PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 3
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,405,961 words · 1366 reading sections
Section 1261
Palestine Grapes (of natural size). but should glean quite clean, and leave nothing behind through haste. (See Blayney.) Ezek. xviii, 2 : "The fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children's teeth are set on edge ;" a proverbial expression, ex- plainad by the Chaldec, " The fathers have sinned, and the sons are smi…
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dpb, le'kesh (from dp^, to be late ripe), in the " af- ter-math" or " rowen" that springs up on meadows after being once mown ("latter growth," Amos vii, 1). See Me.vdow. " Mown grass" is ^,gez, a moioing or mown mead- ow (I'sa. Ixxii, G ; Amos vii, 1). See Mowek. Dry grass or self-made hay is called 'C'^T\, chash- a…
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The true grass- hopper ((?n///ifs<7?"os- sus) belongs to a tribe of neuropter- ous insects stvled r< ii-j„ A v „„ Antique repre-entation of an (Jld Man Gryllidffi, and it ap- ^^^^^g,. ^,1^ f^,.„, ^,. ^ Gr.a..l>opp«-, pears from modern pieBenting .^n offering at the slirine travellers that it is of Venus. From the F…
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mata, Comimntarii super toto Decreto (Lyons, 1519 and 1520, 3 vols. fol. ; Venice, 1578, 4 vols, fol.); Bellemera, Bemissarius, seu commentarii in Gratiani Decretum (Ly- ons, 1550, 3 vols fol.") ; Berardus, Gratiani Canones r/tn- uini ah apocryphis discre/i, corrtipti, ad emendatiorem codicum Jidem exact!, difficiliore…
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Grave (properh' 'ISp, Ice'ber, a seprdchre; Greek p.vi'ij.ia or jwi^fxiiov, a tomb, as a monument [see Buri- al]) is also in some passages of the common vers, the rendering of ?1X'J, sheol', aCi]c, hades [see Sheol; Hades] ; once of rJl'J, shach'ath (Job xxxiii, 22), the pit or open sepulchre, as elsewhere rendered ; a…
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GRAVEL 9^1 GRAVES rechisireis. p. 72G sq.)- Tliat the relics of the dead were thus pillaj^ud lor inngical purposes (Apul. Metum. ii, p. 38, Bip. ; Horace, Jipod. xiv, 47 sq. ; Lucan, vi, boo ; comp. Brouckhus. ad Tibidl. i, 2, 47 sq.) doss not appear very clearlj^ from Isa. Ixv, 4. There are scrip- tural traces of t…
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Graverol, Jean, a French Protestant theologian, was born at Nismcs, July 28, 1G47 (Sept. 11, 1636, ac- cording to Graverol de Floghrevar). After studying theology at Geneva, he was appointed minister of Pra- del (Vivarais) in 1671. In 1672 he removed to Lyons. A.fter the revocation of the edict of Nantes he went to Hol…
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1. 3^n, chatsnb', althougli once in the A. V. (Job xix, 24) translated "graven" (witli an undoubted ref- erence to the ancient art of engraving), is general!}' used to indicate the rougher work of heicing stone or wood, in quarrj' or forest. In Prov. ix, 1, indeed, it is applied to the finer art of hewing or fasliionin…
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5. nrs, pathach' (in Piel and Pual), is perhaps dis- tinguished from the term we have just considered (bos) by being used to describe figures in relief rather than statues, such as the cherubic figures on the walls of the Temple (see 1 Chron. iii, 7). Compare the cog- nate noun nTOD,piV/«'«c/j, engraved figure, in 1 Ki…
1,022 wordsSECTION 1270Section 1270
Grease (2r?n, che'leb, Psa. cxix, 70, fat [q. v.], as elsewhere rendered). Great Britain and Ireland, the United King- dom OF, is, since the union of Ireland, the full official designation of the country more generalh' known as Great Britain, Britain, or the United Kingdom. It includes the two large islands of Great B…
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GREATHEAD 975 GRECIAN ARCHITECTURE the scholars — and 30,52-i private — i. e. sustained en- tirely by the payments of scholars. The total number of scholars was\',14-l,378, of whom ],4'22,9.S-2 attended the public, and 721,390 the private schools. As the population then amounted to 17,927,009, this gives a proportion…
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In addition to the Ionic and Doric orders, a third order, the Corinthian, was developed in Greece. It was, however, but little nsed until after the time of Alexander, when true religious feeling and patriotic sentiment had given way, throughout Greece and its colonies, to Oriental sensuous enjoyment and luxurj'. The g…
