PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 2
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,214,832 words · 1184 reading sections
Section 421
III. Bittory of the Doetnrn of Ike Ckmvk.—The apostles and tiieir immediate successors were too much engrossed with the work of spreading the Gospel to pause to define the nature of an institution which was sure to grow Into shape as the necessities of the case requbred. The apostles themselves were too earnestly emplo…
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sal priesthood, which was intimatelj^ooiiiieeted wkh^ was propounded, with more or less aoeuacy of <~ tion, by Hugo of St. Victor, as well as by the fin ners of the Reformation, Wycliffe, Matthiaa of Ja Huss, John of Wetel, Weasel, and SaTonarola** (Ilogiii bach). These tendencies were fully devdoped in the Reformation…
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1. All that can be done in the determination of the polity of the apottolic ChunA is to trace the practice of tlie aposties as recorded in their acts and writings. This polity is not presented as legislative enactments, hot simply as facts, showing how the aposties acted in given cases. In the first account we find the…
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CHURCH 328 CHURCH twBen hiakop and elder. It is mainttfaied by eittntue adrocatM of EpiscopMy that St. Paul, in empowering Timothy at Corinth, and ntof in Crete, in the capacity of preebyterB, to ordain elders in eyeiy dty, and to ex- eroiae jorisdiction over offloera of that claaa, as well as those who held the off…
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As to the powers of the clergy in the gOTemmest of the Church, two principal, distinct, and opposite the- ories obtain. The Roman Catholic is, that *' the gov- ernment of the Church is a hierarchy, or tlte relation of the clerical body to the Christian people is that of a secular magistracy to its sul^)ects, and Chrlst…
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CHURCH, ABYSSINIAN. See ABTSsnriAir. CHURCH AND STATE. 1. Pagan Natione.^ln the Pagan states the religions life has been, on the whole, part of the politicid, and religion an affair of the state. In general, the priestly dignity was vested in the chief of tiie state government In Athens and other Greek republics the p…
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In the western countries of the empire, the promi- nent position which was early awarded the bishop of Borne, and subsequently the local separation from the seat of the empire, weakened the power of the emperor in Church affairs. Some of the most prominent bish- ops and priests (Ambrose, Jerome, etc.) repelled in en- e…
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CHURCH AND STATE 331 CHURCH AND STATE ceeded in eaRying out these theories folly in practice. The emperors and lungs, aided in general by the laity and a large number of the clergy, opposed the papal claims, in spite of all the excommunications which were hurled against them. Even men like Bernard of ClairvBux expre…
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CmjRCH AND STATE 332 CHURCH AND STATE w«n imited, more or Un closely, antO after the Rer- olntion. At the decUntlon of independence, the United States established the abeolttte separation of Ghnrch and Stats, and the legal equality of all forms of be- lief, as fundamental institations. The United States have always …
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Among the Liberal party of the Roman CaHiolic countries of Europe the principle of a separatifoa be- tween Church and State has likewise found many ad- vocates. Ofthegreat statesmen of Europe in modem times, few have given so cordial an adhesion to the principle as count Cavoor, who, during his whole poGt- ioal career,…
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See Herzog, Beal-Enejfklop, vol. xiz (Sopplem.), s. V. Stoat und Kircke; a complete history of the rela- tion of the Christian Churoh to the state was begun by BiflU (Rom. Gath.), but not oompleted (GtfckUMidte DantdUmg der Verkdiimue twitckm Kiroke tmd Btaat, ▼oL 1, Mains, 1886, embracing the time ftx>m the foun^ dati…
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CHURCH DISCffUNE 334 CHURCH EDIFICES tbe Lnthenui, the Reformed, and the United Evangeli- cal churches took part, and the High Chorch ** Confes- sionalists/' under Stabl and Hengstenberg, worked hand in liand with the Evangelical party, under men like Nitzsclr, Betlunan-Hollweg, and others, at tbe first annual meeti…
