PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 3
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,405,961 words · 1366 reading sections
Section 481
door, we find the ground floor entirely used as a store ; it is filled with large barrels of oil, the produce of tho rich country for many miles round ; this space, so far from being haljitable, is sometimes so dirty with the dripping of the oil that it is difficult to pick out a clean footing from the door to the firs…
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(2.) In Prussia, the United Established Church (since 1817) has been called the " Evangelical Church." Sec Prussia and United Evangelical Church. (3.) In England and America the term " evangeli- cal" is frequently used to distinguish those churches which believe in the divinitj' of Christ and the atone- ment from thos…
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EVANGELICAL ALLIANCE 368 EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATION much opposition in Germanj'- from the Lutherans, who did iiiit tiiid the creed sufficiently explicit on certain ])oitits, and from the disciples of Schlciermaclier, wlio disaiiprovcd of some of tlie articles. A second assembly was held in Paris in 1855 on the occasion o…
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Evangelical Association, an ecclesiastical bodj' which took its rise in the j-ear 1800, in the eastern jiart of Pennsjlvania, and resulted from an orcjanization into classes and congregations of the disciples of Rev. Jacob Albright, a native of Eastern Pennsj-lvania, who, being impressed bj' the general decline of reli…
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The following table, taken from the A Imanac of the. Evangelical Association for 1869, gives the names of the annual conferences, the j'car of the organization of each, the number of itinerant preachers, local preach- ers, Cliurch members, probationers, Sunday-schools, and Sunday-school scholars : Conferences. g.2 I…
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Evangelist (^evayyi\i(Fn'i<:'), the name of an order or body of men included in tlic constitution of the Apostolical Ciiurch (q. v.). The term is applied in the New Testament to a certainxlass of Christian teachers who were not fixed to any particular spot, but trav- elled either independently, or under the direction o…
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Evangelistarium (Book of the Gospels), the name given in tlie earlier ages to a volume containing the portions appointed to be read from the Gospels. If the four Gospels complete were contained in the book, it was called Evangelistarium Plcnanum. — Proc- ter, Common Prayer, p. 9 ; Siegel, Alterthiimer, iii, 249. See Ma…
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Evans, Christinas, an eloquent "Welsh preacher, was born December 25, 1766, at Lland3-ssul, Cardigan- shire. His father was poor, and he had no school edu- cation. At seventeen he was converted, and joined EVANS 372 EYE tJie Baptist Church. He then first learned to read the AVolsh Hible, and soon after began to exh…
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Evaristus, bishop of Rome, is said to have been, born at Bethlehem, and to have succeeded Clement as bishop of Rome about A.D. 100. He is said to have first organized Rome into parishes, and to have fallen a martyr A.D. 109. Evarts, Jeremiah, secretary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, was b…
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See Olmsted, Our First Mother (N. Y. 1852) ; Rei- neccius, De A damo androgyno (Weissenf. 1725) ; Thilo, Filiiis matris viventium in viritm Jehovam (Erlangen, 1748) ; Kocher, Comment, philol. ad Gen. ii, 18-20 (Jen. 1779) ; Schulthess, Exeget. theolog. Forschungen, i, 421 sq. ; Bastard, Doctrine of Geneva, ii, 61 ; Hug…
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Everlasting. See Eternal. Everlasting Gospel. See Evangeliuji jEter- KCM. Eves, or Vigils, the nights or evenings before cer- tain holj'days of the Church. In the primitive times, it was the custom for Christians to pass great part of the nights that preceded certain holyda3'S in religious exercises; these, from the…
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EVIDENCES OF CHRISTIANITY 375 EVIDENCES OF CHRISTIANITY one another. The evidence of demonstration applies to necessary, moral or probable evidence to contingent, truth. The great mass of objects upon which our judgment and reasonings are exercised rests upon probable evidence. Demonstrative evidence is very limited i…
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1. The external evidences include miracles and prophec}'. "We need not inquire whetlier external evidence of a revelation is in all cases requisite to him who immediateh' and at first receives it; for the ques- tion is not whether private revelations have ever been made by God to individuals, and what evidence is re- q…