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The other edifices of Grecian architecture were, like the temples, for the benefit and use of the entire pop- ulation. They consisted mostly of fortifications, for- tified entrances (prop3'lrea), and halls of justice (basil- ica). These partook of the general stj'le of architec- ture in which the temples were built. S…
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Fig. 7. Tlie I'artheuon restored. GREECE 979 GREECE shapa of an arc of a circle, and was 140 feet high. Thou"-h built in a period when noble inspiration had left Grecian art, it was marked by an elegance of exe- cution that was not surpassed in any edifice erected durin" tlie history of Greek architecture. The chie…
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2. The relations of the Hebrews with the Greeks were always of a distant kind until the Macedonian conquest of the East : hence in the Old Testament the mention of the Greeks is naturallj' rare. See Javan. It is possible that Moses may have derived some geo- graphical outlines from the Egyptians, but he does not use th…
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The notices of the Jewish people wliich occur in Greek writers have been collected by Josephus (con- trii Apion, i, 22). The chief are Pythagoras, Herodo- tus, Ohoerilus, Aristotle, Theophrastus, and Hecatajus. The main drift of the argument of Josephus is to show that the Greek authors derived their materials from Jew…
1,046 wordsSECTION 1277Section 1277
The Greeks were eminent for their appreciation of beauty in all its varieties ; indeed, their religious creed owed its shape mainlj' to this peculiaritj' of their mind, for their logical acuteness was not exercised on such subjects until quite a later period. The puerile or in- decent fables of the old mythology may se…
1,308 wordsSECTION 1278Section 1278
Popular education has made considerable progress since the estaldishment of independence. There were 750 primary' schools in 1856 ; 93 pro-gymnasia or Hel- lenic schools, with 105 teachers and 4990 pupils; 11 gj'mnasia (organized after the model of those of Ger- many), with 67 teachers and 1180 pupils ; an ecclesias- t…
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separation between the East and the West. When Photius, after ascending the patriarchal see, could not obtain the recognition o^ pope Nicbolns, ho excommu- nicated the pope, and arraigned the whole Latin Church for her doctrine of the twofold procession of the Holy Ghost and the addition of '■'■ Fil'wque" (q. v.) to th…
1,101 wordsSECTION 1280Section 1280
The Greek Church comprised within its ancient limits, anterior to the Mohammedan conquests, Greece properly so called, the Peloponnesus, Eastern Illyri- cum, the Islands, and Asia Minor, as also Syria and Palestine, Arabia, Egypt, and parts of Mesopotamia and Persia. Her territory' in Asia and Africa was in the course …
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GREEK CHLTRCn 9S5 GREEK CHURCH (For a fuller r.ccount of this branch of the Greek Church, see Greece.) The Reformed Churches which arose in the IGth century made also several attempts to establish an understanding with the Greek Church. The Augs- burg Confession and Luther's Smaller Catechism were translated into G…
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III. Conx'itution and Statistics. — The constitution of the Greek Church is, in many respects, similar to that of the Roman Catholic Church. They reject the claims of the pope to a supremacy over the whole Church, and are only willing to recognise him as the patriarch of one great section of the Church. The higher cler…
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Greekish ('EXXr/n/coc, Hellenic'), another term (2 Mace, iv, 10) for Greek (q. v.). Greek Language, Biblical Relations of THE. In treating of the peculiarities of the Greek found in the Sept. and N. T., we here substantially ado]>t Dr. Donaldson's article in Kitto's Cyclopccdia, s. V. The afTinities between the Greek …
1,164 wordsSECTION 1284Section 1284
III. Syntax. — Here the peculiar elements that mix- ed themselves with the common spoken language in the N.-T. writings make their appearance. The He- brew element especially is noteworthy. The transla- tors of the Septuagint went on the principle of trans- lating as literal!}' as possible, and consequentl}' the form o…