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Names of individual Cftttrcftes.^—Individnal churobes were, soon after the time of Constantine(?), dedicated to CHURCH EDIFICES 335 CHURCH EDIFICES eertain saints, and caUed by the names of those saints. Some of the Protestant denominations name their ciuir^ edifices after the apostles, but only for the por- poee o…
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2. 7%«JVaoe.— This was the main body of the church, and called by difTerent names, derived from the uses to which it was applied. It was called the oratory of the people, because they there met for religious wor- ship, reading the Scriptures, prayer, and hearing the word. It was also called the place of assembly, and t…
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^ftgilacesj supposed by some to bave been a kind of inn, by others a common place of resort for rest or recreation. ■DooTf . — Ghnrchea were usually ptorided with three doors, in imi- ta&m of the Temple. The prin- cipal entrance was called wvAify II.— Y and iHfXri itpcUa or pamkueff. They were sometimes made of brass…
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CHURCH, EVANGELICAL. See Prussia. CHURCH FATHERS. See Fathers. CHURCH, FRENCH REFORMED. See Fbanob, Reformed Church op. CHURCH, 6ALLICAN. See Gallioah Church. CHURCH, GERMAN REFORMED. See Gbr- MAN Reformed Church. , CHURCH, GREEK. See Greek Church; Rus- 8IA. CHURCH HISTORT. See Ecclbsiaoticajl His- TORT. CHURC…
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19i She believes in the propriety and utility of holding fiut- dajs, experience meeting*!, anxious meetings, camp-meetings, and other spedal meetings of united and protracted eflTorts for the edification cf the Church and the conversion of sinnenL 16. She beliew that the Gospel ministry. Babbath-echools, edocation, th…
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CHURCH OF ROME. See Roman Catholic Chorcr CHURCH OF SCOTLAND. See Scotland; Scotland, Freb Chubgh of. CHURCH POLITY. See EocLBSLisncAL Pol- ITT. CHURCH, PRESBYTERIAN. See Prbbbttb- BLAN Church. CHURCH, PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL. See Protestant Episcopal Church. CHURCH, REFORMED. See Reformed Church. CHURCH, REFORMED …
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spurious documents). Otto 17 also promised to d^ fend the claims of the pope to the kingdom of Sidly. Thus the States of the Church were firmly established, and as, since 1059, the election of the pope had bees independent of the emperor, the high political positka of the popes in the Christian world waa confirmed. Du…
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led, and showed itmilf in repeated revolntionaiy oat- I ireaks. lias IX (elected June 16, 1846) began to intro- 1 hioe important changes into the public administration mOu propHo of 2d and Itth of October, 1847, fanda- nental statute of l^h of ICarch, 1848, etc), and thns ' ^▼e an impulse to a political movement which …
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CHURCH, UNITED PRESBYTERIAN. See Pbesbtterian (United) Chuboh. CHURCH-WARDENS, officera in the Church of England, whose business is to look to the church, church-yard, and to observe the behavior of the parish- ionen ; to levy a shilling forfeiture on all such as do not go to churoh on Sundays, and to keep persons or-…
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civil year was given by the establishment of a saries of prominent events in the life of Christ. Tk most ancient of these anniversaries were then «f !■ death and resurrection [see Easter] ; gradually w«« added to them those of his birth [see Christsias], ei the outpouring of the Holy Ghost [see Pesctkcost} of the circu…
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Church, John Hubbard, D.D., a Congregation- al minister, was bom at Butland, Mass., March 17, 1772. He graduated at Harvard 1797, and was in- stalled pastor in Pelham, N. H., Oct 31, 1798. He died in June, 1840. Dr. Church was trustee of Dart- month College, President of N. H. Bible Society, and filled several other ho…
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Chti'si (Xovtnl y, r. Xo^cYulg. omits), a {dace named ooly in Judith vii, 18, as near Ekrebel, and upon the brook Mochmur. If the history be at all genuine, this was doubtless in Central Palestine, but all the names appear to be very corrupt, and are not recognisable. See Judith. Chti'za [pron. Cumo] (rather CkuMos^ X…
