PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 3
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,405,961 words · 1366 reading sections
Section 241
Einpirici.sni, Empirism, Empiric. Empiri- cism, in its primary meaning, signifies the method or habit of judging from observation or trial ; and an em- piric is one who forms his conclusions in this manner. Empiricism ma)' thus be employed to denote either in- ductive reasoning, in which observation and experi- nient f…
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The name originating in this way in the schools of medicine was readilj' transferred to the corresponding procedure in other departments of knowledge. Em- piricism is opposed to science in the same vcsiy that a paralogism is opposed to a syllogism : it is the abuse, or the imperfect use of a procedure which is valid wh…
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Ein.s Congress, a meeting of plenipotentiaries of the archliishops of Mentz, (^)logne, Treves, and Salz- burg, held in the watering-place of Ems, in August, 178(), for the ]uirpose of delining the riglits belonging to bislio]is and archbisl)ops, and of opposing the exor- bitant demands of the ]iapal nuncio. The agreeme…
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Ijinser, Hieronymus, a Roman Catholic divine, and one of the most violent of Luther's opponents in the Reformation, was born at L'lm INIarch 2G, 1477. After having begun his studies at Tiibingen, he went to continue them at Basle, where be applied him- self to jurisprudence, theologj', and Hebrew. He ac- companied card…
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E'nan (Heb. Eynan, 'i3"'", born at a fntntain, q. d. fontanus; Sept. klvcw), the father of Ahira, which latter was phylarch of the tribe of Naphtiili at the Ex- ode (Num. i, 15 ; ii, 29 ; vii, 78, 83 ; x, 27). B.C. ante 1657. See also Hazak-Enan. Enas'ibus ('Ei/ricri/Soe, Vulgate Eliasib), given (1 Esdr. ix, 34) as th…
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The sanitary regulations of the camp of the Israel- ites were enacted for the twofold purpose of jjrescrving the health of the vast multitude, and the purity (if the camp as the dwelling-place of God (Num. v, 3; Deut. XX iii, 14). AVith this object the dead were buried without the camp (Lev. x, 4, 5); lepers were exclu…
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The valley which separated the hostile camps was generally selected as the fighting ground (iTl'w, sadeh% ■" the battle-field," 1 Sam. iv, 2 ; xiv, 15 ; 2 Sam. xviii, G), upon which the contest was decided, and hence the valleys of Palestine have played so conspicuous a part in its history (Josh, viii, 13 ; Judg. vi, 3…
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3. C'ljnb, lechasMm' (Eccl. x, 11), Sept. T^/iQvpiafioc, is especially used of the charming of serpents, Jer. viii, 17 (comp. Psa. Iviii, 5 ; Ecclus. xii,13; Eccl. x, 11; Lu- can, ix,.S91 — a parallel to "cantando rumpituranguis," and " Vijicrcas rumpo verbis et carmine fauces," Ov. Mcfam. 1. c). IMaimonides {De Idol, …
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I. History of the Science. — In form, this branch of science is modern. When theology as a sci- ence was in its infancy, theological encyclopedia as science was impossible. But at an early period helps for students were prepared. Such were the treatise by Chrysostom, De Sacerdotio, the Be offidis ministrorum of Ambrosi…
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ENCYCLOPEDIA 190 ENCYCLOPEDIA ment, broad in range, and accurate in literature. Hol- land has produced a valuable compendium in Clarisse, Encijdojr.ediiv. Theologicm Kpitome ("id edit. Lugd. Bat. 1835, 8vo), which has a copious literature, especially full in reference to English books, a matter in vvliich the German…
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Literature. — Besides the authors already cited, see Tholuck's Lfcttires on Encyclopedia, translated in the Bibliotheca Sacra, vol. i ; hiblical Rejwsitory, edited by Dr. Robinson, i, 013; iv, 127 ; Zyro, in Studien u.Krit- iken, 1837, p. 689 sq. ; Shedd, Essays, Essay i, on Meth- od and hrfuence of Theological Studies…
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Let us now look at the Encyclopedia itself, and its spirit can perhaps be best read from the Discours Preliniinaire. D'Alemljert was its author, although he probably secured both the approval and assistance of Diderot in its form and contents. The object of this Discours is to set forth the philosophy underly- ing the …
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The worlv began to appear in 1751, and was con- cluded in 1765, in 17 vols, fol., besides 11 vols, of plates. A supplement, in 5 vols., appeared at Amsterdam, 177G-1777, and a Table amdytique et raisonnee des matihres, in 2 vols., at Paris, in 1780. The publica- tion was stopped two or tlu"ee times by the govern- ment,…
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Ene'nius {'Ein]vi)Q v. r. 'Ei'/'/i'ioc, Vulg. Emma- niiis), one of the leaders of the people who returned from captivitj' with Zorobabel (1 Esdr. v, 8) ; corre- sponding to the Nahamani (q. v.) of Nehemiah (vii, 7). Bnergici, a sect in Germany in the 16th century, so called because they held that the Eucharist was the…
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Enfield, William, LL.D., an English Dissenter ENGADDI 194 EN-GEDI and vGluminous -writer, was born at Siulbnrj' March 29, 17-il, and was educated at Daventry under Dr. Ashworth. On leaving the seminary he became pas- tor to a congregation at Liverpool. He afterwards be- came resident tutor and lecturer on belles-le…