1,044 wordsSECTION 1285Section 1285
GKEEK LANGUAGE 988 GREEK VERSIONS like this notion of C^oi), but with tliem it was a specula- tion. They tire continually reasoning about it. The writers of the N. T. treat it as an unquestionable real- ized fact. So, again, c6t.a means glory ; but the writers of the N. T. separate from it every notion of material s…
1,066 wordsSECTION 1286Section 1286
This, then, is a probable account of the origin of this version. Extreme literality and an occasional polem- ical bins appear to be its chief characteristics. The idiom of the Greek language is very often violated in order to produce what was intended should be a very literal version ; and thus not onlj' sense, but gra…
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There can be no doubt that this version was much used by Christians : prol)ably many changes in the text of the Sept. were adopted from Tlieodotion : this may have begun before tlie Biblical labors of Origen brought the various versions into one conspectus. The translation of the book of Daniel In' Theodotion was subst…
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The existing fragments of these varied versions are mostly to be found in the editions of the relics of Ori- gen's Hexapla, by Montfaucon and by Bardht. (See Epiphanius, Be Ponderibiis et Mensuris, cap. 17 ; Euse- bius. Hist. Eccles. vi, 16 ; Jerome, Comment in Tit. cap. 3 ; Apolog. contra Riijin. ii, 34 ; Ilody, p. 59…
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Green, 'William, a divine of Ihc Church of Eng- land, was a fellow of Clare II:dl, Cambridge, and af- terwards rector of Ilardinu'liam, Norfolk. He wrote a New Translation of the Psalms, iiiih Notes (Lond. 1763, 8vo) : — 4 New' Translation of Isaiah, with Notes (ch. vii-liii; 1776, 8vo) : — and Poetical Parts of the Ol…
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Greenskj'', Peter, an Indian of the Lake Superior country, one of the first converts under the mission- ary labors of John Sundaj' (q. v.), was born in 1807, and became a Christian in 1830. He received license Sept. 21, 1844. Subsequently he was employed as an interpreter to Rev. Mr. Daugherty, of the Presbyterian Boar…
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I. Tone. zum Gebrauch der Evangelischen Bruedergemeinden) he was pre-eminent, furnishing more than three hun- dred hymns of his own. He published, besides, a val- uable collection of chorals and anthems, and composed a number of the liturgical services which are still in use. (E. de S.) Gregorian, a title of the Arme…
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Gregorius Antiochensis {Gregory of Antioch), a Greek theologian of tlie 6th centur^^ First a monlt at Constantinople, he became afterwards abbot of a monastery on Mt. Sinai. The Arabs besieged the con- vent, Init he succeeded in making peace with them and in keeping it. He was appointed patriarch of Antioch on the depo…
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GREGORIUS NAZIANZENUS 994 GREGORIUS NAZIANZENUS if against a personal encmj-. " He takes eloquence away from us,'' he says, "as though we were thieves Avho had stolen it." Elsewhere, addressing the hea- then, he writes : " Every thing else, riches, birth, glo- ry, power, and all the vain pomps of earth wiiose bril- li…
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on account of the profundity of his learning. His suc- cess excited his enemies still more against him, and his life was several times in danger. Peter, patriarch of Alexandria, who had appointed him bishop of Con- stantinople, sided afterwards against him, and favored the pretensions of a cj'nic philosopher called Max…
1,210 wordsSECTION 1295Section 1295
As a theologian, Gregory shows marks of the power- ful influence of Origen. As to the Trinity, be ear- nestly defended the Nicene doctrines (Oraiiones, 27- 31), and vindicated, against the ApoUinarians, the hu- manity of Christ. In common with nearh' all theolo- gians before Augustine, he maintained side by side the do…
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GREGORIUS NYSSENUS 996 GREGORIUS NYSSENUS his contemporaries. We are chiefl^v indebted for an account of tlioni to Gregory of Nyssa, who flourished a hundred years after Thaumaturgus, who wrote a pan- egyric of liim rather than a life, and who evidently re- corded every wonder of which he received a report without e…
1,284 wordsSECTION 1297Section 1297
