PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 2
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,214,832 words · 1184 reading sections
Section 601
great pachyderms of systematic zoology. It mtj bf that the peculiar structure of their anterior teeth « convenient for stripping off the seeds of grasset sii tritica, and that these, in part retained in tiie montk^ cause a practice of working the jaws, which, to cg» mon observers, may appear to be chewing the coi In ha…
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WILL. CONFERENCE, HAMPTON-COURT. A confer- ence held at Hampton Court in the year 1604, between nine bishops and as many other dignitaries of the Church on the one side, and four Puritan divines on the other. It was held in the presence of James I, and lasted for three days. Some of the demands of the Puritans were ac…
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CONFERENCE, PASTORAL 466 CONFESSION OF FAITH ference, whose Bittings precede the English Conferenoo by a few weeks, regi^ly attend." See Jackson, Cen- temaryofWetl^l€MMethodum,1989; SUycdb, Eigtory Iff Jletjiodum. CONFERENCE, PASTORAL, a meetfaig of minis- ters for the discussion of questions relating to their pastor…
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(2.) Many persons altogether object to Creeds isi Confessions of Faith on the ground that they inMs^ Christian liberty, supersede the Scriptnres, exdodi topics which ought not to be excluded, and adn^ such as ougHt not to be admitted ; are often too ps^ ticular and long ; are liable to be abused ; tempt oks to hypocris…
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Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem. It contains the standard of the principles of the Rus- sian-Greek Church. For the originals, see Libri Sym- boUci eodesim OrientaBs, ed. E. J. Kimmel (Jena, 1848, 8vo) ; Neale, Hist, of the Eastern ChunA Qjoud. 1850, 2 vols.). See Greek Church. 2. The Church qfRome, …
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Among minor works of this class we name Stuart, The Scr^ftural Unity qf Protestant Churches, exhibited in ihar pubUAed Corfessions (Dublin, 1835, 12mo) ; contahis the XXXIX Articles, the Irish Articles, the Confession of th# Church of Scotland, and a Declara- tion of Faith of the Congregational dissenters. Also Cumming…
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Mij for tfaeir wd&re, ordaining elders, imparting mi- racnlooB gifts, so important to the instruction of con- rerts, and to the fornbliing convincing evidences of the trath and power of the (jk)8peL The unction, or ehrism, referred to in 1 Jolm ii, 27, and 2 Cor. i, 21, has been supposed by some to refer to the ceremon…
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CONFLAGRATION 470 CONFUCIUS confimiatioii in Yolbeding's /ncfes Dmertatiommf p. 144,146. Conflagratloii, Geitebal. The opinion that the end of the world is to be effected by the agency of fire is very ancient, and was common among heathen phi- losophers (Ovid, MeUunorph, i, 256). Other testimo- nies are quoted by G…
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CONFUCItJS 471 coNFUcaxrs he died, leaTing a single descendant, his grandson, Tse-Tse, whose offspring, nombering A.D. 1671 about 11,000 TTiftlea, mostly of the seyenty-fionrth generation, form ^ distinct caste in Ohinese society, the only in- stance of a hereditary nobility among them. The veneratioii of the Chines…
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In the writings of Confucius the duties of husbands towards their wives were slightly dwelt upon; the duties and implicit submission of children to Uieir par- ents were most rigidly inculcated. Upon this wide principle of filial obedience the whole of his system,* moral and political, is founded. A family is the pro- t…
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Of the five canonical books composing the King, three (I-King, Shi-King, and Shu-£ing) were com- piled, and one (Chun-Trien) was c<llnposed by 0)nfti- cius, while one (Li-Ki) was compiled ftom his teach- ings by his disciples, and brought to ite present fbrm some centuries after him. The first (I-King, Book of Changes)…
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Congregatlo de atudliis diviziaB gratiss is the name given to a commission formed by pope Cle- ment Till in 1598, to examine Molina's (q. v.) book entitled Concordia Uberi ctrbiirU cum graka. This work had been the cause of great disputes between tlie Jesuits and the Dominicans, and it was hoped that the investigations…