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En-ge'di [manj' En'-yedi, some En-ged'i'\ (Heb. Eyn Gedi,', "ilw "f'", fountain of ih& kid; Sept. in Josh, 'ilvyac^i v. r. 'AyKaOi'ig, in Sam. 'Ei^yacci, in Chron. and Cant. 'EvyacSn v. r. 'lyyacci and tv Fad- (i(, in Ezek. 'Evyaoctiv v. r. 'ivyactiv, Apocr. Exgad- Di ; Josephus 'Eyya^^i ; Ptolemy 'EyyaCai, v, 16, 8 ; …
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The Wilderness of En-gedi is doubtless the im- mediately neighboring part of tiie wild region west of the Dead Sea, which must be traversed to reach its shores. It was here that David and his men lived among the "rocks of the wild goats," and where the former cut off the skirts of Saul's robe in a cave (1 Sam. xxi, 1-4…
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ENGINE ENGINE Anmerhungen, part i, Erlangen, 1820, incomplete) ; on Richard of St. Victor and Ituysbroek {Rich, von St. Victor u. Joh. Riiyshrock, Erlang. 1838). Several other •worlcs ou kindred topics are preserved in MS. in the librarj' of the Erlangen University. Next to mystic theology, the stud}' of the Church f…
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1 tt uug-ram com- England, Church of. The proper designation of this church since the Act of Union in 1801 is " The United Church of England and Ireland." The Re^ formed Church of England dates from the IGth cen- tury ; but it is convenient to treat in this article of the rise of Christianity in England, and of its gr…
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(II.) Middle Age: Era of Submission to the Papacy (6th to 16th century). Up to the 6th century British Christianitj' had been independent of Rome. But at that time Gregorj' the Great determined to seek the fionversion of the English Saxons to Christianity. Ethelbert, king of Kent, had married a Christian wife, Bertha, …
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ENGLAND, CHURCH OF 199 ENGLAND, CHURCH OF during these three centuries ; but it ma_y be noted that about the middle of this period, viz. 1'213, the Council of St. John Lateran declared transubstantiation, or the bodily presence of Christ in the consecrated elements, to be a tenet of the Church" (Chambers, s. v.). In 1…
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ruin imminent, his course became tortuous, and was marked by a constant endeavor to jHVtract the , pro- ceedings, and delay any sentence being pronounced on this question by the pope. The issue was, in con- sequence of the advice of Cranmer, an appeal to the universities, and to the learned men of Christendom, for thei…
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which were taken, the Reformation in England was completed. The Convocation of 15(j".', Ijesides drawing up the Thirty-nine Articles, puljlished two volumes of homilies b}- Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer, and caused Nowell, dean of St. Paul's, to draw up a catechism for general use. See Nowell. "About this time the more…
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During the period just described a school of divines w IS formed who, in seeking to avoid Puritanism on the one hand, and Romanism on the other, became Latitudiuarians. "They became Christian philoso- phers rather than divines ; and, except an occasional dissertation on the Trinity or a AVhitsunday sermon, in which the…
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II. Constitution and Government. — 1. Church and State. — The constitution of the Refonned Church of England is that "of an authorized and paid estab- lishment, which is not allowed to persecute those who dissent from it" (Short). The union of Church and State was completelj' secured l)j- the statutes that fol- lowed t…
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(:-!.) The countrj' is divided into parishes, and many of these have been of late j'ears subdivided. See Parish. The propertj' of the Church of England is obtained through many different channels, and is very valuable : the total revenues are estimated as being not under five millions a year ; and yet so unequal is the…
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(5.) Canons.— In the Convocation which met at the time of the Parliament of 1604, the canons by which ENGLAND, CHURCH OF 204 ENGLAND, CHURCH OF the Church of England is still governed were passed. The}' are said to have been collected liy Bancroft from the canons of the ancient Church, and the articles, in- junctions…
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III. Doctrinp:s. — (1.) The doctrinal standards of the united Church of England and Ireland are, after the Scriptures, the Book of Homilies, the Thirty-nine Articles, and the Prayer-book, (a) The IlomUirs (q. v.) were composed by Cranmer, Latimer, and Ridley, men of unexceptionable learning and orthodox}'; or, ac- cord…
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At the present time (18G8) the Church of England is agitated by proposals of change on many sides. Archdeacon Wilberforce, who went over to Rome some years ago, issued an "explanation," in which he inquires how far the popular principle of subscription to the English formularies is compatible with the rule of Church au…
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On the other hand, there is a large party of Ration- alists in the Church of England whose type of opinion is to be found in the Essays and Reviews (1860), and whose extreme representative is perhaps bishop Co- lenso, of Natal, who has published several volumes of so-called criticisms, in which the inspiration and au- …
