PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 3
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,405,961 words · 1366 reading sections
Section 721
mestic insurrection and the repulsion of foreign at' tack. Though such was the feudal system in its definite con- stitution, it did not, of course, begin in this closely ar- ticulated and rigorous form. It assumes much of this aspect even in the Lombard occupancy of Northern It- aly in the 6tli century ; and its gener…
1,183 wordsSECTION 722Section 722
This organization of society, with the corresponding tenure of land, is so essential to the maintenance of any degree of social order or public safety in certain conditions of society, that it has presented itself, in some form or other, in analogous circumstances, in widely separated ages and countries. So frequent an…
961 wordsSECTION 723Section 723
As has been already observed, the feudal scheme, like all other imperial forms, was contracted or extend- ed, weakened or strengthened, according to the changes of fortune and social condition which checkered the agitated and anxious periods attending the overthrow of the Western empire. At times it was as much dis- gu…
1,079 wordsSECTION 724Section 724
In the 10th and 11th centuries the feudal system acquired its widest extension, assumed its full, sj-m- metrical form, and engrossed nearly all the functions of government, judicature, police, war, and industrial organization. It constrained and overshadowed the attenuated framework of the Roman administrative constitu…
911 wordsSECTION 725Section 725
Montesquieu boasted of closing his discussion of feudalism where others commenced, yet he mistook or overlooked its true antecedents and characteristics. From this notice nearly everj^thing has been excluded which is repeated in familiar or accessible authors; nor has the associated topic of serfs and serfdom been noti…
1,245 wordsSECTION 726Section 726
The separate plots of ground were marked off by stones, which might easilj- be removed (Deut. xix, 14 ; xxvii, 17 ; conip. Job xxiv, 2 ; Prov. xxii, 28 ; xxiii, 10) ; the absence of fences rendered the fields liable to damage from straying cattle (Exod. xxii, 5) or fire (ver. 6 ; 2 Sam. xiv, 3U) ; hence the necessity …
1,072 wordsSECTION 727Section 727
Field-preaching, or preaching in the open air, "apian adopted by reformers in every age, in order to propagate more extensively and effectuallj' their peculiar sentiments among the great masses of the people. Christ and his apostles not only availed them- selves of the privileges which the synagogues afforded of making…
1,151 wordsSECTION 728Section 728
FIELD-PREACHING 553 FIG you able to stand in the open air, without any cover- inn- or defence, when God casteth abroad his snow like wool, or scattereth his hoar frost like ashes ? And yet these are some of the snsallest inconveniences which accompany lield-preachiaj;. Far beyond all these are the contradiction of s…
905 wordsSECTION 729Section 729
Fifth-nionarcliy-'.'nen, a sect of Millenarians which sprung up in tlie time of Cromwell, and held that the millennial reign of Christ on earth, styled bv them the fifth great monarchy, reckoned in succes- sion Avith the Assyrian, Persian, Grecian, and Roman ones, was then to begin. Under the lead of Thomas Venner, a w…
1,017 wordsSECTION 730Section 730
England, is yet a native of the East, and prohahlj' of the Persian region, where it is most extensively culti- vated. The climate there is such that the tree must necessarily be able to bear some degree of cold, and thus be fitted to travel northwards, and ripen its fruit where there is a sufficient amount and continua…
1,125 wordsSECTION 731Section 731
There is another way of seeking to get over the dif- ficulty by supposing that the tree in question was not of the ordinary kind. Celsius (IJkrob. ii, 385) saj's there is a peculiar fig-tree known to the Jews by the name of Benoth-shuach (nVJ r''3S), which produces grossuli, "small unripe figs" (paf/gim) ever}' year, b…
844 wordsSECTION 732Section 732
fioc, war, as usuallj'' rendered, or iia\)i ; also ayutv, etc.). The Israelites began their existence as a na- tion witli an aggressive campaign, in the sequel of which nevertheless the_y were from time to time com- pelled to occupy a defensive position throughout the «ntire psriod of the Judges (q. v.). This consisted…
