PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 3
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,405,961 words · 1366 reading sections
Section 961
Corinthian Coin of Antoninus, with Ii^thmian Cro\rn. (■2.) Paul's epistles (as above) abound with allusions to the Greek contests, borrowed probably from the Isthmian games, at which he may well have been present during his first visit to Corinth (Conybeare and Howson, ii, 20G), These contests (o dyioi' — a word of ge…
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On the subject here treated of, see West's Odes of Pindar, 2d ed. ; Potter's Antiquities of Greece, bk. ii, ch. xxi-xxv; and Adams's Roman Antiq. p. 224-234. By far the best worli, however, is Krause's Die Gym- nastik und Agonistik der Hellenen (Halle, 1835) ; his Darsfellimg d'-r Olymphischen Spiele (Vien. 1838) ; and…
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Its Religious Aspects. — The worship of this river is enjoined in the Hindu Shasters. Certain places on it are particularly sacred. At Hurdwar, or the Gate of Vishnu, where the Ganges issues from the Hima- laya, the number assembling annually is calculated to amount to two millions and a half. Jlost of them come to was…
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after a hundred years' severe austerities, r>hrigu, the saint, bcL-anie favorable to his wishes, and granted him posterity. Kesini bore liim a son, -who was named Asanianjas, and Sumati brought forth a gourd, wlience sprang 60,000 sons, who in time became as many he- roes. Asanianjas, however, in growing up, was ad- di…
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The Ceremonies. — The following is taken from Ward's Hindus : " Crowds of people assemble from the different towns and villages- near the river, es- pecially at the most sacred places of the river, bring- ing their offerings of fruit, rice, flowers, cloth, sweet- meats, etc., and hang garlands of flowers across the riv…
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Gangra, Council of (Concilium Ganr/rense), a syn- od held at Gangra, in Paphlagonia, 4th century, against Eustathius of Sebaste. See Eustatiiians. The pre- cise date of the council is uncertain. Pagi, following Socrates, fixes it about A.D. 3G0 ; Ceillier about A.D. 379 (Aufeurs Sacres, iv, 379); Hefele {Concilienge- s…
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Gannim. Sec Ex-gannim. Gans, David, a Jewish historian, was born aliont the middle of the 16th century. He is considered by Jost to be an untrustworthj' writer. Among his best works are Zermneh David, or The Branch of David, in two parts ; of which the first is a chronicle of sacred ond Jewish history from the Creatio…
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Garden ("jS, gan [fem. tlSJ, n*;'], a park or or- chard inclosed and planted ; Sept. 7rap«(j£i(Toc,', N. T. K^iTroQ.) See Field ; Orchard, etc. 1. Several gardens are mentioned in the Scriptures, as the garden of Eden (Gen. ii, 8, 9, 10, 15), Ahab's garden of herlis (1 Kings xxi, 2), the royal garden near the fortress…
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One interesting but much defaced representation of a similar kind has been found on the Assyrian sculp- tures. Gardens and orchards, with various kinds of trees, appeared to be watered with canals similar to those which once spread fertility over the jilains cf Babylonia, and of which the choked-up beds still re- I mai…
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baths and other appliances of luxurj' (Sus. 15 ; comp. 2 Sam. xi, 2). See Palace. It would seem that the Jews were much in the hab- it of performing their devotions in gardens, on account of their retirement (Gen. xxiv, Co; Slatt. xvi, 30; xxvi, 36; John ii, 48; xviii, 1, 2). This interesting practice, however, was id…
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The law against the propagation of mixed species (Lev. xix, 19; Dent, xxii, 9, 11) gave rise to numer- ous enactments in the Mishna to insure its observance. The portions of the field or garden, in which the vari- ous plants were sown, were separated by light fences of reed, ten palms in height, the distance between th…
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GAREB V43 GARLAND Roman Catholic side during Henrj^'s lifetime. Gardi- ner drew up articles accusini; Henry VIII's last queen, Catharine Parr, of heresy ; but the queen avoided the storm and he fell into disgrace. At Henry's death Gardiner experienced a still greater reverse. The voun" king and his government made g…
