PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 2
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,214,832 words · 1184 reading sections
Section 181
Casuistry is that branch of Christian morals which treats of casus conscientia (cases of conscience) ; that is to say, of questions of conduct in which apparently conflicting duties seem at first to perplex and disturb the moral faculty, and make it necessary to trace, with a careful exclusion of everything but moral c…
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Inxtncer (July, 1852), fh)m which we take the follow- ing passage : "• The first source of the Jesuitical casu- istry is to be sought in the inherited habits of thought which had been formed in the Middle-age schools. Conditions, restrictions, distinctions multiplied, of course; but so did the authorities and decisions…
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In the writings of the early reformers (e. g. Melano- thon and> Calvin) there may be found moral directions approaching to casuistry. But the first regular trea- tise on casuistry in the Protestant Church was Per- kins, The whole Treaiite of Cotes of Conscience^ distsn^ guished into three BooXi (Lond. 1602, 1606; also …
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I. The Word Catacomhs,— The derivation of the word is uncertain. Some find it in Kara, down, and rvfifio^, mtnmd, tomb; others in Koifjuuit, to go to deep; or, as Marchi (Motmm, p. 209), Lat cumbo, part of decumbo, I lie down ; others in Kara and Kufifiti, a holhw, canoe, 88 from the resemblance of a sarcopha^ou to a b…
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CkUcombe. Fig. 1. found. The number of graves in each tier depends on the height of the wall ; there are commonly three to five ; but even twelve are found'in one instance. The tomb is closed up-, either with a slab of marble (as in ¥\g, 8) or with large bricks ^s in Fig. 2). Inscriptions and em- blems are found' scul…
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V. Intcriptiont and Symbolt.—FoT a specific account of the inscriptions and symbols of the Catacombs, see the articles Inscbiptions ; Stxbolism. The collec- tions of the Vatican and the Lateran contain multi- tudes of these remains, which can no^ be studied in De Rossi's Intcriptionet ChristiantB Urbis Roma (1^61), and…
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testimony from the tombs. Hippolytus tells us {PJniosophvuMnay lib. ix) that, during the episcopate of Zephyrinus, Callistus was * set over the cemetery.* This was probably considered a highly important trust, as, in those perilous times, the safety of the Christians very much depended on the prudence, activity, and co…
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2. Modem Scieniijtc Exphratum,^\ii. 1578 a Domin- ican named Alphonse Ciaoconio, learning that a ceme- tery (St. Priscilla's) had been opened on the Salarian Way, made a partial exploration of it, and gave de- signs of sculptures, etc. found in it. About 1590 he was joined by a young Frenchman named Wingh. But Antonio …
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2. History. — ^The science of Catechetics, as such, can hardly be said to have taken its rise until after the Reformation. But as the necessities of the case gave * rise to oral instruction in Christianity fh>m the very I beginning', and to the subsequent development of thb { instruction into a systematic branch of Ch…
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Dr. Ashbel Green (Lecturu en the Shorter Cats' chigm, vol. i), in his Introductory Lecture, thus speaks of the advantages of catechization : ** The catechetic- al or questionary form of religious summaries renders them most easy and interesting to children and youth, and, indeed, to Christians of aU ages and descriptio…
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8. Literature, — ^The science of Catechetics was treated by Hyperius, De Catechesi (1570; ed. Schmidt, Helmst. 1704, 8vo); Dietrich, Institt. Catechet, (IGU) ; Alstedi- us, Theohffia Cateehetica (Hanover, 1616, 4to) ; Ram- bach, WohkmterrichUter Catechet (Jena, 1727, and Lips. 1786, 8vo). Dr. WatU gave an impetus to C…
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II. Tkeprinc^ Cateckisms,—!. Luthenm.—ln 1520 Lather published his first Short Catechism, containing a short form of the Creed, the Commandments, and the Lord's Prayer ; but his experience of the gross igno- nnoe of the people in religious things, especially as seen by him in Ids visitations of 1527, led him to pre- pa…