As a theologian, Gregory had great reputation in his age. His theologj' shows independent and original thought, but contains many of the ideas of Origen. He maintained the Nicene doctrine of the Trinity, tlie doc- trine of Kedemption, the freedom of the will, faith as the subjective, and the sacraments as the objective…
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Gregorius of Armenia {Gregory Uluminator ; Greek Photistes, Armenian Lusawoi'ich), first bishop of Armenia and apostle of Christianity in that country (3d century). Others had preached there before him, but he was the first to organize Christianity thorough- ly. Accurate information about him is wanting. The Bollandist…
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1841, i, 212 sq.). — Herzog, Real-Encyldopudie, v, 347; Brockhaus, Gregor von Ihimburg (Leipz. 1861). Gregory, the patriarch of the Bohemian Brethren. Among the earnest-minded Hussites of the Calixtine party, which began, about 1453, to form around Koky- can, elected but never consecrated arclibishop of Prague, and to…
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Gregory I, Pope, commonly called Gregory the Great, great-grandchild of pope Eelix II, was born at Rome about 5-11. Having received an education suit- able to his rank, he became a member of the senate, and filled other employments in the state. The em- peror Justin II appointed him prefect or governor of Eome (A.D. 57…
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GREGORY 1000 GREGORY In the year 590, Gregory sent Augustine, abbot of his own monastery of St. Andrew at Home, to convert those of the English who j'et remained heathens, and under liis auspices Christianity was established in the northern parts of the island. See Augustine; and England, Church of. In several cont…
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Gregory was a very voluminous writer. His letters amount to eight hundred and forty ; and besides them he wrote a Comment on the Book of Joh, comprised in thirty-six books ; a Pastoral, or a treatise on the du- ties of a pastor, consisting of four parts, and, as it were, of four difierent treatises ; twentj'-two Homili…
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IV, Pope, a native of Rome, made pope A.D. 827. By taking, in 833, the part of the three rebellious sons of Louis le Debonnaire against their father, this prelate embroiled himself much with his clergy, es- peciall}' those of France, who, favoring the cause of Louis, refused to receive either him or his decrees. Gregor…
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GREGORY 1002 GREGORY ral powers — such were a few of the evils the Church was j suttV'riiiy; under. Hiltlebrand directed all the measures of refuriii, under the authority of the pope. Leo IX died April 19, 1054. Hildcbrand was then sent to the emiieror hy the clergy and tlie people of Kome to ob- tain his assent to …
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Hildebrand did not assume his title until he had re- ceived the approbation of the emperor Henry IV, to whom he dispatched messengers for the purpose. The emperor, pleased with this act of deference, readily confirmed his election, and Hildebrand assumed the name of Gregory VII. The great object of Gregory's ambition w…
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Gregor}''s presence, and, on confessing his errors, re- ceived absolution, but was not restored to his king- dom, the pope referring him to the general diet. Hen- ry soon after resumed the insignia of royalty, and, be- ing supported by his Lombard vassals, and indignant at the humiliating scene of Canossa, recrossed th…
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VIII (Albero de Mora), Pope, was a native of Benevento. He succeeded Urban III, Oct. 21, 1187, and died at Pisa Dec. 16, 1187. His short reign was unimportant. He has generally been considered as a learned, eloquent, and virtuous man. He attempted a crusade to the Holy Land, and the cardinals them- selves promised to j…
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XI (PiERKE Roger), Pope, born in 1329 at Mau- mont, in France, was ne])hew to Clement VI, who made him cardinal at eighteen years of age, and gave him many rich benefices. He was elected pope De- cember 30, 1370, and removed the papal court from Avignon to Rome in 1377. Wicliffe visited tliis pope at Avignon, and went …