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Gar'izim (Vapii^iv v. r. Papi^f/j'), a Gracized form (2 Mace, v, 23 ; vi, 2) of Mount Gerizim (q. v.). Garland (jTrk^ifia, Acts xiv, 13). See Wreath. It was customarj' in heathen sacrifices to adorn vic- tims with fillets and garlands ; but commentators are not agreed as to the purpose to which the "garlands" mentione…
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Women were forbidden to wear male garments, and the reverse (Deut. xxii, 5; see Mill, De commutatione vestium utnusq. .lexus, Utr. s. a.). On heterogeneous garments, see Diverse. Gar'mite (Heb. with the art. '^52"l5ri, hag-Gai-mi" ; Sept. rop/ii V. r. 'OrapiH and 'Oyan/d' ; Vulg. Garmi), an e]iithet of Kf.ilah (q. v.'…
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Garnish: riBU, tsapkah', in Piel, to overlay (as usually rendered), e. g. with stones, 2 Chron. iii, 6; in a similar sense, Koujuio, to adorn, Bev. xxi, 19, which is used of decking with garlands, ]\Iatt. xxiii, 29; er of a, furnished apartment, IMatt. xii, 44; Luke xi, 25). In Job xxiii, 16, the tenii is peculiar, !l^…
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Country in the Light of Histwy, delivered before the alumni of Pennsylvania College, 18G1 ; and The Sud- den Death of Henry J. McMillan, pronounced in the Lu- theran Church, Greensburg, 18G4. (M. L. S.) Gary, George, a Methodist Episcopal minister and missionary' to Oregon, was born at Middlefield, Otsego Co., N. Y., …
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The complete works of Gassendi were collected and published in 1658, in 6 vols, fol., by his friends Louis de Montmor and Francois Henry, with a biography by 8orbiere prefixed. The most important of these works have been already mentioned, but they were accompanied by numerous essays on various topics of mathematics, a…
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GASSENDI 748 GATAKER reflection as the origin of our ideas, lie was liy no means inclined to pure materialisni. This incoherence of language and doctrine was not peculiar to liim. It cliaracterizes the wliole school of Locke, and maj' he ascrii)ed in part to tlie ambiguity of the terms employ- ed, in part to tiie in…
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Gaston. See Anthony, St., Orders of (vol. i, p. 252). Gastrell, Francis, bishop of Chester, was born at Slapton, in Northamptonshire, about 16G2, and was educated at Westminster School and at Christ Church College, Oxford. He became preacher at Lincoln's Inn, and Boyle lecturer. In 1700 he took the degree of D.D., and…
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Gate (prop. "1" w3, sha'ar, ttvXi] ; which are also used [espec. the Heb. word] for door [q. v.], although this latter is more properh' designated by nPE, pie'thach, an opening, of which rp'l, de'leih, was the valve, Gr. Srupa ; there also occur TO, saph, 1 Chron. ix, 19, 21, a vestibule or "threshold," as usually else…
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The parts of the doorwaj'' were the threshold (C]Oj Judg. xix, 27 ; Sept. Trpo- Ovnov, Vulg. limen'), the side-posts (Pt^Tp ; araB- Hoi ; itterque pottis), and the lintel (Z,^p'3'2 ; ^\ia, siiperlbninare, Exod. xii, 7). It was on the lintel and side-posts that the blood of the Passover lamb was sprinkled (Exod. xii, 7,…
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Gates are often mentioned in Scripture as places at which were holden courts of justice, to administer the law and determine points in dispute: hence judges in the gate are spoken of (Deut. xvi, 18 ; xvii, 8 ; xxi, 19; xxv, C, 7 ; Josh, xx, 4 ; Ruth iv, 1 ; 2 Sam. xv, 2 ; xix, 8; 1 Kings xxii, 10; Job xxix, 7; Prov. xx…
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On an uproar having broken out at Jerusalem, the heads of the people met under the New-gate (Jer. xxix, 20), where they were sure to find insurgents. The town-gates were to the ancient Orientals what the cof- fee-houses, exchanges, markets, and courts of law are in our large towns ; and such is still the case in a grea…
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Gath occupied a strong position (2 Chron. xi, 8) on the border of Judah and Philistia (1 Sam. xxi, 10; 1 Chron. xviii, 1). It was near Shocoh and AduUam (2 Chron. xi, 8), and it appears to have stood on the way leading from the former to Ekron; for wlien the Philistines fled on tlie death of Goliath, thej- went "by the…