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" An intention was formed, in the time of Edward and Elizabeth, to have also another authorized Cate- chism for the instruction of more advanced students, and especially those in public schools, touching the grounds of the Christian religion. -The original of this work is ascribed to Poynet (Orig. Lett. [Park. Soc] Ixx…
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There are numerous editions of the Catecliisins ; the latest arp those of the Presbgterian Board of PMica- tion (Philadelphia). They teach the Calvinistic the- ology. Among the many commentaries on the Cat- echisms, we name Green (Ashbel), Lectures on ike Shorter Catechiem (Phila. 1841, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Belpage, Expositi…
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the Sacraments, the Decalogue, and the Lord's Prayer. It is one of the standards of doctrine in the Church of Rome, though the Jesuits deny its sjrmbolical author- ity. Hdhler refuses to it the character of a *' public confession," bat admits "the great authority which undoubtedly belon:^ to it" (Symboiismj Introductio…
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CATECHUMENS 154 CATENA F^nch bifhop who converted them took onlj seven days to catechise them, and then baptized them. But, in case of sickness or imminent death, the catechumens were immediately baptized with what was called clin- ic baptism. C}Til of Jerusalem and Jerome direct the catechumens to observe a season …
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See the copious treatment of the andent catechume- nate by Bingham, Origines Ecdesksy ch. x ; and Gole- man. Ancient ChrisHaniiy, ch. vii, sec. vi, § 7. See also Siegel, Alterthumer, i, 864 sq. ; Pfjumer, De CaieckMrne- nis, AntiqwB Ecdesia (Frankfort et Gotha, 1688, 4to); Farrar, Ecdesiam Dictionary, s. v. ; Buck, The…
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Caterpillar is the rendering in the Auth. Vers, of two Heb. words: 1. Invariably of V'^Gn, chasil'(oc- can 1 Kings viii, 87; 2 Chron. vi, 28; Psa. Ixxvlii, 48; Isa. xxxiii, 4; Joel i, 4; ii, 26); 2. Occasionally (Psa. cv, 84; Jer. li, 14, 27) of pbj, ye'fcA, elsewhere "canker-worm" (q. v.). The English word caterpliUa…
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well known that nomben of those religionists were transpUnted into Thrace by Constantino CopronTmoB about the middle of the eighth century. Tet the Pan- licians had no rites or ceremonies whatever, no ecclesi- astical or hierarcliical organisation ; they were stran- gers to ascetic abstinence from animal food, and did …
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In Etkicfy all classes of Csthari held thst an is "the lust after the created." The world, as the work of the evil one, is evil, and all contact with it leads to sin. Among mortal sins were wealth, war, killing of ani- mals (except fish), carnal connexion, whether in cr out of wedlock (inasmuch as it increases the numb…
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The excellent writer in the L/mdon /2me«,wfaom we have dted, makes the following just remarks upon the aovns of the false views of the Cathari, as existing in aU ages: " Is there no overt lianichaeism dfeplayed in oar own day in the false asceticism of the Puseyite ; and if there be no latent Manichieism in the views o…
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6. Of Rteci, was bom at Florence in 1522. In 1585 she took the veil among the Dominican nuns at Prato, in Tuscany. She was made perpetual prioress at twent}'-five, on account of her sanctity and ascetic life. The Bollandists say that Philip of Neri was al- lowed to converse with her in 'a vision, she being at her conve…
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Cathadral [see Cathedra]. (1.) The church edifice containing the cathedra or bishop's chair, L e, the bishop's church in a diocese, usually the largest and most magnificent church in a diocese. The mod- em use of the term cathedral, as designating the church in which the bishop has his throne, is confined to the Wester…
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pecially of the weaker sort. Of these power doth ev« arrogate to itself such as are most operative, by their force sustaining and extending itself. So divers prev- alent factions did assume to themselves the name of Catholic, and the Roman Church particularly hath appropriated that word to itself, even so as to comnut …