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CTMETJARCH 845 CINNAMON for its Inxmioiis climate, it became a fiiTorite residence of the Greeks after its incorporation into the Mace- donian empire, and its capital. Tarsus (q. ▼.), was ele- vated into the seat of a celebrated school of philoso- phy. The connection between the Jews and Cilicia dates from the time …
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armamomum Zeglanicum, mon is carefully cultivated, the best cinnamon-gardens being on the south-western coast, where the soil is light and sandy, and the atmosphere moist from the prevalent sonthcni winds. This littie tree belongs to the laurel family, and the leaf is not unlike the laurel, though of a lighter green. …
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ClpptiB (Lat. a jMwO, a small, low column nsed by the ancient Romans as a mil&-post, or to mark divi- sions of land ; also a tomb-stone of small dimensians, containing a diminutive orifice or place to receive the ashes of the dead, being thus the original of the mod- em tomb-stone. Cir^ama, a place whose people (Ik Ki…
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I. Pagan drcumcition.—Faei of tXi, the Egypttam were a circumcised people. Yonck (Obterv. mitcelL c. i, p. 66), followed by Wesseling (ad Herod, ii, 87) and by numerous able writers, alleged that this was not true of the whole nation, but of the priests only ; that at least the priests were circumcised is beyond contro…
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deibription could be given them ftcm tlie It appears from Josephus {Afd. xiii, 9) that wImbH^ canus subdued the Idumseans, he forced ttMm to fat circumcised on pain of expatriation. This shows Ihst they had at least disused the rite. Bat that is bsI wonderAil, if it was only a custom, and not a nnfiriMl religious ordin…
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IL Jmoith dratmcmom,—!. flufory.— When God announced to Abraham that he would establish his covenant with him, he said to him, ** This is my cove- nant, which ye shall keep between me and you, and thy seed after thee : Eveiy man-child among you shall be drcnmdsed. And ye shall circumcise the flesh of your foreskin ; a…
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Among the ancient Jews, the rule that circumcision should take place on the eighth day after birth was rigidly followed (Luke i, 69 ; «, 21 ; PhU. iU, 5), save in such very exceptional cases as those mentioned Exod. iv, 25 ; Josh, v, 5. Even their reverence for the Sabbath did not prevent the Jews fh>m observing it on …
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The father of the child says the following grace: ** Blessed art thou, O Lord our God, King of the Uni- verse! who hath sanctified us with his comrnandmenta, and commanded us to enter into the covenant of our father Abraham.'* The congregation answer, '* As he hath entered into the law, the canopy, and the good and vir…
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Circumcision, then, as practised by the Gentiles, was simply an expedient to promote health, facilita^ ting cleanliness, and preventing certain painful afflic- tions, such as that of the gonorrkaa $puria (from phy^ monsy or stricture), and especially the dvOpa^, or "carbuncle," to which, in hot climates, men are sub- j…
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On this subject in general, see Spencer, De LegSbuM Htb. rituaSbui, i, 6 ; Michaelis, Commentaries on the Law$ ofMotes^ iii, 68-93; Witsius, De Fcedere, bk. iv, 6, 8 ; Lokevitz, De circumcirione Jtukeontm (Vitemb. 1769-80) ; Smeets, De ciratmcinone Ahrahamo dMni- tua data (Franec. 1690) ; Bergson^ Besckneidung vom hiao…
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4. The writers of the K. T. bear testhnooy to tfae view here presented. St. Psnl usee the very imprsB- ive words " buried with hun" (Christ) " in baptism"-' (Twra^vrf C aifrtp iv nf fiairrifffum (CoL ii, 12), ai synonymous with and explanatoiy of 17 ircpcrD/4 ^ XpioTov, " the drcnmoision of Christ '* Whaterar »> CIRCU…
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Cis (Kic y. r. Ref'c), tiie Gnecized form (Acts xiii, 21) of the name of Kish (q. v.), the father of king Saul. Ci'sai (rather Cisceus, Kioqioq), another Graecized form (Esth. xi, 2) of the name of Kish (q. v.), the great-grandfather of Mordecai (Esth. ii, 5). CialetL See Chislbu. ClaneroB. See Xocenes. Cistercians…