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The Gath-rimmon mentioned in Josh, xxi, 25 as be- ing in the tribe of Manassoh, Raumer (Palastlna, p. 173) supposes to be another Levitical city ; but Winer (Realicorterbuch, s. v. Gath) ascribes its origin to a mis- take of the transcriber, who repeated the word from the preceding verse. The Sept. has 'If/3«.Jrt (v. r…
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Gaume, Ji:an, a Roman Catholic theologian of France. He was a prolific writer of the strictest ul- tramontane school, and in 1x52, wliile vicar general of the diocese of Nevers, kindled a great literary con- troversy hj his pamplilet Ver Rongeur, in which he condemned the stud}' of the Latin and Greek classics, aJid ad…
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Gavanti, Barthei.emi, an Italian ecclesuistic, was boru at ^lonza in 15(J9, and died at Milan in lGt)8. He was consultor of the Congregation of Kites and general of the Barnabites (q. v.). His most important ■work, Thesaurus Sacroruiu liituum, is a commentary on the rubrics of the Jlissal and the Roman Breviary, more l…
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GAZA 156 GAZA and the two posts, and went away with them, bar and I all, and put tlienii on his slioulders, and can-ied them up to the top of a hill that is before Hebron." The : Philistines afterwards took Samson, and ]nit out his > e)-es, and brought him to Gaza, and bound him with j fetters of brass, and he did g…
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Koraan inipei'ial Cuin of Gaza. duced into Gaza, the city long remained a stronghold of idolatry. In the beginning of the 5th century its bishop received authority to demolish its temples and build a large Christian church (Sozomen, H. E. ii, 6). In ,\.D. 034 Gaza was taken by the Moslems, and its s|dendid church turn…
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It is mentioned by Eusebius {Onnmasticon, s. v. Fn- ^fp) as being four miles from Nicopolis or Emmaus, but it was more probably nearer the sea-coast, as in the Maccabees and Josephus it is nearly alwaj's coup- led with Joppa, Azotus, and Jamnia (1 Mace, xiv, 34 ; XV, 28, 35 ; iv, 15 ; Josephus, Ant. xii, 7, 4 ; xiii, …
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Gazet (Latinized Gazccus), Guillaujie, a French ecclesiastical historian and theologian, was born at Ar- ras in 1554, and died in the same cit}^ Aug. 25, IGll. He was for a time professor of belles-lettres at Lou- vain, quitting that position about 1580. He was also canon of the collegiate Church of St. Peter of Aire, …
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GEBAL 759 GEBAL ferred to in defining the position of the two rocks which stood in the ravine below tiie garrison of Michmash, in terms which iix Geba on the south and Michmash on the north of the ravine (1 Sam. xiv, 5 : the A. V. has liere Gilieah). Exactly in accordance witii this is the position of the modern vil…
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2. (Heb. Gebal', ^^5, Sept. TfjidX, Vulg. Gehal; Psa. Ixxxiii, 7), a district, or perhaps sovereignty, south of Judrea, in the land of Edom. Gebal signify- ing a mountain, apparently belongs not to the most ancient times, as it does not occur when the Israelites were actually in this quarter, but is first found in Psa.…
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Gedali'ah (Heb. Gedalyah' , H^^'lS, made great by Jehovah, Ezra x, 18 ; Jer. xl, 5, 8 ; xli, 10 ; Zeph. i, 1 ; elsewhere in the prolonged or full form Gedalija'hu, in^5^;i ; Sept. usually PoJoXi'a, Vulgate Godolia~), the name of five men. 1. The son and second assistant of Jeduthun in the Levitical choir of the Temple…
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Geddes, Janet, "known in Scottish ecclesiastical history as ' Jenny Geddes,' has had her name trans- mitted as the person who took a prominent part in re- sisting the introduction of the Liturgy, or Service-book, into the Church of Scotland in 1(537. The circum- stances were these. Sunday, 23d Jul}', 1637, was the day …
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Ge'der (Heb. id. ""15, Sept. rdcin), a name sig- nifying a wall (e. g. of a court, garden, shecpfold, etc., Prov. xxiv, 31 ; Ezelv. xlii, 10), hence an inclof ed or fortified place, and thus the basis of several names of GEDEPvAH ■62 GEFFCKEN castellated towns (e. g. Gederah, Gedor, Gadara, Ge- dcrotli, etc.); used…
