIONARIES, Ecclesiastical and Thbo, wxiiCAL. Several of the works enumerated in the above article include ecclesiastical and theological wp\c8, as well as BibUcal; e. g. Richard, Dictionnaire Unwer$el; Robmson, Theological, Biblical, and Eccle- iuuUcal Dictionary,' Watson, Bibliccd and Theological Dictionary ^ etc…
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Hbbzoq^ lUcU-Encyhlopddie fur protestaniische The- ologie und Kirche, tin Verbindung mit vielen protestan- tischm Theoloyen und Gelehrten herausgegebm von Dr. Herzog, ord. Prof. d. Theologie in Erlangen (Gotha, 1854-66, 18 vols, and 8 supplementary vols., with In- dex volume additional). This great work professes to tr…
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DIDIER 191 DIDTMUS OF ALEXANDRIA s. Soul WMB absorbed in body ; the inner world in outer — a tendency fostered by physics. It was the w of tbin^ taken by the scientific mind, and lacks poetical and feeling elements of nature— a trae « of the cold and mechanical age which produced Diderot's atheism is a still further …
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DIDYMUS, GABRIEL 792 DIES ULE of apgels, for they are not enendaUy holy; that it is not a creature, for men's spirits are said to be filled with it, and no mind can be filled with a creature ; nor is it a quality, for the working of an agent is attribu- ted to it; that it exists with and as God, and is so called Act…
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Dies AbsoltttiOniB. One of the names of Gnt Friday. The title originated with the cnstom rfi^ solving penitents from ecclesiastical penalties oe cba day.— Ambrosius, Epist. 88 ; Siegel, Bandbmek d,A&p- thUmer, i, 876. Dies Cinimm, the Latin name for Ash-Wcsb5» DAY (q. v.). Dies CcBBSe DominicaB or Euchazistise^w of…
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II. Charaeter and Falw.— The Dies Ira is univer- sally acknowledged to be the sublimest production of sacred Latin poetry,- and the grandest judgment hymn of all tunes and tongues. Daniel (Thes. hymnol. ii, p. 112) justly styles it ** uno omnium consensu sacra po9- seos summum decus et ecclesia latina KtifjiriXiov pret…
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^^ Cum recordor moritums Quid post mortem aim futuras, Terror terret me vcnturuB, Qnem expecto non securui. Terret dies me terroria, Dies irsa ac furoris, Dies lactus ac moeroris, Dies ultrix peccatoris. Dies ina, dies iUa.**) " Every line weeps. Under every word and syllable a living heart throbs and pulsates. The ve…
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DIES IRM 195 DIES JRM tfd. to paUic use, but which soon found its way, on ao- uxit of its intrinsic excellency, into the Church ser- ce, since the deepest subjectivity in lyric poetry is the »t kind of objectivity. It certainly was in public le already in the 14th century in Italy, and gradual* ' passed into the Chu…
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1. Day ofwrathl that day dismaying; As the seers of old were saying, AH the world in ashes laying. 9. What the fear! and what the quaking I "When the Judge his way is taking, Strictest search in all things making. 8. When the trump, with blast astounding, Through the tombs of earth resounding, Bids all stand, the …
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practice of dipping bread in the broth, or Biifatl' of the animal, strongly illostrates the refereiat&t sop in John xiii, 26 sq. The modem EgrptisiB kkI their bread with a sauce composed of vaxia«i rz;. lants, such as salt, mint, sesame, and rhifkptM ila i, 180). (The later Jews named this a [Mishna, Pesadi, ii, 8] : i…
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The spices or condiments known to the Hebrews were numerous ; cummin (Isa. xxviii, 25 ; Matt.xxiii, 2^), dill (Matt, xxiii, 23, "anise," A. V.), coriander (Exod. xvi, 81 ; Num. xi, 7), mint (Matt xxiii, 23), rue (Luke xi, 42), mustard (Matt xiii, 31 ; xvii, 20), and salt (Job vi, 6), which is reckoned among "the princi…
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DIET 798 DIET ttrangled (as in A. y.)t but to an j animal from which the blood was not regularly poured forth. Similar prohibitions are contained in the Koran (ii, 175 ; v, 4 ; xvi, 116), the reanlt of which is that at the present day the Arabians eat no meat except what lias been lx>ught at the shambles. Certain po…
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Meat does not appear ever to have been cata ", it«elf ; various accompaniments are noticed is S^ ture, as bread, milk, and sour milk (Gen. xruL * bread and broth (Judg. vi, 19); and with fiib fs&s bread (Matt xiv, 19 ; xv, 36 ; John xxi, 9) or ItBr- comb (Luke xxiv, 42): the instance in 2 SciB.r:> cannot be relied on, …
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4. The Firtt Diet of Spire, held in 1526. Charles ^., being in Spain, named his brother, archduke Fer- iinand, to preside over that assembly, where the duke of Saxony and the landgrave of Hesse demanded, at first, a free exercise of tibe Lutheran religion, so tliat the Lutherans preached there publicly against Popery ;…
1,000 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.