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CONGREGATIOlir 474 CONGREGATION (I Kings ^, ,20), Jouh (2 Kingi zl, 19), Joaiah (2 Kings xzi, 2^, Jehoahas ^ Kings zxiii, 80), and Uz- ziah (2 Cbron. zxvi, 1). In the later periods of Jew- ish history the congregation was represented by the Sanhedrim; and the term synagogue (owayiayii), wliich in the Sept. is applie…
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TIOK. 8. The Congregation de Propagandd Fide, instxtoted by Gregory Xy in 1622, consists of 24 cardinals, oae of the secretaries of state, an apostolical protbcmotarj, a referendary, an assistant or lateral jndge, and the secretary of the Holy Office, See Pbopao aitda. 4. The Congregation <^the CouneU, for explaining…
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Wahsr Scott; 1844^ The Sacraments (Part I, Bap- tism), by Rev. Robert Halley, D.D. ; 1846, The Doc- trine of Original Sin, by Rev. George Payne, LL.D. ; 1847, The Revealed Doctrine of Rewards and Pun- ishments, by Rev. Richard Winter Hamilton, D.D., LL.D. ; 18^ The Ecclesiastical Polity of the New Testament unfolded, b…
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1. American CongregationalitU.— The Plymouth set- tlement was distinct in origin and government firom that of Bfassachusetts Bay, the Pilgrim settlers being distinctively known as **the Pilgrims.*' The perse- cutions under Laud led many Puritans to the resolu- tion to emigrate. Endicott and his company began the colony…
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CONGREQATIONALISTS 411 CONGREGATIONALISTS Axnong its important acts were a Declaration of Faith And s reTised Platform of Church Polity. Partial synods of importance have been held— of Massacha- aetts in 1662, which recommended the disastrons, and now long since abandoned '* Half-way Covenant,** by -vrliich baptised …
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BenevoiaU and Mmionary Qpentifums.—In the earli- est history of American Congregationalism efforts were directed to the conversion of the Indians, of which the work of John Eliot is the most noted. Later, when the country became settled westward, missionary societies, of which those of Connecticut were perhaps most imp…
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charged on us, Brmonimn^ and that idiidi is the eoft* tention of these times, the auikoritatufe Prttb$ttnd ffovemmeniy in all the subordinationa and prooeedingi of it." During the Conmionwealth they stood oo la improved footing, Cromwell being an Indepefidcat, with many of the men who overthrew the tyranny of Charles I…
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Dwigfat, and, later, Taylor, of New Haven, and Park, of Andover. While not all of these agree in all points, and while the later views are considered by many ministers and churches to be materially differ- ent from those of the elder Edwards, yet the Calvin- ism thus explained is wide-spread. The great prob- lem ^ this…
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'*Thus recognising the unity of the Church of Christ in all the world, and knowing that we are but one branch of Christ's people, while adhering to our peculiar faith and order, we extend to all believers the hand of Christian fellowship upon the basis of those great fundamental truths in which all Christians should ag…
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CONGREGATIONALISTS 481 CONGREGATIONALISTS «8i ought to contfame, and thej mdyise may Church to liich he may apply to receiye him. A Church may Bcome erroneous in doctrine, or scandalous by its con- act, and no power can reverse its actions ; but inas- inch as the scandalous conduct injures all the church- B, they have…
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Customs and Usages. — Persons desiring approbation to preach apply, for convenience and fitness, to local associations of ministers, who receive his credentials of Chorch membership and of theological study, ex- amine him as to his religions experience, his doc- trinal views, his knowledge of scriptural learning, and h…
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Institutions or Leabnino. — United Stakt^k large number of academies are controlled bj Coagr^ gationalists, but no record has ever been made. 0^ colleges, though none are conducted on any exdwi principle, or require any denominatlcmal test, tbeCe- gregationalists control Bowdoin, Dartmooth, Yermsa University, Middlebui…
