PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 2
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,214,832 words · 1184 reading sections
Section 301
It appears, therefore, that the s3rmbolic figure whidi the Hebrew generically designates as a chentb, was a composite creature-form, that finds a parallel in the re- ligious insignia.of Assyria, Egypt, and Persia, e. g. tiis sphinx, the winged bulls and lions of Nineveh, etc, a general prevalence which prevents the nec…
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CHERUBIM 238 CHERUBIM indicate the nniyene as composed of four elements or four qu&rters. The four traditional (?) standards of the quadrilateral Israelite encampment (Num. ii), the Ibn of Judah, the man of Reuben, the eagle of Dan, the ox of Ephraim, are far too uncertain to be relied upon. Their eyes represent uni…
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It is evident that the interpretation of the symbol must be as variable as the B3rmbol itself and we shall accordingly find that no <«^ explanation of the cher- ubim can be accepted as adequn^ but that the beat of the various explanations contain elements of truth which melt and fade into each other, and are each tnu u…
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VI. It is important to observe the extraordinary re- aemblance of the cherubim, as described in Scripture, to the symbdical religious foncies of heathen nitons. U is not trae, in any eenee, to say, with Kurz, that the ommal character is tar more predominant in the em- blems of heathen pantheism. Even if we concede (whi…
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CHESALOK 240 CHESTNUT M<Leod, Cherubim md (he Apoealypm (London, 1856) ; Anon. AnffeUf Cherubim, etc. (Lond. 1861). See Sbb- APHIM. Ches'alon (Heb. Keukn', V*^^??* P^'^^ ^' ^^'^fi' dence; Sept. XacroAiuv v. r. XacrXctfv), a place named as one of the landmarks on the west part of the north boundary of Jadah, beyond…
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Cheetnut-TBEE ("|iQ*l9, arwMn' ; Chald. 2^^^, Sept. TrXdravoc [but in fizek. i\dTti\ Vulg.ptoanttt), mentioned among the "speckled rods*' which Jacob placed in the watering-troughs before the sheep (Gen. XXX, 87): its grandeur is indicated in Exek. xxxi, 8 (as well as in Ecclus. xxiv, 19), as one of the trees to which …
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Branch of the Plane-tree. that the tree was known and cultivated in that country before the chancellor was bom. The Platamu Orim- talis, or plane of Palestine and of classical antiquity, must not be oonfbunded with the plane-tree common- ly so called in Scotland and England. This last is a maple, Acer pseudo-pkUanus, …
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Chichester, an ancient dty of Sussex, England, the see of a bishop. It was a Roman station. The present cathedral was built in the 13th century; it is 407 feet long, 150 wide, with a tower and si^re 3<M) feet high. The diocese comprises nearly the whole of Sw- sex, with a total population, in 1861, of S6a,785. It has 1…
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^ i: John iv, 7). They spent their time in learning <^M« doBwstIc and other arts, which are befitting a n't ritnation and character, until they arrived at that period in life when they were to be sold, or, by a better fortune, given away in marriage (Prov. xxxi, 13 ; 2 Sam. xiii, 7). The daughters of such as possess-…
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CHILD OF GOD. The terms "child," "chO. dren," '*babe," etc., are used in the N.T. in the fol- lowing senses : I. PiychobgicaU^ these terms are used to denote a state of ignorance and of intellectual narrowness or darkness (Matt, xi, 16; Luke vii, 82; 1 Cor. xiii, 11 " When I was a child, I spake as a child, I understo…
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Childermaa. See Inkocents' Dat. Children, Church Membebshif of. See Ihfakt Church Membbbship. Children, Coiafumoir of. See Iiifa3it Cox- MUKION. Childs, JoHir Wbslet, a minister of the Metho- dist Episcopal Church South, was bom in Calvert Co., Md., in 1800. In 1814 he went to Richmond, Va., where he was employed a…
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Chiliaroh (x(Xiaf>xoc, oapUdn of a thousand; A. V."high captain," Mark vi, 21; "captain," John xviii, 12 ; Rev. xlx, 18 ; elsewhere *' chief captain**), a mflitaiy title occurring fVequently in the (Greek) New Test, in the following senses. See Abut. 1. As a general state officer (Mark vi, 21; Acts xxv, 28; Rev. vi, 15…