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2. The above-named place (1 Chron. iv, 39) was originally inhabited by Hamites, and its fertility in- duced a predatory incursion and forcilde occupation by a party of Simeonites. From this it would seem to have adjoined the territory of Simeon on the south ; and a writer in the Journal of Sacred Literature (July, 18G0…
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with a noble disinterestedness, declined the rich gifts pressed upon him by the illustrious leper whom he had healed, Gehazi felt distressed that so favorable an op|iortunity of profiting by the gratitude of Naaman had been so wilfully tlirown away. He therefore ran after the retiring chariots, and requested, in his ma…
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Geibel, Johannes, a clergyman of the Eeformed Church of Germany, was born April 1, 177G, at Hanau. After finishing his theological studies at the Univers- it}' of Marburg, he was for a short time tutor in a fam- ily at Copenhagen. In 1797 he was appointed vicar of the aged pastor of the Reformed church at Lubeck, and, …
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GEISSENHAINER 165 GELASIUS rum (Strasb. 1510, 1511, 1513), translated into German by Pauli, D.Kaisersbergers Narrensch'ffXStnxsh. 1520) ; there is also another translation (Basel, 1513). Of another of his works. Das Schijf des Ilcils, dann der Seekn Puradks (first edit.), a free translation into mod- ern German has …
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Gelasius II, Pope (John of Gaeta), studied theology at Monte Casino, ascended gradually to the higher degrees of the Roman hierarciiy, and was final- ly elected pope in 1118, as successor of Pascal II. The empei'or Henrv' V, dissatisfied with this election, took upon himself to appoint another pope, under the name of G…
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Gellert, Christian Firchtegott, a German poet and hymn writer, was born July 4, 1715, in Hi.i- nichen. Saxony, and studied philosophy and theology at Leipzic. In 1744 he was made privat docent, and in 1751 professor extraordinaiy of philosophv in the University of Leipzig. He became professor ordina- 7-ius in 1761, and…
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EXGR.WING. 1. O'dem, ClX (E.xod. xxviii, 17 ; xxxix, 10), accord- ing to the Sept. and Vulg., the iSardius (compare Rev. xxi, 20), i. e. carnelian, a well-known, mosth'^ flesh-col- ored, semi-transparent gem, akin to the chalcedony, valued for its hardness, which, however, did not ren- der it incapable of being cut. T…
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11. Sho'ham, Cfl'd (Gen. ii, 12; Exod. xxviii^ 9^ GEaiALLI (68 GENEALOGY Ezak. xxviii, 13; Job xxviii, IG, etc.), according to the St'pt., Vulg., and most otiiers, as -well as Josephus (liar, ut sup.), the Beryl (^l!ev. xxi, 20), a pale green gem, passing at times into water-lihic, at others into yellow, witli a he…
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GENEALOGY 769 GENEALOGY In their case, however, it -vvas heightened bj' sereral peculiar circumstances. Tlie promise of tlie land of Canaan to tlie seed of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob suc- cessively, and the separation of the Israelites from the Gentile world ; the expectation of the Messiah as to spring from the trib…
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Another proof is the existence of our Lord's geneal- ology in two forms, as given by Matthew and Luke. (See below.) The mention of Zacharias as "of the course of Abia," of Elizabeth as " of the daughters of Aaron," and of Anna, the daughter of Phanuel, as "of the tribe of Aser," are further indications of the same thin…
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political and territorial divisions, as much as to strict- ly genealogical descent, and it will at once be seen how erroneous a conclusion it may be, that all who are call- ed "sons" of such or such a patriarch, or chief father, must necessarily ])e his very children. Just as in the very first division into tribes Mana…
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Females are named in genealogies when there is anything remarkable about them, or when any right or property is transmitted through them. See Gen. xi, 29 ; xxii, 23 ; xxv, 1-4 ; xxxv, 22-2G ; Exod. vi, 23; Numb, xxvi, 33 ; 1 Chron. ii, 4, 19, 35, 50, etc. The genealogical lists of names are peculiarly liable to corrup…