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dples and usages are. The volumes of the Cbngrega- ^onal Quarterly (Boston) also contain careful discus- sions on the several points of polity as well as history, and furnish full statistics. The English Fsor-ioai fhr- mishes such statistics as are collected in Great Britahi. Congregatloiiiats, or Apostolical Congre- g…
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Consalvi, Ebcolb, marquis of Consalvi, a cardi- nal, and one of the ableM diplomatic agents of Rome in the present century, was born at Rome, June 8, 1757. Pius VI appointed him in 1792 to the office of Uditore deUa sacra rttota, and afterwards minister of war. In this capacity he showed himself a steady en- emy of the…
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The New Testament also ftimishes us with exam- pies of consecration. Christians in general are es- teemed as consecrated to the Lord, and are a holy race, a chosen people (1 Pet. ii, 9). Ministers are in a peculiar manner consecrated or set apart, and so are places of worship, the forms of dedication varying ac- cordin…
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* Ecoe Cracifl algnmn, fugtant phantaBinata cuncta !' On the admission of the bishop and clergy into the church, the Veni Creator is sung. Then one of the sub- deacons takes ashes, and sprinkles them on the pave- ment in the form of a cross ; next follow the litanies and other parts of divine service. After which the …
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8. The lower Church courts in the Gerwsan and Bb- formed Dutch churches in America are also called am- sistories. — Herzog, Real-EncyUop. iii, 180 ; Wetxer a. Welte, jrtrcAe»-Z.«a;tibon,ii, 822; Constitution of As Bt- formed Dutch Church, ch. ii, art. iL Consociation. See Cokobeoatiosalhts. Consolamentom. See Cathabi…
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against the Picts in North Britain. Constantius died at York, July 25, 306, having proclaimed his son Con- stantine his successor. The Roman soldiers, in the Praetorium at York, procbdmed Constantine emperor. He now wrote a conciliatory letter to Galerius, and re- quested to be acknowledged as Augustus. Galerius, howev…
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Constantine, Pope (708-716), a native of Syria, succeeded Sisinnius in 708. He visited Constantino- ple and Nicomedia, where he was received with great honor by the emperor Justinian the younger. After his return to Rome he defended the worship of im- ages against John, patriarch of Constantinople, and against PhUippic…
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CONSTANTINOPLE 489 CONSTANTINOPLE ten a yearly tribute of 10,000 dacats. In 1458 the Turks took the ctty by asunlt, after a siege of forty days. In this siege the Torks liad several cannon of three and four feet calibre. 8. Under th« TVrJbt.— For the space of three days af- ter the taking of the city it was given u…
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III. The Modem or Turkish C»<y.— With Christian nations the city retains its Greek name, Constantino- ple. The Turks call it Siamboul, or Istamboul; also Assitana, The beauty of situation of the city is world-renowned. Each of the seven hills is crowned by a mosque, with its tall slender minarets. The rich profusion of…
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lY . Tke Environs of ConstanHmople. — (a) ffooft, above Stamboul, on the Golden Horn, is the most sa- cred spot in Turkey. Eyoub was the standard-beanv of the Prophet, and perished in the first attach m Constantinople by the Saracens (668). His body was miraculously discovered by Mahomet II (1458^ vbe built here the mo…
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II. Particular 3ynods,—The most important of the particular synods are : 1. and 2. In 886 and 889, two Arian synods, under the leadership of Eusebius of Ni- oomedia. The former deposed and excommunicated Marcellus of Ancyra ; the latter deposed and expelled bishop Paulns, of Onstantinople, and appointed Euse- bius his …
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From the conquest of Constantinople by the Latins in 1204 until the reconqnest of the dty by the Greeks in 1261, there was a Latin patriarch in Constantino- ple, to whom the pope assigned the highest place in the Church next to himself. Since the destruction of the Byzantine empire the title of patriarch has been given…