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ENGLAND, CHURCH OF 207 ENGLAND, CHURCH OF East was founded in 1799. Its work is chiefly among the natives of the countries in which its missions are establislied. Its income in lt<GG-G7 was £150,357, and in 1867-CS, £157,288. 13. The. Colonial and Continen- tal Church Society. Its leading object is to send cler- gymen…
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The following table gives the number of parishes and the number of clerg}' in each of the English dio- ces3S ; also the total population of the territory em- braced in each diocese. Dioceses. Population Dioceses in 1861. Number of Clergy. Number of Parishes. Avera-r* Population to e.lch Clereyman. Canterbury …
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tions, it is stated that "the Board of Publication is probaldy more largely indebted to Dr. Engles than to anj' other one man for its existence and its usefulness, eppeciall)' during the first twenty years of its history." Besides his constant editorial work, he wrote a num- ber of small books on practical religion, ma…
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The work of translating was, however, carried on bj' otliers. One Anglo-Saxon version of the four gos- pels, interlinear with tlie Latin of the Vulgate, known as the Durham book, is found in the Cottonian MSS. of the British Museum, and is referred to the 9th or 10th century. Another, known as the Eushworth Gloss, and …
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2. The former was, as that of Wj'cliffe had been, to give an English Bible to the English people. He ap- peals to the authority of Bede, of Alfred, and of Gros- tete, to the examples of " Frenshc, and Beemers (Bo- hemians), and Britons." He answers the liypocritical objections that men were not holy enough for such a w…
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winds blew, or, at the best, making the most of oppor« tunities, he set himself to the task without which, he felt sure, reform M'ould be impossible, which, once ac- complished, would render it inevitable. " Ere man}' years," he said, at the age of thirty-six (A.D. 1520), he would cause " a boy that driveth the plough"…
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Whether Tyndale had in this wa}' gained any knowledge of Hebrew before he left England in 1524 may be uncertain. The fact that in 1530-31 he pub- lished a translation of Genesis, Deuteronomy, and Jo- nah (see a letter by the ven. lord Arthur Hervey to the Bury Pod of Feb. 3, 1862, transferred shortly after- wards to th…
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ENGLISH VERSIONS 212 ENGLISH VERSIONS most tliorougli tnitlifulness. No word has lieen alter- ed to court a king's favor, or please bishops, or make out a case for or against a particular opinion. He is working freely, not in tlie fetters of prescribed rules. With the most entire sincerity he could saj', '• I call G…
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4. AVhat has been stated practically disposes of the claim which has sometimes been made for tliis version of Coverdale's, as though it had been made from the original text (Anderson, i, oG4; Whitaker, Hist, and Crit. Inquiry, p. 58). It is not improbable, liowever, that as time went on he added to his knowledge. The l…
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every church, the cost being divided between the cler- gy and the parishioners. This was, therefore, the first Authorized Version. It is scarcely conceivable, how~ ever, that Henry could hav^e read the book which he thus sanctioned, or known that it was substantially identical with what had been publicly stigmatized in…
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2. In most respects this may be described as an ex- purgated edition of Matthew's. There is a table of principal matters, and there are notes ; but the notes are briefer and less polemical. The passages quoted above are, c. g. omitted wholly or in part. The epis- tles follow the same order as before. VII. Cranmer. — 1…
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VIII. Geneva. — 1. The experimental translation of the Gospel of Matthew by Sir John Cheke into a purer English than before (Strj'pe, Li/e rf Cheke, vii, ENGLISH VERSIONS 215 ENGLISH VERSIONS 3) had so little influence on the versions that followed that it hardly calls for more than a passinj,' notice, as showing t…
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IX. The Bishops' Biblk. — 1. The facts just stated will account for the wish of archbishop Parker, in spite of his liberal tolerance, to bring out another version which might establish its claims against that of Gene- va. Great preparations were made. The correspond- ence of Parker with his suffragans presents some poi…
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X. KiiKiMs andDou.vy. — 1. The successive changes in the Protestant versions of the Scriptui-es were, as might be expected, matter of triumjih to the contro- versialists of the Latin Church. Some saw in it an argument against any translation of Scripture into the sjiokcn language of the people. Others pointed de- risiv…
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ENGLISH VERSIONS 217 ENGLISH VERSIONS ten raised since. "If even' man's humor wore to be fullowt'd, there would be no end of transhiting" (Card- well, Conferences, p. 188). Cranmer's words seemed likely to be fulfilled again. Had it been left to the bishops, we might have waited for the A.V. ''till the day after doo…