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Gregory was not less active in strengthening the power of Rome abroad than in crushing out liberty and happiness at home. He erected, in various countries, twenty-seven new bishoprics and thirty-two apostolic vicariates. In 1836 he gave the College De Propagaiu d(i into the care of the Jesuits, and he trusted and fa- v…
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tor of iron-works and of extensive porcelain manufaci tories. Etienne was trained in the Roman Catholic faith, but at the early age of six years, by a remarka- ble visitation of the Holj' Spirit, was brought to expe- rience the efficacy of private prayer. At the age of seventeen he was chosen one of the king's bodj'-gu…
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Greve or Greeve, Egbert Jan, a Dutch theo- logian and Hebrew scholar, was born at Deventer Sept. 4, 1754. He studied theology at Leyden, but refused in 1783 to sign the formula of union except as a human contrivance. He was elected representative in 1796, and became professor of Oriental languages and Hebrew antiquitie…
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GRIEF 1008 GRIESBACH Ticlent outburst of sorrow, in the instantaneous over- flow of lamentation, they wrung their hands above the head (2 Sam. xiii, 19), or beat the breast with them (Nah. ii, S ; Luke xviii, 13; conip. Joseph. Ant. xvi, 7, 5 : ISO, KoTrrfdS'ot ; see Homer, 11. ii, 700 : Herodotus, ii, 85 ; Lu- cian…
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Griesbach, Johann Jakob, an eminent German Protestant theologian, was born at Butzbach, in Hesse Darmstadt, Jan. 4, 1745. He received his early edu- cation at Frankfort-on-the-Main, where his father was pastor, and afterwards visited successively the univer- sities of Tubingen, Halle, and Leipzig, where he studied theo…
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ologians, conservative at heart, but advancing never- theless more or less with the times. Such was Gries- bacli, who may, perhaps, not unjustly be called a mid- dle-part}' man, in view of his Theojmeustie (1784), his Christologie d. Hebraerincfs (1791), and especially of his Anleitung z. Studium d. pupmldnn Dogmatik (…
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of the faithlessness of the traditionary testimony by which it is supported, since he states that the two prin- cipal classes of text, the Alexandrian and the M'cstern, have been interpolated in every part ; that the author- ized Greek version exhibits 150,000 various readings, and has remained 1400 years in its presen…
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Griffin, Ed'ward Dorr, D.D., a Presbyterian minister, was born at East Haddam, Conn., Jan. 6, 1770, and graduated at Yale College in 1790 with distin- guished honor. After teacliing for a time at Derby, he studied theology under the guidance of Jonathan Edwards, and was licensed in 1792. He commenced his labors at New …
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Grind ("iH^, tachan , to crush small, Exod. xxxii, 20 ; Deut. ix, 21 ; specially with a hand-mill, Judg. xvi, 21 ; Numb, xi, 8 ; also tropically, to oppress the poor by exaction, Isa. iii, 15. In the expression "let my Vt'iie grind for another," Job xxi, 10, it is put as the picture of abject poverty and degradation, i…
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GRISWOLD 1013 GROSSETESTE brated for his episcopal abilities and admirable endow- ments for spiritual government, as well as his singular learning. The High -churchmen call him an ultra- Protestant, from the favor he showed to the Puritans, and from his abhorrence of Komanizing tendencies. His Remains, edited for th…
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Groot, De. SeeGROTius; Hofstede. Gropper, Joh ann, a German Romanist divine, was born at Socst in 1501, became successivelj' canon of Cologne, provost of Bonn, and archdeacon and provost of St. Gereon of Cologne. He convoked a provincial synod in 1536 with the intention of effecting some re- forms, and was afterwards …
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When he accepted the mitre there was general dis- order among the ecclesiastics subjected to him ; there was a total want of settled discipline ; there was con- stant recalcitration against authority ; there was re- fractoriness in his own chapter, which eventuated in protracted contention ; ignorance, licentiousness, …
807 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.