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Contemplation. See Mrsncs. Contentment (avrapKua,! Tim. vi, 6; ^'snffi- ciency,'* 2 Cor. ix, 8) is a disposition of mind in whkfa our desires are confined to what we enjoy withovt mar- muring at our lot, or wishing ardently for more. It stands opposed to envy (James iii, 16); to avarice (Heb. xiii, 5) ; to pride and a…
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Contritioii, in the Roman Catholic theology, is perfect or thorough repentance (contritio cordis)^ as distinguished from aOriHon, or imperfect repentance, which is not adequate to justification without pen- ance (see Attbition for a fuller statement). The Council of Trent makes contrition part of the matter of the sacr…
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Conventuals, (1.) Monks or clerical knights who are members of a convent, and have the right of voting at the meetings (coroos^im). See Convent. (2.) Monks in general, in opposition to hermits. (3.) In several orders, especially the mendicant. Conventuals is a name for those congregations which follow a mitigated rule …
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CONVERSION 405 CONVOCATION ed^' when they ahandon paganlBm or nnheliefl and embraOB the Christian fidth ; and men in general are pToperiy said to be " converted*' when they are brought to a change of life through the influence of dirine Spraca upon the soul. Specifically, then, conversion may be said to be ' ' that…
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I synagogue service. The Sept. treats it as an a4jeo- I tive (cXi|r6ct i^ucXi/roc ; ccUled) ; but there can be no doubt that the A.Y. is correct in its rendering (Smith, s. v.). See CoMOBsaATioN. Like the Greek vavii- yvptc or mass-meeting (Smith's Did. qfClau. Aniiq, s. V. PanegyrisX it signifies "a meeting or solemn …
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England is divided into the tvro provinces of Can- terbnry and York, and by the term Convocation is meant the synod or provincial council of those prov- inces. There are, thereforOi two convocations, each independent of the other; bat instances have flre- qnently occurred in which they have acted together by mutual con…
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July 18, J756. He published several works, the most important of which are, A Defense of Revealed HeSgim I against the Exceptions o^£Tindal's] Christiamiiy as (Mi I as the Creation (Lond. 1782, 8vo) i— Sermons (London, ! 1757, 2 vols. 8vo).— Darling, CycL BibL s. v. I Conybeare, 'William Daniel, dean of LlaB> daff…
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broth being used with unleavened bread, and butter (Gen. xviii, 8) as a sauce for dipping morsels of bread into (Burokhardt, Notes, i, 63). Sometimes the meat was so highly spiced that its flavor could hardly be distin- guished : such dishes were called &'^)39I3^, matammim' (Gen. xxvii, 4 ; Prov. xxiii, 8). There is a …
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Cookman, George 6., one of the most distin- guished orators of the American pulpit, was bora a 1800, at Hull, England. His &ther, a man of vub and position, was a Wesleyan local preacher, and ^^ his children a thorough religious training and s ast- fhl academical education. In early yonth Cookimx gave promise of his po…
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Cooper, Thomaa, a Methodist Episcopiil minis- ter, was bom at Maidstone, Eng., in 1819 ; emigrated to America while young; was converted at Mount Vernon, Ohio, while a boy ; studied with success at the Norwalk seminary under Dr. Thomson, and en- tered the itinerancy in 1842. As an agent of the Ohio ^esleyan University,…
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Coping (also called capping), a course of stones, either flat or sloping, to throw off the water, especially used in the end walls of Gothic edifices. COPING (nca, te'phack, a hand^breadih; Sept rd yiioa) occurs in 1 Kings vii, 9, as an architectural term for the corbiU (mutul^ or projecting stones in a wall on which …
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COPPERSMITH 601 COPTIC LANGUAGE Spaniards, were in possession of tempered implements >f copper, and had the means of smelting, refininf?, md forging this metaL They were also able to hard- m it by aSloying. "The metal nsed for this latter purpose was tin; and the varioos Peruvian articles subjected to analysb are fo…