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I. Eitiary,—Towai&B tbe end of the first quarter of this century there began to be an increased spirit of prayer in Great Britain for the outpouring of the Holy Spirit, in promoting which the labors of the Bev. I. Haldane Stewart (of the Church of Enghind) were most helpftil. About the same time the Bev. Edward Irving …
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For a number of years the work made little progress outside of the British Isles, but the revolutionary move- ment in Europe in 1848 drew to it the attention of many in Germany, and churches were soon organised in Berlin and other cities and towns. It has gradual- ly extended itself into Switzerland, France, Holland, B…
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for this end are. Baptism, which is fbr convejrlng his new or resurrection life to all who believe in him, and to their children, and which is counted valid whether administered by sprinkling, pouring, or immersing; the Lord's Supper, in which bread and wine are made in consecration, by the operation of the Hdy Spirit,…
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There are no published statistics of this body, but there are churches in many of the principal cities of England (seven in London) and Scotland ; in Dublin and Belfsst ; in Paris, and a few other places in France; in Basle, and Berne, and other towns in Switzerland ; in Berlin, and many other places in North Germany ;…
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Catholic EplBtlea. The canonical epistles of James, Peter, and Jude, and the first of John, are eo called because they are not addressed to any particu- lar individual or church, but to Christians in general (Suicer, Thes. Eccles. U, 15). Hug gives the following view : " When the Gospels and Acts of the Apostles const…
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! prophets were called from that employment to the pro- phetic dignity, as Elisha was from the plough (1 Kings xix, 19), and Amos from being a herdsman. But the ; tending of flocks was not confined to the men. Ra- chel, the daughter of Laban, kept her father*s sheep (Gren. xxix, 9), and Zipporah and her six sisters ha…
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II. Small Cattle I 1. Sheep.— These are designated collectively by IKS, tson (a general term, like firiXov and peau, including also goats), singly by nlU, seh; while brt'J, rachd\ means euw; b^«, a'yW, wether (Chald. •nD'l, cfejfear'); "1?, hxr, a fiit pasture lamb; b!13, ^'6e«, a lamb of one to three years (comp. Ge- …
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2. Goats, — ^Thb kind of stock is usually classed with ibeep under the word *)XS, tson, or (when a single head is intended) niO, sek, and thus associated with neat cattle, ^j^^? haka/ (as in Hom. ^i^Xa, then ^c)* The terms for goats individually are : "i^, ex, a Ae-^oa<; D'>f5 t^^'^rto, seirath' izzimf (shaggy female o…
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Modem Egyptian Lady with the Sa/a and Turiwn. ments worn by Arab women about theb necks. Bat to this Gesenius very properly objecta (Tesa. i, 209), as well as to the explanation of Jahn {ArckdoL I, ii, 2, 189), who renders the word *' gauze veila" (Smith, s. v.). Others understand golden ornaments appended to braids o…
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caves along the Upper Jordan. afterwards inhabited, like the tombs of Thebes (Robfai- son's Researches, ii, 529). Other excavations occur at . Deir Dubb&n (ii, 858) ; others in the Wady leading to Santa Hanneh (ii, 895). *' In the mountains of KAl'at Ibn Ma'an, the natural caverns have been united by passages cut in t…
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8. Uses of Caves. — (1.) CaVes^rere used aa dweUmg- plcuxs by the early Inhabitants of Syria. The Horites, the ancient inhabitants of Idumasa Proper, were trog- lodytes, or dwellers in caves, as their name imports. Jerome records that in his time Idum»a, or the whole southern region ftt>m EleutheropoUs to Petra and Ail…
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(5.) Natural cavities in the rock were and are fre- quently used for other purposes more or less akin with the above, such as stalls for horses and for granaries (Irby and Mangles, p. 146). Again, the ** pits" spo- ken of in some of the foregoing Scripture references seem to have consisted of large wells, in " the side…