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Cistern (*)»a or *li31, ho/, from *lHa, to dig & bore, Gefenius, Thet, Heb, p. 176 ; Sept. nanally Xcc- coc ; Vulg. dttema or locus ; A. Y. generally ** pool"), a receptacle for water, either conducted ftvm an ex- ternal spring, or proceeding from rain-fall (Jer. ii, 13; Prov. V, 15 ; Eccles. xii, 6 ; Jer. xzxvi, 16 ; …
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tfanely open, and all evidently ancient (Bobinson, new ed. iii, 137). Dr. Olin (Traveli^ ii, 84) describes some- thing of a better sort near Hebron : ** Just vrithout the city are some cisterns, which probably belong to a very early age. A large basin, forty-seven paces square, stands outside the gate by which we enter…
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Cit'im (Ktriloi V. r. Ktnacoi, Vulg. Cefct, A. V. "Citims''), a nation whose king Perseus is mentioned (1 Mace, viii, 5) as having- been defeated by the Ro- mans ; evidently the Chittim (q. v.), or Macedonians. Citizenship, the rights and privileges of a native or adopted citizen (iroXiT-iyc* 2 Mace iv, 50 ; v, 6 ; ix,…
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CITRON 367 CITY his dependents ; he had a ydce in the assemblies of the people, and in the election of magistrates ; and his testament had full authority after his death. See Smith's Diet, of Clou, AfUiq. s. v. Civitas ; Sigon. De cauiquojwre civ, Roman, (Par. 1572 ; Hal. 1715 ; also in Gnevii The$a»r. i); Spanheim,…
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1. Towns are a natural result of the aggregative principle in human hature. Necessity led the early races of men to build their towns on lofty spots, where, with the aid of the natural advantages of the ground, they could easily protect themselves against b^ts of prey and human foes. A town, and a stronghold or fort, w…
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CITY 359 CITY they were citiea in every sense of the tenn. Hie name Kiijathaim, " doable city" (Gesenius, Thetaur, Heb, p. 1236X indicates an existing city, and not a site only. It may be added that the remains of civic boildings existing in Moab are evidently very ancient, if not, in some cases, the same as those e…
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8. Collections of houses in Syria for social habitation may be classed under three heads: (1.) cities; (2.) towns, with citadels or towers for resort and defence ; (8.) unwalled villages. The cities may be assumed to have been in almost all cases "fenced cities," L e. possessing a wall with towers and gates (Lev. xxv, …
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The open spaces (irXartiai) near the gates of towns were in ancient times, as they are still, used as places of assembly by the elders, of holding courts by kings and judges, and of general resort by citizens (Gen. xxiii, 10 ; Ruthi v, 1 ; 2 Sam. xv, 2 ; xviii, 24 ; xxi, 12; 2 Kings vii, 1, 8, 20; 2 Chron. xviii, 9; xx…
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CITY OF REFUGE 861 CITY OF REFUGE or near the site of u-^tcUt (Dent iv, 48 ; Josb. xxi, 98 ; 1 Kings zxii, 8; see Reland, p. 966). 6. Golam, in Baahan, in the half-tribe of Manasseh, a town irhose site liaa not been ascertained, bnt which doubtless gave its name to the district of Ganlonitis, Jaukm (Dent. W, 43 ; Jo…
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According to the Rabbins, in order to give the ftigi- tive all possible advantage in his flight, it was the business of the Sanhedrim to make the roads that led to the cities of refuge convenient by enlarging them, and removing every obstruction that might hurt his foot or hinder his speed. No hillock was left, no rive…
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GOVERWMENT (OF THE HeBREWS). Clagett, William, D.D., a divine of the Church of England, was bom at St. Edmundsbury, Suffolk, 1646; entered Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 1669; and took his degrees there, the final one of D.D. in 1688. After preaching seven years in his native town he became preacher of Gray's Inn, Londo…
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ClarenbadL See Klarbnbach. Clarendon Constitntions, 1164. A struggle between the crown and the hierarchy in England be- gan with the elevation of Thomas k Becket to the ar- chiepiscopal chair (June, 1162). The pomp-loving courtier, brave warrior, and powerful statesman, the &vorite and confidant of Henry II, had becom…