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Coptic Liturgy. See Liturot. Coptic Version. See Eotptian Versions. Copts, a denomination of Monopbysite Christians in Egypt Some writers derive the name from Coptos, \ once a great city in Upper Egypt (Wilkins; Pococke), ' but it is generally taken as an abbreviation of the word AiyvjTTOC. The native Christians of E…
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COR 603 CORAL H> xnanj beads being used for the porpoee. This seiv vioe may be gone through while a person is walking, yr riding, or pursaing any ordinary employment. IT. Pruaa Condiiion and EccUsituHoai Staiistics,— In some parts of Upper Egypt there are still villages escclusively inhabited by Copts, and in every…
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CORBAN 504 CORBEL 1. 8tem of Coral 2. Pwt enlaiiged to show the Zoophyte. minute pol7i>e8 with eight tentacles. It is found at- tached to the rocks at considerable depths, as fix>m 20 to 120 fathoms. The demand for it has given rise to a fishery of some importance, about 180 boats being employed in it on the coast …
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Theophrastus, quoted by Josephus {Ap. i^ 23), no- tices the system, miscalling it a Pboenician ciistc»L but in naming the word eorhan identifies it with Ji^- ism. Josephus {War, ii, 9, 4) calls the treasury in which offerings for the Temple or its services were de^ posited, Kop^vaq, corhanat; and Matthew (xxvii, €) use…
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ineaiuring4me (hence also region), snare (Psa. cxl, 6), and bridle. In Mic ii, 6, it signifies ** portion" (as it is fluently rendered elsewhere); and the phrase **ca8t a cord" denotes a change of inheritance, as in yer. 4. The same word has the seoondary sense of a band of men (1 Sam. x, 6, 10), and destruction (Mic. …
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Cordeliers, a name given to the Franciscans (q. V.) in France. The name b said to have originated in the war of St. Louis against the Infidels, in which the friars having repulsed the barbarians, and the king having inquired their name, it was answered they were people cordelUs, that is, tied with ropes. See Fban- CIS…
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CORE^ 607 CORINTH on board an American vessel, which ran aground in one of the rivers of Corea, when the natives, consider- ing the people on board as pirates and enemies, cap- tared and beheaded them. — ^Wetzer u. Welte, Kirchen- Lex. xii, 254 sq. ; Annual Ameriean Cydop.for 1866, p. 258; Tht Christian Tear-book (L…
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CORINTH 508 CORINTH Corinfch restored, u rieired firam the Acrocorinthns. s^ate, barbarously destroyed that beaatifiil town (Cicero, Verr. i, 21), eminent even in Greece for paint- ing, sculptare, and all working in metal and pottery ; and, as the territory was given over to the Sicyonians (Strabo, 1. c), we must i…
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Plan of Corinth. A. leroeofiathoi. C. LeehaeafD. B. OoriBth. I, I. Long WaUa. emment, although taken and retaken more than once during the war. Corinth is still an episcopal see. The cathedral church of St. Nicholas, "a very mean place for such an ecclesiastical dignity," used in Turkbh times to be in the Acrocorint…
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The few facts supplied to us by the Acts of the Aposties, and the notices in the epistie, appear to te as follows : The Corinthian church was planted by tic apostie himself (1 Cor. iii, 6) in his secood misaooan journey, after his departure fh)m Athens (Acts xvE, 1 sq.). He abode in the city a year and a half (ek. xvii…
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leads, not unnaturally, to a digression on the manner in which he waved his apostolic privileges and perform- ed his apostolic duties (ch. ix). He then reverts to and concludes the subject of the use of things offered to idols (ch. x-xi, 1), and passes onward to reprove his con- verts for their behavior in the assembli…
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CORINTHIANS, Second Epistle to the. 1. We have seen above that, when writing his first epistle to the Corinthians, Paul expected shortly to visit them, and had indeed formed a detailed plan of the journey. But we may safely infer from 2 Cor. i, 16, 16, 23, that Paul had not been at Corinth between the writing of the fi…
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Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.