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5. It is not known that any of the correspondence connected with this work, or any minute of the meet- ings for conference, is still extant. Nothing is more ENGLISH VERSIONS 218 ENGLISH VERSIONS strikinp; than the silence with which the version that was to be the inheritance of the English people for at least two c…
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8. The highest testimony of this period is that of Walton. From the editor of the Polyglot, the few words " inter omnes eniinet" meant a good deal {Pref). With the reign of Anne the tide of glowing panegyric set in. It would be easy to put together a long catena of praises stretching from that time to the present. AA'i…
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2. Biblical revision was happily not left entire!}' in such hands as these. A translation by Worsley "ac- cording to the present idiom of the English tongue" (1770) was, at least, less offensive. Durell {Pi-eface to Joh), Lowth {Pref to Jsaiali), Blayney {Pref. to Jere- miah, 1784), were all strongly in favor of a new …
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4. A correspondence between Herbert Marsh, bish- op of Peterborough, and the Rev. H.Walter, in 1828, is tlic next link in the chain. Marsh had spoken {Lec- tures nn Biblical Criticism, p. 295) with some contempt of tlic A.V. as based on Tyndale's, Tyndale's on Lu- ther's, and Luther's on Minister's lexicon, which was i…
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XIII. Present State of the Question. — 1. To take an accurate estimate of the extent to which the A.V. re- quires revision would call for nothing less than an ex- amination of each single book, and would therefore involve an amount of detail incompatible with our present limits. To give a few instances only would pract…
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6. Grammatical inaccuracy must be noted as a de- fect pervading, more or less, the whole extent of the present version of tlie N. T. Instances will be found in abundance in Trench and Scholefield (passim}, and in any of the better Commentaries. Such Gallicisms as "i am come," "Babylon is fallen," etc., to say nothing o…
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In all these points there has been, to a much larger extent than is commonly known, a work of unauthor- ized revision. Neither italics, nor references, nor readings, nor chapter-headings, nor, it may be added, punctuation, are the same now as they were in the A. V. of 1011. The chief alterations appear to have been mad…
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Engrave (HTQ, pathach', to open, hence [in Piel] to carve or grave, whether on wood, gems, or stone ; thrice — '^H, charash' , Exod. xxviii, 11 ; xxxv, 85 ; xxxviii, 23, elsewhere artificer in general ; hnvTooj, 2 Cor. iii, 7). The latter term, 'C~\T\, so translated in the A.V., applies broadly to any artficer, whether…
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Ennodms, Magnus Felix, one of the Latin fa- tliers, was born about A.D. 473, at Aries (according to others at Jlilan), of a noble Gallic famih', having such names as Faustus and Boethius on its registers. His parents dying early, he was sent, on the invasion of the Visigoths, to an aunt in Milan, who took good care of …
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The biblical notices of Enoch were a fruitful source of speculation in later times. Some theologians dis- puted with subtilt}' as to the place to which he was removed, whether it was to Paradise or to the immedi- ate presence of God (comp. Feuardentius, ad Iren. v, 5), though others mere wisely declined to discuss the …
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ing (tirpofrjrevaev .... 'Evojx \sywv), though the wide spread of the book in the 2d century seems al- most decisive in favor of the latter supposition. In several of the fathers mention is made of Enoch as the author, not only of a prophetic writing, but of various productions. Some such work appears to have been know…
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The Greek translation, in which it was known to the fathers, appears to be irrecoverably lost. There is no trace of it after the 8th centuiy. The last remnant of it is preserved by Syncellus. IL Idenlity of the extant Forms. — There can be no doubt that the Ethiopic translation exhibits the iden- tical book which, as …
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V. Contents. — The book of Enoch is divided in the Ethiopic MSS. into twenty sections, wliicli are subdi- vided into 108 cha])ters; but copies differ in their spe- cification of chapters. Dillmann has properly depart- ed from the MSS., and endeavored to make divisions of sections, chapters, and verses which may represe…
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VII. Doctrines. — In doctrine the Book of Enoch ex- hibits a great advance of thought w^ithin the limits of revelation in each of the great divisions of knowledge. The teaching on nature is a curious attempt to reduce the scattered images of the 0. T. to a phj^sical system. The view of society and man, of the temporary…
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VIII. Style. — It is obvious that the author was a poet of no mean order. His inspiration was high, his ideas elevated and pure. He had a creative fanc}' which could body forth new forms and shapes. Speak- ing out of the midst of his own time, he could throw himself back into tlie past, and mould it suital ly to his pu…
1,012 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.