PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 3
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,405,961 words · 1366 reading sections
Section 601
The Scholastics generally recognised the distinction (hinted bj' Augustine) between objective and subjec- tive faith (fides qua creditur and lides fium creditur), and also distinguished between developed {expHcitii) and undeveloped {imjdicita) faith (Aquinas, Summa, ii, qu. 1, art. 7). But in all the scholastic period,…
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the other. It could not, consequently, concede to any species of human agenc}*, however excellent, a piacu- lar and atoning efficacy. Hence we find none of that supplementary or perfecting of the worli of Christ by the work of the creature which is found in the papal soteriolog}'. And this applies to the highest of act…
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The passages from the several Confessions will be given more full}' in the art. Justification; we cite here a few. Augdiurg Confession. — "Men are justi- fied freely for Christ's sake through faith when they believe that tliey are received into favor, and their sins are remitted for Christ's sake; tliis faith doth God …
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FAITH 459 FAITH the seat of faith, as Bellarmine cxpresslj' puts it in his contrast between the Protestant and the Konian ideas of faitli: "ha3retici Mem frhiciam esse deliniunt; Ca- tholic! lidem in intelltctu sedeni habere volunt" (De Just/f. i, 4). How thorouglily extenial a thing this faith may become in practic…
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2. Divisions of Failh.- — Faith is divided by the theo- logians mio fides hislorica andfdes saliifica, (historical faitli and saving faith). The former is intellectual knowledge and belief of the Christian doctrine; the lat- ter a genuine appropriation of the merits of Chrii-t unto salvation. True faith embraces both. …
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want of power is felt, not to credit the truth of the sacrifice of Christ, or its merits, or its sufficiency, but a want of power to trust wholly, and with confidence, in it, as to the issue. It is then that, like the disci- ples, and all good men in all ages, every man in these circumstances prays for faith ; for this…
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gracious scheme, and that nothing else should If for our jiis/ijicatio7i it be essential, and sufficient, that we be united to Christ — one with Christ— found in Chiist — does not the act whereby we take him for our de- fence against that wrath which we feel that we have earned — whereb}', abjuring all self-dependence…
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(I.) The Protistant Doct}ine.—l. One of the chief doc- trinal elements of the Reformation was the sufficiency of Scripture for faith and salvation. Wicklifle, indeed, anticipated the Reformation in asserting the authority of Scripture. "When we truly believe in Christ," he says, "the authoritj' of Holy Writ is greater …
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other, that not only the learned, but the unlearned, in a due use of the ordinary means, may attain unto a sufficient understanding of them." Church of Eng- land, art. vi (vth of the Methodist Episcopal Cliurch): " Holy Scripture containeth all things necessary- to salvation ; so that whatsoever is not read therein, no…
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(III.) The new Anglican Doctrine. — The so-called Tractarian party in the Church of England adopted, almost at its first beginning in Oxford, in substance, the Romanist theory of the rule of faith ; so, e. g. ^^ Tracts for the Times'" (No. 70): "Catholic tradition teaches revealed truth. Scripture proves it : Scripture…
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FAITH, RULE OF 464 FAITH AND REASON Church writers. According to the Protestant view, the tireek and Roman doctrine of the rule of faith takes awaj' Clirist, and jnits an ecclesiastical corpora- tion in his place. Bnt Trotcstantism does not den}' the value of tradition in transmitting Christian doc- trine : its valu…
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In other times, attempts, more or less unsuccessful, have been made to restore natural amity between these embittered adversaries. The Euhemerism of the Greeks was an effort to explain the legendarj' su- perstitions of Greece so as to render them acceptable to the enlightened doubts of Hellenic philosophy. See EuiiEMER…
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pect of final accordance ; if there is not, the antipathies are ineradicable and immedicable. The conditions under which the question presents itself are thus, the determination of the nature of the contending parties ; the detection of any agreement in their intrinsic character ; and the discernment of the causes of …
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But, though these things be thus disparate in their ordinary and in their ultimate manifestations, the}' are identical in their foundations and in their point of de- parture. It has been stated already that scientific rea- soning proceeds by way of deduction or of induction. Deduction, however, proceeds from premises w…
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But, though religion and science are intimately united in the cradle liy participation in faith and in the works of faith, their development follows along widely divergent lines. Religion proceeds on its sa- cred mission accompanied, supported, and guided by faith throughout the whole journey, and calls in the aid of r…