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We find other traces of the existence of the public tables of descent in the New Testament : the taxation spoken of by Luke ii, 2, 3, would clearl}' indicate this, for how could each one be able to go to his own city unless he knew the specific tribe to which he belong- ed? Hence it was, we think, thiit Paul was aide w…
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III. Solution of Difficulties. SVq do not find that there was any oiijection made to these genealogies, either by Jew or Gentile, during the 1st century. Had any difficult}' on this head existed, we may reasonably suppose that the Jews, of all others, would have been but too ready to detect and expose it. We may, there…
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(5.) But a far graver objection than that which is allcgad against Matthew for having omitted names is brought against Luke for having inserted that of Cai- nan as son of Arphaxad — a name neither to be found in the Heljrew nor Samaritan text, nor yet in any of the Targums or versions, save the Sept. We may in- fer fro…
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GEXEALOGY 774 GENEALOGY also, on both In'potheses, Lightfoot's Harmony Ev. ; Soiith's Sermon on Rev. xii, 10, vol. iii ; Wetstein, ad 3futthu'itm, i, 17 ; Bishop Kidder's Demonst. of Messiah, part, ii to ch. xiii ; Hale's Analysis of Chronology , vol. iii.) Ill constructing their genealogical tables, it is well kno…
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(Malt, and Lii/ct.) Salatkiel Zorobabel (the Prince, or Rbesa) Joanna (Hananiah, in 1 Cbron. iii, 19, omitted by Matthew, i, 13) Juda, or Ab-iud (Hodainh, 1 Chron. iii, '24) I Matt. Eliaklm Sadoc I Achiui Semei I ^lattathias I Maath I Esli I Naum Joseph Janna Melchi (Matt, and Luke.) His heir wa3 Mat…
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GENERATION 776 GENESIS of Adam. The same words, Gen. xxxvii, 2, mean a history of Jacob and his descendants; so also Gen. vi, 'J ; X, 1, and elsewhere. Gen. vii, 1, " In this genera- tion" (HTn "iT^a ; Sept. iv rrj yivi^ rai;ry, Vulg. in ffeneratlone hac) is evidently " in this age." Gen. xv, 0, " In the fourth gene…
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But Genesis is neither like the Vedas, a collection of hymns more or less sublime; nor like the Zendavcsta, a philosophic speculation on the OMgin of all things; nor like the Yih-king, an unintelligible jumble whose expositors could twist it from a cos moloLiical essay into a standard treatise on ethical philosojjhy (H…
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Th-3 book of Genesis then (with the first chapters of Exoilus) describes the steps whicli led to the establish- ment of tlie theocrac}'. In reading it we must re- iiioinbor that it is but a part of a more extended work ; and we must also bear in mind these two prominent ideas, which give a characteristic unity to the w…
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GENESIS ■78 GENESIS ham's life, the main stream of tlie narrative may flow 1 in tlie cliannel of Isaac's fortunes. j (IV.) Isaac. — Isaac's life (xxv, 19-xxxv, 29), a life in itself retiring and uneventful. But in his sons the tinal separation takes place, leaving the field clear for the great story of the chosen s…
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1. It is almost impossible to read the book of Gene- sis with anything like a critical eye without being struck with the great pecidiarities of style and lan- guag2 which certain portions of it present. Thus, for instance, chap, ii, 3-iii, 24 is quite different both frcm chap, i and from chap. iv. Again, chap, xiv and …
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Hupfeld, however, whose analysis is very careful, thinks that he can discover traces of three original rec- ords, an earlier Elohist, a Jehovist, and a later Elohist. These three documents were, according to him, subse- quently united and aiTanged liy a fourth person, who acted as editor of the whole. His argument is i…
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Genesis is a book consisting of two contrasting parts : the first introduces us into the greatest problems of the human mind, such as the creation and the fall of man ; and the second into the quiet solitude of a small, de- fined circle of families. In the former, the most sub- lime and wonderful events are described w…
1,078 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.