763 wordsSECTION 733Section 733
33 ; so four divisions, 2 Mace, viii, 22 : the expression wings of the army was already known, comp. £"£53 Isa. viii, 8 ; CSSX, Ezek. xii, 14, 17; xxxviii, 6, etc.; see Gesenius, Comment, zu Jes. i, 335, and Thesaur. p. 229). The field was ju-obably fought man against man. The extended arms of the combatants appear to …
1,221 wordsSECTION 734Section 734
Figure stands in the Auth.Vers. as the represent- ative of the following words in the original : bwD, se'- mel, Deut. iv, IG, i. e. an idol, as elsewhere rendered ; rvh'p'O, viikla'ath, 1 Kings vi, 29, a carving, as else- where rendered ; but usually, in a metaphorical sense, fT'iSJ^, tubnith\ Isa. xliv, 13, likeness o…
990 wordsSECTION 735Section 735
FIJI ISLANDS 558 FILIOQUE CONTROVERSY obtained a knowledge of Christianity in the Friendly Ishnids. The chief, being only a tributary chief, ap- peared unwilling to take any step in favor of Chris- tianity until he knew the minds of the more powerful chiefs of Fiji, and even threatened and persecuted the converts. In…
1,050 wordsSECTION 736Section 736
2. It was said under Creed (vol. ii, p. 568) that this addition o^ filioque first appeared in the acts of a synod at Bragrt, in Spain, A.D, 412 (A.D. 411 ; Bingham, Orig. Eccl. x, 4, 16), but the records of that synod are now acknowledged, even hj the Latins, to be spurious (Hefele, C-oncilie7i/)cschichte, ii, 91). In …
1,043 wordsSECTION 737Section 737
For the renewal of the question, with a view to union between the Greeks and Latins at the Council of Florence, see Florence. The great English di. vines, Pearson and Waterland, while adliering to the doctrine of the West, condemn the interpolation of the creed. So Pearson remarks : " Thus did the Oriental Church accu…
830 wordsSECTION 738Section 738
3. For the theological question involved, see Hoi.y Ghost, Procession. Suffice it here to say, that while the Latins are inexcusable, according to their own canon law, for their addition of the JiHoque to the creed, thev arc still correct as to the doctrine. Their deeper anthropological investigations naturally develop…
978 wordsSECTION 739Section 739
Fillan, St. "Two Scoto-Irish saints of the name of Fillan appear in the Church calendars, and have left their mark -on the topography of Scotland and Ire- land. (1.) St. Fillan, or Faolan, surnamed the Lep- er, had his yearly festival on the 20th of June. His chief church in Scotland was at the east end of Loch Erne, i…
1,110 wordsSECTION 740Section 740
taken care to confine him, this made a difference ; for then, to the man whose ox had been pushed, he was obliged to give another, and the dead ox he got him- self (Exod. xxi, 36). If a man dug a pit and did not cover it, or let an old pit belonging to him remain open, and another man's beast fell into it, the owner of…
1,141 wordsSECTION 741Section 741
it the same indulgences as to the Crusaders. Thorkel landed with a large fleet, overpowered the inhabitants, and established the fortress of Wiborg. Bishop Peter, of "Westeras, announced Christianity to the tribes which were still pagans, and the Swedish arms left to the natives only the choice between Christianitj' an…
1,035 wordsSECTION 742Section 742
Finley, John P., a Methodist Episcopal minister and professor of languages in Augusta College, Ken- tucky, was born in South Carolina in June, 1783, and, though earlj' removed liy his parents to the West, "through their exertions and his own he obtained ix classical education." From 1810 to 1822 he taught in schools an…
960 wordsSECTION 743Section 743
FINXS 564 FIR superintendency, Bede says " he erected a church on the ishuul of Lindisfarne fit for an episcopal see, which, nevertheless, he built after the manner of the Scots [Irish], not of stone, but of sawn oak, and covered it with thatch" {Eccles. Hist. lib. iii, c. xxv). Years af- terwards, when the British …
821 wordsSECTION 744Section 744
Fir (the name of an extensive family of coniferous evergreens ; see Penny Cyclopadia, s. v. Abies ) is the uniform rendering in the Auth.Vers. of wT-S, berosh' (from its being cut into planks, Gesenius, T/ies. Ileh. p. 24G), which frequently occurs (2 Sam. vi, 5 ; 1 Kings v, 8, 10 ; vi, 15, 34 ; ix, 11 ; 2 Kings ix, 23…