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The result of his remarkable proficiency in "wran- gling" is stated by liis friend Lord Clarendon (^His- tory of the RebflUon) to have been that *' Chillingworth had contracted such an irresolution and habit of doubt- ing, that at last he was confident of nothing." TU- lotson styled him "thelmcomparable Chillingworth;"…
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and impartial Judgment ; and those who have resided long in the country, and know them well, have ar- rived at very different conclusions. M. Hue asserts that they are * destitute of religious feeling and be- liefs,' * skeptical and indifferent to everything that concerns the moral side of man,' * their whole lives but…
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opened to misukmirias, a great part of tiioBe raierred to in the foregoing calffulation labored at other placet on the coast, south of China— as Malarira, Singapoffg, and Batavi»--where the climate is warmer and unwholesome than in China. From these we think ourselves justified in saying that tlie in regard to the nnwh…
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There is very little known among the common people about these divinities, and they are very seldom wnraishipped by them. Tanist, priests of both classes universally worship the Three Pure Ones" (Doolitae, Social Ufr of the CMnem, i, 249). 4. BvddhcL— The third religion of Chma is that of Fo, or Buddha, introduce…
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Aside from the three above-named religions, there has lately appeared another, the Tai-ping, whidi Is a mixture of the ancient religion with some fragments of Christian doctrine made known by the missionaries. This religion is purely tiieocratic, partly on the model of the 0. T. It holds that its God is the only true o…
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American Treaty^ Article 29. "The principles of the Christian religion, as professed by the Protestant and Roman Catholic churches, are recognised as teadung men to do good, to do to others as they woold have CHINA 251 CHINA otlwrt to do to them. Hereafter, thoee who quietly profess and teach these doctrines shall …
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2. Romtm Catholic Mi$$wnt.~^l.') The fint period in the history of Roman Catholic missions in China was intrc^nced by the labors of Johannes de Monte Corvino, who entered India in 1291, and after meeting with great opposition, not only Anom the pagans, but also from the Nestorians, was so successful in his la- bors tha…
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8. ProUstani 3futi(mt,^The first Protestant mission was undertaken by the London Missionary Society, which in 1807 sent the Rev. Robert Morrison to Can- ton, principally for the object of translating the holy Scriptures into Chinese. He was appointed (in 1808) translator of the East India Company's fkctory, with a sala…
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**Tbe mission of the Methodist Episcopal Church was established in the foil of 1847. ' It has had an average number of four or five fSunilies. In 1867 it baptized tiM first convert in connection with its labors. In Au- gust, 1866, a brick church, called tfie * Church of the True God,' the first substantial church build…
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IV. Z4^a6<re.— Pierer, Utdversal-Lexihon, iv, 1-80 ; GQtzlaff (missionary in China), Hitlory of China (Can- ton, 1833 ; translated into German, and continued by Neumann, Stuttgardt, 1847) ; Ah^\ Residence m Chma (1880-83, 12mo) ; Thornton, irMtoi;yo/*C%ma (London, 1844) ; Geschichte der kcUhoUechen Missionen im KaUer- …
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CmSLEU 255 CHIITIM In tiie accoant of Herod's voyage to join Maicns Agrip- pa in the Black Sea, we are told (Josephns, Ani. xvi, 2, 2) that, after passing by Rhodes and Cos, he was detained some time by north winds at Chios, and sailed on to Mitylene when the winds became more fiavora- ble. It appears that during th…
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Chisaon (Heb. Kidon% "jibQlD, confidence; Sept XaoXuw), the father of Elidad, which latter was one of the princes of Benjamin, selected on the part of that tribe by Jehovah to divide Canaan (Num. xxxiv, 21). B.C. ante 1618. ChiB'loth-ta'bor (Hebrew Kisloth' Tabor", n'bDS *nhPl, ,/fcmii of Tabor; Sept Xa<raXw^^a/3a)p v…