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1. History. — Wo find no religious devotees of this kind among the IMohammedans earlier than the 13th century after Christ, though the origin of Hindoo fakir- ism is by some writers referred back to Sakyamuni. See Buddhism. But a satisfactory explanation of the ori- gin of fakirism may be found in that perverted human …
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chins in pits, and thus remained for daj's ; others have imprisoned themselves for life in iron cages ; one has had his cheeks and tongue pierced with a sharp iron, kept in its place by another passing under the chin ; another would drag along a heavy chain, one link of which passed through the tenderest part of the bo…
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Falcandus, Hugo, a distinguished historian, lived in the r2th century. According to tlie Benedictine authors of the work L' Art de Verifier les Dutes, he was a native of France (his original name being Fulcan- dus or Foucault) ; accompanied his patron Stephen de la Pcrclie, archbishop of Palermo, and grand-uncle of kin…
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Falkner, Thomas, a missionary Jesuit, the son of an eminent surgeon at Manchester, England, was born at Manchester aljout 1710, and was bred to his father's profession. He visited Buenos Ayres, and falling ill there, was nursed by the Jesuits, and un- der the influence of their kindness was led to aban- don the Presbyt…
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FALL OF MAN" 471 FALL OF MAN ever, is not j-et solved why Moses has kept back the name of Satan. I willingly subscribe to the opinion of those who maintain that the H0I3' Spirit then pur- poselj' used obscure figures, because it was fitting that full and clear light should be reserved for the kingdom of Christ. In t…
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The interpretations of the serpent have been very- variant. Euscbius (Prccp. Evang. i, 10) sa3's that INlo- ses calls the evil spirit (iTovt]()o<2 daij.uov) bj' the name of "serpent," as he is "full of poison and malice." Adam Clarke (Commentary on Genesis, ch. iii) inter- jH'ets the word nuchish (rendered " serpent") …
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real sin itself must have arisen at some point at which "natural appetite passed into that stage of its prog- ress when, as St. James says, lust has conceived, and at which the sin thus conceived has quickened into mental transgression. This point, lost in the mj'stery which envelopes every beginning of existence, ment…
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The theological question of the connection between the sin of Adam and that of the whole human race will be treated under the articles Impitation ; Sin. For the specific loss of man 1))' the fall, in the theological sense, involving the difference between the Eoinan Catholic anthropology and the Protestant, sec Image O…
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FALL OF MAN 474 FALL OF MAN "that neither 'the ima<;e of God,' -vvhorein man was created, nor God's pronouncini^ everything ' very good,' prevents our believing that the fall was only the out- ward manifestation of a perversion of the will preced- ing the empirical life of man — the outgo of an evil al- ready presen…
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If we hold fast to this difference, the objection of Rothe will not hold : ' The religious-moral perfection of the first parents of our race would exclude all jisycholog- ical possibility of the fall.' But this possibility is ex- plained by the creation of man, who, as it were, stands out of God ; not holy and perfect …
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ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil.' After this jiroparation came the thought that the tree -was good for food, pleasant to look upon, and to be desired to make one wise. The sensual desire would now naturally start up, and the woman seduced became the seducer. The powers of the soul were corrupted be- fore the…
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Ou the eflects of the fall on nature, see Nature. Fallo'W-deer {"■'^tt}'^, yachmur'; Sept. i3oi'i3a\og [but liopicag in 1 Kings], Vulg. luhalus'), mentioned among the beasts that may be eaten in Deut. xiv, 5, and among the provisions for Solomon's table in 1 Kings iv, 23 [Hab. v, 3]. There are three animals of the Cer…
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False Prophet (xpivioTrpopiirijc, a psetido-proph- et}, i. e. one falsely professing to come as a prophet or ambassador from God, a false teacher (Matt, vii, 15; xxiv, 11, 24, etc. ; comp. Test, xii Pair. p. 614; Jose- phus. Ant. viii, 13, 1; x, 7, 3; War, vi, 5, 2). See Prophet. In Eev. xvi, 1.3, tlie term is distinct…
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Closely connected with this form of divination are the two following: (1.) "i3n, che^ber, a spell or en- chantment, by means of a cabalistic arrangement of certain words and implements (Deut. xviii, 11; Isa. xlvii, 9, 12), spoken also of serpent-charming (Psa- Iviii, G). See Charming ; Enchantment. (2.) Sor- cery (eith…
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was used with reference to slaves exclusively, and, an- alogicallj', to a sect of philosophers, or a body of gladi- ators." See Smith's Dictionary of Greek and lioman A ntiqiiities. The Christian family, on the contrary, is a commu- nion resting on an ethico-religious foundation, and forming tlie closest of all human …