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Cawton, Thoxas, a Nonconformist divine, was bom at Wivenhoe, Essex, in 1687. Having studied at Utrecht and Oxfbrd, he received ordination from the bishop of Oxford. He officiated for several years as chaplain to English noble families, but soon became so diraatisfied with the dominant party in the Established Church th…
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1. The earliest notice of the cedar is in Lev. xiv, 4, 6, where we are told that Moses commanded the leper that was to be cleansed to make an offering of two sparrows, cedar-wood, wool dyed in scarlet, and hys- sop ; and in ver. 49, 51, 52, the houses in which the lep- ers dwell are directed to be purified with the sam…
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If, on the other hand, we consider some of the re- maining passages of Scripture, we cannot fail to per- ceiye that they forcibly apply to the cedar of Lebanon, tod to the cedar of Lebanon only. Thus, in Psa. xcii, 12, it is said, ** The righteous shall flourish like a palm- tree, and spread abroad like a cedar of Leba…
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Ueneral view ci the Cedars. CEDRON 172 CEILING grove \b at the very upper part of the valley, ahoat 15 railes from the sea, 6000 feet above that level, and their poeition is moreover above that of all other arboreous vegetation. Belon, who traveled in Syria about 1560, found the cedars about 28 in number, in a vall…
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;i/AVi/r^-A/Avi//^i Patteraa ct ancient E^ypiian CeilingB. greatly resembling those mentioned in the above texts (Wilkinson's Ane. Egypt, ii, 125). According to Mr. Layard, in the ancient Assyrian houses also ** the ceil- ings overhead were divided into square compartments, painted with flowers or with the figures of…
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Celestine (or Ccblbstin) I, Pope, a Roman by birth, was elected Pope in 422, on the death of Boni- face I. During his pontificate the Council of Ephe- sus, against Kestorins, was held, upon which occasion he wrote several letters to the Eastern churches. He claimed authority and primacy in the Roman See, and sought to …
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IL In the Early Church. — ^At an early period virgin- ity came to be held in honor in the Church. Several passages of the N. T. (e. g. Matt xix, 10, 12 ; 1 Cor. vii, 7, 88) in which voluntary virginity for ** the king- dom of heaven's" sake is commended under certain circumstances, were interpreted as favoring ascetici…
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III. In ike Chttrek o/'idome.— Siridns, bishop of Rome (A.D. 885), decided against the Canon of Oangra (ad Hmer. Tarraamemem^ ep. i, c 7, hi c. 8, 4,dist. Ixxxii), assertfaig that tho reason why, hi the O. T., priests were allowed to marry, was because they could be taken only from the tribe of Levi He argued, therefor…
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CELIBACY 176 CELIBACY pKMichesitoiiljinpractloe. It sets virginity ftf above marriage, and regards marriage only in its aspect of negative- utility. In tlie single marriage of a priest it sees, in a measure, a necessary evil — at best only a con- ditional good, a wholesome concession to the flesh for the prevention …
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At difierent periods since the Council of Trent the celibacy of the clergy has been a topic of dispute with- in the Church of Rome, and many of the clergy have sought to tree their body from this yoke of bondage. In Austria, Joseph II confirmed it by an ordinance under date of June 11, 1787, which would seem to indi- c…
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Cellaxius, Martixitia (sumamed Bobbhaus), was bom at Stntt^^t in 1499 ; studied at Tubmgen, And afterwards at Wittenberg (under Melancthon), XL— M where he devoted himself to Oriental languages. When the Anabaptists arose, he wrote and spoke against them, especially against Stock ; but finally he joined them himself. …
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tal anguish, the sacred agony (ii, 24), is made the tab- ject of remarks characterized no less by coarseness of taste and unfairness, than to tlie Christian mind by ir- reverence. Instead of his heart being touched by the majesty of our Saviour's sorrow, Celsua only finds an argument against the divine character of the…