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quite distinct fhm the Hellenic fanmcfa (Knobel, FSE- kertafd, p. 95 sq.). Hengstenberg has lately oideav. ored {HisL of Balaam, p. 500) to prove that in every passage in the Old Testament where the word oocns it means Cyprus, or the Cyprians. The most probable view, however, is that expressed by Kitto : ** Chittim se…
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Similar bodies of singers attended the religious ob- servances of nearly all nations of antiquity. In the Jewish worship they were specially prominent after die time of David, being composed at times of 4000 smgers and 288 leaders. 1. In the development of the ritual in the Christian cfanrcbes, the body of singers rec…
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. (Josh. XV, 42; xix, 7). Chora^zln (Jiio^Z,iv v. r. Xopal^tiv, Xopo^atv, and < Xutpa^iv), one of the cities (irSXu^) in which our Lord's mighty works were done, but named only in his de- . nunciation (Matt, xi, 21; Luke x, 18; see Scherzer, I Salvatoris oraculum, Vcb tibi ChorazMj Lips. 1710), in I connection wi…
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Chorus. See Ghoib. Chosanm^QS (Xoffafuuoc), a name given in the Apocrypha (1 Esdr. ix, 82) ^yparently as a somame or epithet of one Simon, in the list of " Temple se^ vants" retamed fhun the Gaptivity ; bat noching cor- responding to either name appears in the Hebrew text (Ezra H, 47). Chosen (prop. ^W^ backmr^f ixXc…
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Chrism (from xp^trfm^ oil, unction), consecrated oil, used in the Roman and Eastern churches in the rites of baptism, confirmation, ordination, and extreme unc- tion. 1. Origin of the Utage.-^In the N. T. the word is ^tted metaphorically for the grace of the Spirit ; e. g. Mn xi, 20, Te have an unction {xpiopui)from t…
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Christ (XpiarSci anomted, a Greek translation of the Heb. n*^ip^, Mestiah^ and so used in the Sept.), the official title of our Saviour (occurring first in 2 Esdr. Tii, 29, and constantly in the New Test.), as hav- ing been consecrated to his redemptive work by the baptism at Jordan, the descent of the Holy Spirit and …
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e. Daniel is the only other of the prophets who uses the appellation " the Anointed One" in reference to the Great Deliverer, and he plainly represents him as not only a prince, but also a high-priest, an expiator of guilt " Seventy weeks are determined upon thy peo- ple and upon thy holy city, to punish the transgress…
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(2.) While the statement " Jesus is the Christ" is thus materially equivalent to the statement " all that is said of the Great Deliverer in the Old Testament Scriptures is true of Him," it brings more directiy be- fore our mind those truths respecting him which the appellation "the Anointed One" naturally suggests. He …
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eaoe to him or hy him may be viewttd as indaded in thia spades of anointiiig, espedally the risible descent of Uie Spirit on him in his baptism. 4. These statements, with regard to the import of the appellation " the Christ," show ns how we are to understand the statement of tlie apostle John. ** Who- sosTer believes …
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The figure of the Good Shepherd, usually a beard- less youth not over twenty years of age, with lon^ curly hair and a Joyful countenance, gave the most usual tjrpe of the personal figure of Christ, when rep- resented on the sarcophagi and in some of the frescoes of the Catacombs. Many of these sarcophagi are now in the…
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Images of Christ, claimed by the Bomanists to be of miraculous origin, are preserved in several churches in Italy and the Orient. Most of them are really of Byzantine origin, and probably dated from between the tenth and twelfth centuries. The power of work- ing miracles is ascribed to these images ! One of the most no…
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II. Biblical View,— -The prophecies of the 0. T. des- ignate the Redeemer as the perfect and model proph' ftj as the servant of God to whom the attributes of prophecy, priesthood, and royalty alike belonK ; as the Idt^tf seed of David, or the second, perfect David ; and finally as the priest4anff. He, moreover, in spir…