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The Christian family includes also what heathen Eome called the famil}' in a subordinate sense — the scrran's. Their position, wherever the principles of Christian humanity prevail, is not one of slavery, but is a free moral relation, entered into bj' the consent of both parties, and giving each peculiar rights and dut…
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FAIVIINE 480 FAIillNE measure avert the calamity. The causes of dearth and famine in Egypt arc occasioned by defective in- undation, jireccded, and accompanied, and followed by prevalent castcrlj- and southerly winds. Both these winds dry up the earth, and the latter, keeping back the rain-clouds from the north, are…
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"But the most remarkable famine was that of the reign of the Fatimi Khalifeh, El-i\Iustansir billah, which is the only instance on record of one of seven years' duration in Egypt since the time of Jose])h (A.H. 457-464, A.D. 1061-1071). This famine exceeded in severity all others of modern times, and was aggrava- ted b…
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(2.) The word is sometimes improperly used to stig- matize such Christians as are " zealously affected in a good thing" (Gal. iv, 18). Its only legitimate applica- tion is to such as add to enthusiasm and zeal for the cause which they believe to be the cause of truth a hatred of those who are opposed to them, whether i…
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Fanino or Fannio, Faventino, a native of Fa- enza, in Italy, one of the tirst martyrs of the Refor- mation in Italy. The Scriptures in Italian (probably Bruccioli's version, 1532) fell into his hands, and he soon began to speak of the truth to his neighbors. Vv'hen the ecclesiastical authorities heard of his course the…
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In 1532, on his return from the Waldensian meet- ing, he came to Geneva, tlien full of religious strife. His first preaching was private, but it was too success- ful to be kept secret; and he was summoned liefore the episcopal council, at the time trembling for its au- thority, and therefore the more likely to be fever…
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Farfa, one of the three most celebrated Italian mon- asteries of the Middle Ages (Montecassino, Nonantula, and Farfa), situated on the little river Farfa, in Cen- tral Italy. It was in existence before the invasion of the Langobardians, by whom it was destroyed, togeth- er with a number of other monasteries. It was re-…
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Farm (ctypoq, elsewhere usually rendered " field"), a plot of arable land (Jiatt. xxii, 5). Moses, follow- ing tlic example of the Egyptians, made agriculture tlic basis of the Hebrew state. He accordingly ap- jiortioncd to every Hebrew a certain qaantity of land, and gave him the right of tilling it himself, and of tr…
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FARM 485 FARNOVIUS f.io power of condemning delinquents to the bastinado. This is shown by the paintings of the tombs, whieh frequently represent a person of consequence inspect- ing the tillage of the field, either seated in a chariot, walking, or leaning on his staff, accompanied by a fa- .. 4 2 ^ -^ '^'^u; Anc…
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Farne'worth, Ellis, an English divine, was born in the parish of Bonsall, Derbyshire, England, of which his father was rector, pursued his studies first at Chesterfield School, then at Eton, and then at Jesus College, Cambridge. In 1763 he was presented to the rectory of Carsington, in his native county, where he died …
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\ perial). In the former class there was no common piece smaller tlian the as, equivalent to the uaaapioi' I of the N. T. (above), but in the latter there were two common smaller jjieces, the one apparently the tjuarter of the uaaapwv, and the other its eighth, though the irregularity' with which they were struck make…
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whole of their ninth (lunar) month Ramadan (see D'Herbelot, BUjL Or. s. v.). (On this religious ob- servance among pagan nations, consult Meiners, Gesch. di-r Relig. ii, lb9 ; Lakemacher, Antic. Gvcec. iSacr. p. t)2G ; "Wachsmuth, Hellen. Alter/hum. ii, 237 ; Bottiger, Kunstmythol. i, 132.) See Asceticism. I. Jewish F…
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(1.) The fast of the fourth month. — Kept on the 17th of Tanimuz, to commemorate the making of the golden calf by the Jews, the breaking of the tables of the law by Moses (Exod. xxiv; comp. xxxiii, 3), the failure of the daily sacrifice for want of cattle during the siege, and the storming of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezza…
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Public fasts expresslj' on account of unseasonable weather and of famine may perhaps be traced in the first and second chapters of Joel. In later times they assumed great imi)ortance, and form tlie main subject of the treatise Taanith in the Mishna. The Sanhe- drim ordered general fasts when the nation was threat- ened…
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of the reason of this avoidance is expressly put — "Why do we (the disciples of John) and the Pharisees fast oft, but thj' disciples fiist not.'" Tlie answer shows the voluntary character of fasting in the Christian Church — "Can the children of the bridechamber iast?" It is true that a period is alluded to when these …