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The order in which the objections of Celsus are ar- ranged in Origen*8 reply to him is different from that above given in some respects, and it is therefore here subjoined: **The first half of book i is prefatory (ch. i-xl); the second half| together with book ii, contains the attack by the Jew on Christianity given in…
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CELTIC RELIGION 180 CENCHREA appeared on the batMe-fleld, firing the soldiers to deeds of heroic valor. By the touching tones of their l3rres and songs the j often stayed the flow of blood between hostile clans. In the early ages the bards stood in the highest esteem. At Cesar's time they had sunk to be beggar-poets…
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The medicine of the Druids consisted mostly in in- cantations, the plants used being deemed only the ve- hicles of communicating the healing influence. The most prized plant was the mistletoe. This was gath- ered flrom the oak in dark forests on winter's nights of the holy festival days, and was cut with golden sick- l…
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Master." The well-known hymn, *' Jesus, my all, to heaven is gone," was written by Cennick. — Stevens, History of Methoditm, i, 155 ; Darihig, Cydopadia BUf- Uoffrapkica, i, 615. Censer, a vessel in which incense was presented in the Temple, being used by the Jews in the daily offer- ing of incense, and yearly on the …
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These intimations help us to conclude that the Jew- ish censers were unlike those of the classical ancients, with which the sculptures of Greece and Rome have made ns fiunlliar, as well as those (with perforated lids, and swnng by chains) which are used in the Church of Rome. It is observable that in all cases the Egyp…
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TORIUS). Censures, Church (Cefutms eodes^astiete\ the penalties by which crimes are visited by Church au- thority (potestas ^oxpirur^), the scriptural authority for which is found in such passages as Tit. i, 13 ; iii, CENSUS 183 CENSUS 10; 1 Tim. y, 20; Matt xvii,17,18; John xx, 28; 1 Cor. y, 8; 2 These, iii, 6, 7…
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If the numbers in our present copies, from which those given by Josephus do not materially differ, be correct, it seems likely that these two numberings were in foct ofae, but applied to different purposes. We can hardly otherwise account for tiie identity of numbers even within the few months of interval (Calmet on Nu…
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In the second caravan the number was 1496. Wen- en and children are in neither case included (Ezra viB, 1-14). It was probably ibr kindred objects that tke pedi- grees and enumerations which occupy the first 9 diap- ters of the Ist book of Chronicles were either eom- posed before the Captivity, or compfled after wards…
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XL Bomam, — ^This, under the Republic, consisted, so iar as the present purpose is concerned, of an enrol- ment of persona and property by tribes and households. Every paterfomilias was required to appear before the esasora, and g^ve his own name and his ikther's ; if msiried, that of his wife, and the number and ages …
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■ CENTRAL AMERICA 186 C^NTXJRIES OF MAGDEBURG Ated by simply and n«tiii«Uy asraming thmt this was a registration institated indeed bj the Roman empe- ror, but ef ecnted in accordance with the local usages (see Strong's Harmony of the Goapdi, notes to § viii). See Ctrenhts. In the first place, an dwoypa^fi was proper…
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CentoriatorB, the writen of the Cextubibs of IfAGDEBUBO (q. V.) are so called. Centnrlea of Magdeburg (Centwria Magdebwy- efiMf), the name given to the first great work on Churdi History by Protestant writers. It was projected by Matthias Flacius, and prosecuted by him, in co^junc* tion with Joh.Wigand, Matt. Judex, B…
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Ceperaria (evidently a compound of the Hebrew ^&3 : see Caphar-), a town of Palestine mentioned in the Peutinger Table as lying between Ashkelon and Jerusalem, 8 (or 18) R. nules from Eleutheropolis, and thought by Reland (Pakut, p. 684) to oe the same as Capharorsa (q. v.) ; but identified by Bobinson with ** a desert…
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Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.