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Solomon also was aware that the prediction of Ks- than would not have its final fulfilment in his mate- rial temple (1 Kings viii, 26-27). After the death of Solomon, prophecy pointed m^e and more directiy towards a certain, particular, future descendant of Da- vid, entirely distinct fh»m his then existing posterity (c…
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FfaiaUy, redemption by Christ is best understood under this threefold aspect of his entire work. He who in his own person was the revelation of God, the Xoyoc of God to man, has by word and action, and bj his advent, revealed to man, in his state of error, ignorance, and sin, the law of God to man, and the mercy of God…
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2. At the Council of Chalcedon (A.D. 451) the doc- trine of Christ's true yet sinless manhood was formn- lised in the words, " truly man, with a rational soul and body of like essence with us as to his manliood, and in all things like us, sin excepted ;" and there lias not since been any change within the accepted Chri…
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We bold, then, that our Saviour, in his humanity, was, in both these senses, rinless; at first relatively, just as Adam before his fell, with a perfectly humsn nature to which the liability to teaiptati<m must be conceded ; otherwise no trne manhood could have ex- isted, no true example fer our race could have been pre…
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The New-Testament writings bear unequivocal and harmonious teslamony to the truth of this doctrine^ Christ is described in them as the Holy One, the Just and Righteous (Acts fii, 14; xxii, 14; 1 Pet. iii, 18; 1 John ii, 1, 29 ; ill, 7) ; as tempted '*like as we are, yet without sin" (Heb. iv, 16) ; as our example ** w…
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Christ, Order of; Kniohts op the. After the abolition of the order of Knights Templars, in 1812, king Dionysius of Portugal left to such as resided in his dominions a large share of their estates, and in 1317 reconstituted them into a new spiritual order of " Knights of Christ." It was sanctioned by Pope John XXII on c…
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America..., Kurope.... Asia Africa Australasia, Polynesia. . ToUl PopnUtioB. 78,800,000 987,000,000 798,600,000 188,000,000 8,800,000 1,860,200,000 42,700,000 140,200,000 4,800,000 1,100,000 400,000 189,000,000 Protwtanu Ckrtett. 27,500,000 67,900,000 700.000 700,000 1,000,000 :o,^sooo «74,20Q.M 12…
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" It appears that, by a widely prevalent error, the Christians were generally called Chrettiani(Xf}rj(mavoi, Sneton. Nero, 16 ; Claud. 25) and their founder Chres- ttu (q. d. xp^<rr6gt exceUenf), a mistake which is very easily accounted for (Lactant. Inttit. Div, iv, 7), and one which the Christians were the less incli…
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Christians wen omelly perseented, and Stophqi w« stoned and became the first martyr. But cne of tfe leading instigatcnrs of the persecution, Saul c£ Tbibm, was soon converted in a miracnloos msuuier, aad is- tablished new churches, not only amoos tiie Jews k a great many provinoes of the Roman empire, Int il» among the…
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The Hoceacm constitution gradually developed itself^ the congregations in villages and smaller places seek- ing a connection with the bishops of the town. Of a regular metropoUtan constitution, only the first begin- nmg is found during this period, but the bishops of Borne, Alexandria, and Antioch were already regarded…
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IV. From Gregory VII to tMe Reformation (1078- 1617).— The oppression of Christianity by the Turks called forth the crusades against the Saracens (1096- 1246), in order to deliver the Holy Land. See Cbu- SADES. Palestine was conquered and held for a short time, and several orders of Christian knights were es- tablished…
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CHMSnANITT 273 CHKISTIANS Europe, in which the Bomiin Chorch is recognised as a state religion, and the pope, is regulated by Concor- Tlfee Protestants in course of time formed a number of different denominations, among which two main tendencies are to be distinguished, viz. the Lutheran and the Befonned Churches. …