961 wordsSECTION 745Section 745
The perpetual fire on the altar was to be replenish- ed with wood ever}' morning (Lev. vi, 12; comp. Isa. xxxi, 9). According to the Gemara, it was divided int/) three parts, one for liurning the victims, one for incense, and one for supply of the other portions (Lev. vi, 15; see M.e\a.\\A, Antiq. Hebr. i, 4. 8, p. 2(5…
1,028 wordsSECTION 746Section 746
III. Statutory Regulation.— Tha dryness of the land in the hot season in Syria of course increases the lia- bility to accident from fire (Judg. ix, 15). The law therefore ordered that any one kindling a fire which caused damage to corn in a field should make restitu- tion (Exod. xxii, 6 ; comp. Judg. xv, 4, 5 ; 2 Sam. …
1,191 wordsSECTION 747Section 747
2. Hence the destructive energies of this element and the torment which it inflicts rendered it a fit sj'm- bol of (1) whatever does damage and consumes (Prov. xvi, 27; Isa. ix, 18); (2) of severe trials, vexations, and misfortunes (Zech. xii, 9; Luke xii, 49 [see the dissertations on this text bv Scharbau {Ob.-;. Sacr…
1,075 wordsSECTION 748Section 748
Firepan (nnn-a, machtah', from nm, to take vp coals of fire, etc. ; Sept. Trcpeioi'.Vulg. ir/nium rerepta- culuni), one of the vessels of the Temple service (Exod. xxvii, 3; xxxviii, 3; 2 Kings xxv, 1.5; Jer. Hi, 10); elsewhere rendered " snuff- dish" (Exod. xxv, 38; xxxvii,23; Numl).iv,0; Sept. tTrapixTriip, tTranvcTT…
996 wordsSECTION 749Section 749
The sacred fire was carefully watched in the temple of Vesta, at Rome, by virgins consecrated to this spe- cial service (^Virfjinesqne. Vesiales in urbe custodiunto iynem foci puhlici sempiternum, Cic. De Leg. ii, 8), and the extinction of this fire was regarded as a fearful omen, portending great disaster to the state…
1,251 wordsSECTION 750Section 750
FIRMAMENT 569 FIRMILIAN Matt, xxiv, 29). In all these particulars we recognise the same view as was entertained by the Greeks, and, to a certain extent, by the Latins. The former applied to the heaven such epithets as " brazen" (\;(iA/c£o)', Ho- mer, lUiuJ, xvii, 425; Pind. Piith. x, 42; Ni'm. vi, 6; voXvxn'KKov, II…
910 wordsSECTION 751Section 751
3. With some old astronomers tXxa firmament is the orb of the fixed stars, or the highest of all the heavens. But in Scripture and in common language it is used for the middle regions, the space or expanse appearing like an arch immediately above us in the heavens. Many of the ancients, and of the moderns also, ac- cou…
1,168 wordsSECTION 752Section 752
First-born ("^■'i:3, nni=3, STnira, from ira, to ripen early ; Sept. and N. T. ■7r(ni)Ti'i-oKoc,\v\'j:.2^nnio- ffenilns), applied ecjually to animals and human beings. Among the Hel)rews the first-born son had many priv- ileges, to be entitled to which it was not only required that a man should be the fir>t child of hi…
1,363 wordsSECTION 753Section 753
2. Orifjin of the liedempiion ff the First-born. — This devotion of the first-born was believed to indicate a priesthood belonging to the eldest sons of families, which being set aside in the case of Reuben, was trans- ferred to the tribe of Levi. This priesthood is said to have lasted till the completion of the tabern…
933 wordsSECTION 754Section 754
5. Redemption of the First-born of unclean Animals. — The first-born of unclean animals, not being allowed FIRST DAY 572 FIRST-FRUIT to be offered as sacrifices, were either to be redeemed according to the valuation of the priest, with the addi- tion of one tifth of the v;ilue, and then remain with their owner, or …
1,100 wordsSECTION 755Section 755
The offering made at the feast of Pentecost was a thanksgiving for the conclusion of wheat harvest. It consisted of two loaves (according to Josephus one loaf) of new flour baked witli leaven, which were waved l)j' the priest as at the Passover. The size of the loaves is fixed bj' the Mishna at seven palms long and fou…
1,137 wordsSECTION 756Section 756
the altar : the more valuable baskets were returned to the owners {Bik. iii, 6, 8). After passing the night at Jerusalem, the pilgrims returned on the following day to their homes (Dent, xvi, 7 ; Terum. ii, 4). It is men- tioned tliat Iving Agrii)pa bore his part in this liighlj- picturesque national ceremony by caiTyi…