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CLARENINES 364 CLARK, JOHlSr made in the king^s conrt, whether due npon contract or not. (Cond^nned,) 16. Sons of peasants cannot be ordained withoat.the consent of their feodal lords. {Tolerated.) The high importance of these decrees of the Diet, for those times, is yerj obrions. On the one hand, the king intended…
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Clark, John, a Baptist minister, was bom near Inverness, Scotland, Nov. 29th, 1758. Having firom his early boyhood a strong propensity for a seaCsring life, he was for about one year on board of a privateer, afterwards sailed as second mate to the West Indies, and arriving at Barbadoes, was impressed into the British n…
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wise, until about his eighth year, when the sarcasms of a schoolfellow upon his dulness seemed to rouse him from a lethargy. From that time he made rapid prog- ress in learning, especially in the Latin language. In his 17th year his mind was brought, by the ministry of Mr. Brettell and Mr. Barber (Methodist preachers),…
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Besides the works mentioned, Dr. Clarke also pub- lished Diicoune on the Eucharist (Lond. 1808, 8vo); Hemoirs of the Wesley Family (Lond. 8vo, N. Y. 12mo, several editions). He also edited, with numerous ad- ditions, Baxter's Christian Directory i Fleury's Man- ners of the Israelites , Shuckford's Sacred and Profane Hi…
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CLARKE, SAMUEL 367 CLARKE, SAMUEL tawan treatises. He now went through a diligent scone of Biblical reading in the origioal languages, n the course of which he carefully studied the early Christiaii £^hers. On his ordination he was intro- lueed to Dr. More, bishop of Norwich, by Whiston, irfaom he succeeded as domes…
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in London. He published in the same year an an- swer to the treatise of Dr. Dodwell " On the Soul," in which that divine contends that it is not imroortid until made so by baptism. Several rejoinders follow- ed on each side. His patron. Dr. More, next procured for him the rectorship of St. James's and a chaplaincy to Q…
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In 1724 Clarke obtained the mastership of Wigston Hospital, and published a volume of sermons. He died rather suddenly in May, 1729. His Exposition of the Church CcUechum and Sermont were published after his death (London, 1730, 10 .vols. 8vo). In the Catechism he teaches that worship should be paid to the Father only,…
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CLASS-MEETINGS 369 CLAUDE 154, 200). The nearest approach to the " class-meet- ' g'* in the Roman Church is perhaps to be foand in le " Society of St. Vincent de Paul/' which is com- ' »eed of laymen, whose objects are mutual edification ; periodioil meetings, and the promotion of active ' larity. See Vinceht db Pau…
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Claude, Jeaiv, one of the most eminent of FMnch Protestant divines, was bom at La Sauvetat, near Agen, in the south of France, in 1619. He studied theology at Montauban, was ordained in 1646, and be- gan his pastoral labors at La Tr6gue in the same year. In 1664 he was called to the church at Nismes, where he also taug…
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Clandi&ntia Mamertns, a presbyter of Tieme, 5th century (died about 470), was a man of specoh- tive talent, and well acquainted with the tbeoktgj d Augustine. He wrote a treatise, De statu Awm {Bib, Max, Patr. vi; Bib. Pair. Gotland, x) sg»i« the anthropomorphism of Faustus of Rhegium (q-T.). He shows that "thoug…
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Coln of Claudius. ^^^5f'»' TLOLAVn.OAE8AB'AVO.P-M.TBP.VmT*nn».rVl (H- wriofl CUudiofl C'Mar Augustus Pontifex MaxirouN Tri- ^^ PotesUte Vim. Imperator XVI.); head, Uureate, nght. Reterae: Triumphal arch, on which eqaestiian fig- n« tnd tvo trophies, Inscribed na bbxtaxm (De Brttannls). *w during his government, in s…
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Clauditui OF Savot, a Unitarian of the sixteenth century, who, in a disputation at Berne, 1684, main- tained that Christ was a man, who "was called Grod inasmuch as he had received the fblness of the divine Spirit beyond all other beings. The Father dwelt in him through the divine Spirit, and all through him might be a…
1,120 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.