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The three bodies thus separately organized were finally brought into one society, adopting the common name ** Christians." They have become quite numer- ous. At the Quadrennial General Conforenoe of this de^ nomination held at Marshall, Michigan, on October 2, 1866, and the following days, the following 40 Annual Conf…
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Abt. VIII. The Executive Board shall consist of the Pna^ dent and the six Secretaries above named, whose daty it sfe^ be to carry out any meastire determined ob by tbe Convo- tion, and any other measure which it may deem neccsssry and proper ; and »uch Secretaiy shall, not less than (»e B»ec& prior to every regular mee…
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Christiaiui of St. Thomas. This name is now- applied only to a people residing on the Malabar coast, in the sontii of India. But in former centuries St. Thomas Christians were mentioned also in other East- em countries ; thus Cosmas Indicopleustes found them in Arabia before 585. The accounts of the Portu- guese naviga…
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Chriatmas, the day (December 25th) which is ceU ebratofltbroughout nearly the whole of Christendom as the bir^day of our Saviour. " It is occupied, there- fore, with the event — the incarnation — which forms the centre and turning-point of the history of the world. .It is, of all the festivals, the one most thor^ oughl…
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CHRIST0L06Y 277 CHRISTOLOGT vml was alwajs celebrated on December 25th is a sub- ject of dispute. It was not till the sixth century that the whole Christian world concurred in celebrating the nativity on the same day. As to the question of the date of Christ's birth, see Natiyitt. Christmas day is observed by neari…
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CHRISTOLOGT 278 CHRISTOLOGY It is easy also to see that, in point of ikct, all lies in the question whether such a Christ as dwells, if not always in the words, yet ever in the mind of the Chnrch — one in whom the perfect personal union of the divine and human appeared historically — he nec- essary and actnaL For le…
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into being through the power of the Holy Gboat (L^ike I i, 36), because he is conceived by the power of the Holy I Ghost (Matt, i, 20), and so is from a divine essence, he has the name Son of God (Luke i, 86, 82) ; God teiih us (Matt.i,83); God has in him redeemed his people (Luke ii, 11), yea, all mankind (Luke ii, 14…
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2. Join's Gospel. — Here it is not necessary to dilate as with regard to the Synoptical Grospels, inasmuch as in St. John the Christological doctrine- takes a more definite, if not more scientific form, and its teaching is not matter of dispute, at least to the same extent. John's Gospel teaches the pre-existence of Ch…
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On the Christology of the N. T., see, besides the works already cited, Gess, Lehre von der Person Christi (Basel, 1866, 8vo) ; Sadler, Emmanuel (Lond. 1867, 8vo, especially ch. 1); Schaff; Apostolic Church, § 148; Goodwin, Christ the Mediator (Plymouth, 1819, 8vo); Hooker, Ecdes. Polity, bk. v, 61 ; Waterland's Works (…
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The same doctrine is set forth in a more condensed fbrm in the second part of the so-called Athanaslan Creed, which originated probably in the school of Au- gustine during the fifth century, and is the third of the QBCumenicfid symbols : ^^ Furthermore, it is necessary to ereriastlng ealvation that we beliere also rig…
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(a) .The doctrine of the eonmumcatio idiomahm, the communication of attributes or properties of one na- ture to the other or to the whole person. The begin- ning of it may be Ibund in Cjrril of Alexandria and John of Damascus ; but it has been much more fhlly Awfoped by the Lutheran Church in the interest of W peculiar…
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These modem inquiries, however, earnest, profound, and valuable as they are, have not yet led to definite and generally-accepted results. English and Amer- ican theology have not been affected by them to any considerable extent; Dr. Shedd, in his able though in- complete History of Christian Doctrine^ even ignores them…
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Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.