1,039 wordsSECTION 757Section 757
8. Historical Notices. — The corruption of the nation after tlie time of Solomon gave rise to neglect in tliese as well as in other ordinances of thf law, and restora- tion of tliera was among the reforms brought about bj' llezekiah (2 Chron. xxxi, 5, 11). Nehemiah also, at the return from captivitj', took pains to reo…
900 wordsSECTION 758Section 758
Uanjror St. .Vsaph York For a pall Purliiim ^;al■li^le Chester Kings's Books. £2082 12 2 1000 0 0 28T.0 IS IJ 2134 IS 6J 828 U 9^ 5.50 17 3V 1^85 5 0 533 1 3 500 0 0 834 U U fl2'.» 13 3 7GS 11 Oi 677 1 15S 4 9 3S1 11 0 315 7 1 414 19 294 11 420 2 154 14 131 16 187 11 1010 0 0 1821 1 3 631 4 9i 42…
917 wordsSECTION 759Section 759
fish (1 Sam. v, 4). On this account the worship of fish is expressly prohibited (Deut. iv, 18). See Da- gon. The form of a fish (Xotius Poseidon) was, from remote ages, a type of protective dominion, which the symbolizing spirit of the ancients caused to pass into Christianity, as appears from Eusebius {Life of Con- st…
1,373 wordsSECTION 760Section 760
and suggests " the S'lsar of the Indus, a crocodile, probably of the genus Gavial, which grows to a great size, is eaten, and has a gall bladder, still used to cure obstinate wounds and defluctions." Glaire suggests the sturgeon, but this is more suitable to Northern riv- ers. Pennant mentions the capture of one in the…
721 wordsSECTION 761Section 761
Spain and Portugal towards the British Channel, while the main bodies pass into the Mediteranean, follow the general current, and do not brealv into more scattered familias until thej' have swept round the shores of Pal- estine. Lists of species of the fish frequenting various parts of the Mediterranean may be found in…
723 wordsSECTION 762Section 762
34 ; Neh. iii, 3 ; xii, 39 ; Zeph. i, 10). In addition to these sources, the reservoirs formed in the neighbor- hood of towns nia}^ have been stocked with fish (2 Sam. ii, 13 ; iv, 12 ; Isa. vii, 3 ; xxii, 9, 11 ; Cant, vii, 4, where, however, "fisli" is interpolated in the A.V.). See Food. The most nutritious and comm…
919 wordsSECTION 763Section 763
The extreme value of fish as an article of food [when cooked, or otherwise prepared as a relish, 6-^d- Giov, lit. sauce] (our Lord seems to recognise this as sharing with bread the claim to be considered as a prime necessary of life, see Matt, vii, 9, 10) imparted to the destruction offish the character of a divine jud…
980 wordsSECTION 764Section 764
The use of the fish as a symbol ceased almost en- tirely with the death of Constantine the Great, tliough examples are found of it as late as the 5th or 6th cen- tury.— Rossi, De Christianis Monumentis IXGYN ear- FISH 579 FISH hlbentibus (Par. 1855) ; Martij^'iiv, Dictionnaire dts An- liqiiites Chretiennes (Paris, …
1,055 wordsSECTION 765Section 765
Ancient Egyptian spearing Fish. ing instrument, and this seems to have led to the be- lief of fishes being attracted and caught by musical sounds ; stories of such, including Arion and the dol- phin, are collected by Schelhorn in his Dissertatio de niJT ^:jb^ JoU (Ugolini Thesanr. xxix, 329), "The Egj'ptian fishermen …
1,234 wordsSECTION 766Section 766
Fisher, Jonathan, a Congregational minister, was liorn Oct. 7, 1768, at New Braintree, Mass. He graduated at Harvard College. 1792, entered the min- istry Oct. 1793, and was installed pastor at Blue Hill, FISHER 581 FISK Me., July 13, 1796, where he labored until Oct. 24, 1837, and died Sept. 22, 18-47. He publisli…
1,000 wordsSECTION 767Section 767
Fisk, Samuel. See Fiske, Samuel. Fisk, Wilbur, first president of the Wesleyan Universit}', was born in Brattleboro, Yt., August 81, 1792. His parents were of the old Puritan stock, and he was trained in habits of virtue and religion, espe- cially by his mother. In 1809 he went to the Gram- mar School at Peacham, and …
1,086 wordsSECTION 768Section 768
trills of pathos. No imaginative excitement prevailed in the audience as under Maffitt's eloquence, no tumul- tuous wonder as under Bascom's, none of Cookman's impetuous passion, or Olin's overwhelming power, but a subduing, almost tranquil spell of genial feeling, ex- pressed often liy tears or half-suppressed ejacula…
1,022 wordsSECTION 769Section 769