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I. Earlij Church. — Fasting and abstinence have been practised in the Christian Church from the begin- ning [see Abstinen'ck] as means of self-discipline. Where the ascetic spirit has prevailed, fasting has been used as a means of mortification and penance. See Asceticism ; Mortification ; Penance. In the N. T. fasting…
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By the Gth century fasting ceased to be a voluntary exercise ; for by the second Council of Orleans, A.D. 541, it was decreed that any one neglecting to ol serve the stated times of abstinence should be treated as an ofilxMider against the laws of the Churcli. In the 8th century it was regarded as meritorious, and the …
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In the Greek Church fasting is kept with great se- verity. There are four principal fasts. That of Lent, commencing according to the old style ; one, begin- ning in the week after Whitsuntide, and ending on June 29, so that it varies in length, and is called the Fast of the holj' Apostles ; one, for a fortnight before …
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always, not on particular days only. On this subject Christ says. Take heed to j'oursclves lest at any time your hearts be overcharged with surfeiting (Luke xxi, 34). Again, The devils are not cast out but by- fasting and prayer (Matt, xvii, 21). And Paul says, I keep under my body, and bring it into sulijection (1 Cor…
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prayer, as an assistance to it, he signifies that fasting is ()f no importance in itself anj' further than as it is directed to this end. Besides, from the direction which he gives in that place to husbands and wives, to ' ren- der to' each other 'due benevolence,' it is clear that he is not speaking of daily prayers, …
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In Scotland there is generally a yearly fast "ap- pointed b}' the kirk-session of the Established Church of the parish, or by concurrence of kirk-sessions in towns, but generallj' by use and wont fixed as to their date. The fast-day is always some day of the week preceding the Communion Sunday, or Sundaj- set apart in …
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The parts of the fat or suet of the victims which belong to God, and are especiallj' to 1 e a))piojiriated to the altar, are given in Exod. xxix, 13-22, and Lev- iii, 3-5, as follows : 1. The fat which covers the en- trails (""ijyrjTX nsr'cn :ipnn) = fc7ri'7rXoi'c, as Jo- sephus rightly has it {Ant. iii, 9, 2); the om…
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II. The conception of fate wliich underlies all theo- ries of fatalism is as follows : (1.) Destiny is a dead, blind power; (2.) human libertj' is completely and ir- resistiblj' controlled b}' destiny. Under this twofold as])ect, fatalism finds its most complete realization in Mohammedanism; l)ut it has also been defen…
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2. The position and authority of the father as the head of the family is expressly assumed and sanction- ed in Scripture, as a likeness of that of tlie Almighty over his creatures, an authority — as Philo remarks — intermediate between human and divine (Philo, rrepi ■Yoriwi> n/o/c, § 1). It lies, of course, at the root…
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Father-in-law : 1. QH, cham (from !Tcn, to join in affinity ; see Mother-in-laav), Gen. xxxviii, 13, 25; 1 Sam. iv, 19, 21. 2. 'rH, chothen (participle of 'rn, to marry), one mamjing a daugher, Exod. iii, 1; iv, i8; xviii, 1-27; Num. x, 29; Judg. i, 16; iv, 11; xix, 4, 7, 9. 3. TTH'SicpiQ (strictly one related b}' mar-…
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Hermias wrote his work, Derision of the Heathen Phi- losophers, probably about 170. Dionysius of Corintb wrote some epistles ; all lost ex- cept a ver}' few fragments; fl. 170. Hegesippus, originally a Jew, wn-oto History of the Church, of which only a few fragments survive, about 175. Tatian wrote an Oration arjaii…
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111. Pnst-Aicene. — The principal post-Nicene fathers are as follows : Eusel>ius (I'amphili), born about A.D. 270; bishop of Csesarea, in Palestine, 315; was a learned and labo- rious writer; wrote, besides many other things, the Evangelical Preparation, in fifteen books ; Erangi'li~ cul Demonstration, in twenty books…
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1. The scholastic theology (q. v.) began with com- ments upon citations from the fathers, considered as au- thoritative (sententicc). Wiien the Reformation began, the Roman divines found themselves driven anew to the fathers for authority for the doctrines and prac- tices which Lutlier and his coadjutors showed to be ■…
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FATHERS OF THE CHURCH 500 FATHERS OF THE CHURCH nor Christian antiquitj' as a thing positive ; either of which would have shown thein that the fathers tliem- selves were modern compared to that authorit}' on which the Reformation was founded, and tliat the (iospel was that true antiquity on which all its follow- ers s…
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There was much controversy in the 18th century about the fathers, generally polemical, and inspired rather by the controversial spirit than by the love of truth. So Priestley attacked the fathers in his Corrup- tions <f Christianity (1782). Bishop Horslej- replied to him; and a voluminous issue of tracts followed from …
1,049 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.