Fistulae, pipes or reeds used in the administration of the wine in the Eucharist from the 8th. century to the 12th. The deacon held the cup in his own hand, a small reed or pipe was introduced into the wine, and the communicant drew up the wine into his mouth through this pipe. The object was to prevent the pos- sibili…
900 wordsSECTION 770Section 770
flowers terminal, most of them having under the calj'X leafy involucres which often half surround the flower. The" fruit is composed of live or six capsules, which are compressed, oWont,', pointed, sometimes said to be hornlike, united below, and divided into several cells, and enclosing numerous angular, scabrous, bla…
1,103 wordsSECTION 771Section 771
The career of Flacius was, on the whole, a stormy and unhappy one. But, after all the abuse that has been heaped upon him, it cannot be denied that ho was a consistent upholder of the doctrines which he learned originally from Luther. The writers in the Keformed interest have generally treated him too severely ; an unf…
926 wordsSECTION 772Section 772
burg, 1550, 8vo) : — Osinndri de Justificatione Refutiitii (Francf. 1552, 4to) : — Catulogus Testium Veritatis, etc. (Bale, 1556 ; Francf. 1674, 4to) : — Unun. Piim. Ecclesim consensus de nan scrutando divinas generationis Filii Dei modi) (Bale, 1660, 8vo) : — Historia certaminum de pii- matu Papce (Biile, 1554, 8vo) :…
1,095 wordsSECTION 773Section 773
2. Siqjh. ("^D, Sept. fXocVulg. carcctum, pelagus) occurs frequentlj' in the O. T. in connection with yam, "sea," to denote the "Red Sea" (q. v.). The tenn here appears to lie used in a very wide sense to denote " weeds of any kind." The yam-siiph, therefore, is the " sea of weeds," and perhaps, as Stanley {S. and P. p…
900 wordsSECTION 774Section 774
FLAKE lini, II, iii, 230.) The Persians under Cyrus bore the same symbol (Xenoph. Cjrop. vii, i, 4 ; but Ezek. xvii, 3 is not in point, being a reference to Chaldajan usages). See generally Lj'dii Sijnt. sacr. de re milit. iii, 7. — Wi- ner, i, 362. Compare Banner. Flagellants (Lat.fiaffellare, to scourge), a name gi…
905 wordsSECTION 775Section 775
1. Ashlshuh', tTJJirX (2 Sam. vi, 19 ; 1 Chron. xvi, 3 ; Cant, ii, 5 ; Hos. iii, i). The real meaning of this word, according to the conclusions of Gesenius (Thes. Heb. p. 166), is a cake of pressed raisins (q. v.), such as are a common refreshment in the East, especially for travellers. See Cake. He derives it from a …
1,069 wordsSECTION 776Section 776
ly into view; it was this which had in every form tc be pressed most urgentlj' upon the consciences of men, as a counteractive to the polluting influences of idola- trj'', and of essential moment to a proper apprehension of the covenant. But in the new, as well as in the old, when the same form of representation is emp…
1,307 wordsSECTION 777Section 777
Flamingians. See Mennonites. Flank, bos, ke'sel, the loin of an animal (.Job xiv, 27, where fatness is noted as a sign of self-pampering) ; elsewhere in the plur. for the internal muscles of the loins near the kidneys, to which the fat adheres, Gr. ;//i)0( (Lev. iii, 4, 10, 15 ; iv, 9 ; vii, 4) ; hence the vis- cera i…
1,010 wordsSECTION 778Section 778
Flavianus, patriarch of Antioch, was born of one of the best families in that city in the early part of the 4th century. Even while a layman he was an earnest opponent of Arianism. Theodoret (who gives a full account of Flavian) says that he, associated with an- other lay monk, Diodorus, " by night and day exhort- ed a…
1,196 wordsSECTION 779Section 779
FLAX 591 FLAX had belonged to Amasis, king of Egypt, each thread of which was composed of 360 strands or filaments. In length and in fineness of fibre no country could com- pete with the flax which produced the "fine linen of E "-ypt," and which made the Delta "the great linen market of the ancient world" (Kalisch).…
914 wordsSECTION 780Section 780
13, a superintendent. FLEA 592 FLEETWOOD waiter quality. After it is made into ram, it is pol- ished bj- striking it frequently on a hard stone, moist- ened with water ; and when woven into cloth it is again beaten with clubs, being always improved in propor- tion as it is beaten" {IJist.Xat. xix, 1). The various p…
992 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
Project Gutenberg source record →
Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.