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3. The apostles were under no temptation to forge a story of this kind, or to pul)lisli it to the world know- ing it to he false. 4. Ilad, tlicy done so, humanly speaking, they must quickly have perished in it, and their foolish cause must have died with them, without ever gaining anj' credit in the world. Reflect mor…
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doctrine of atonement with hope ; of the adaptation of | its doctrine of divine influence to the moral condition of mankind when rightly understood, and the aft'ect- | ing benevolence and condescension which it implies ; and of its noble and sanctifying revelations of the | blessedness of a future life, much might be s…
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Jam redif et Virrio^ redeunt Saturnia j'egna, [Now Asti'sea returu.s, and the Saturnian reign,] be far too weak to express the mighty change ? [It I was in the reign of Saturn that the heathen poets fix- ed the Golden Age. At that period, according to them, Astraja (the goddess of justice), and manj' other dei- ties, …
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tury there were Christians in the camp, in the senate, and in the palace ; in short, everywhere, as we are in- formed, except in the temples and the theatres : they filled the towns, the country, and the islands. Men and women of all ages and ranks, and even those of the first dignity, embraced the Christian faith, ins…
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Paley's View of the Evidences of Christianity for a long time held the first place as a text-book on evi- dences in England. Paley even goes so far as to say we can conceive of no way in which a revelation could be made except by miracles. "In whatever degree it is probable, or not very improbable, that a revela- tion …
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On the argument of Butler's Analogy^ see the article BuTLEU (vol. i, p. 937). II. As to the comparative value of the different class- es of the Christian evidences there has been much dis- pute. Coleridge admitted the value of the testimony from miracles for the Jews at the beginning of Chris- tianity, but considered …
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The tendency of German theology has gone against the external evidences of Christianity, but this very tendency opened tlie door to rationalism and infidelity, above which German orthodoxy has only recently l)e- gun to emerge. On this point, see the Xeiu York l^e- vierv, ii, 141 sq. See also bishop Butler's admirable d…
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The question of the origin and dates of the several gospels is treated under the separate articles Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. The Tubingen school, and the modern critics who follow them, put the dates for- ward into the second centurj'. See Tueingen School. On the questions involved, see Fisher, Essai/s, alreadj' c…
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EVIL-SPEAKING 382 EWER of mild for severe measures, may have been viewed in this light. The hitter half of the name Evil-nierodach is that of a Babylonian god Merodacii (((. v.). Two modes of exidaining tlie former part of it liave been attempt- ed. Since evil, as a Hebrew word, means "foolish," Simonis proposes to…
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Ewald, JoiiANN LuDwiG, theologian, was born at Dreieichenhain, Hesse, September 16, 1747. He stud- ied at the University of Marburg. After serving two 3'ears as tutor to the children of the prince of Hesse- Philippsthal, he became pastor at Offenbach, 1768. He began preaching as a I!ationalist,but in a few years he fou…
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rian Church, Mr. Ewing heard for the first time in his life tiie doctrines of regeneration txivX personal holi- ness insisted upon from the pulpit. He became sat- isfied that he had not a saving knowledge of the truth, and communicated his feelings to his wife, whom he found in a similar state of mind. After manj' praj…
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Exactor, the rendering (Isa. Ix, 17) of CSb, noges", a driver (task-master, Exod. iii, 7 ; Job iii, 18 ; Isa. ix, 3; or simply driver of animals, Job xxxix, 7) ; hence exactor of a debt (or tribute, Dan. xi, 20 ; Zech. ix, 8); hence (in accordance with Oriental ideas and customs) a ruler, king, tyrant (Isa. iii, 12; xi…
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(3.) The exarch in the Greek Church at the present day is the patriarch's deput}', whose duty it is to visit the provinces under his insjiection, to inform himself as to the lives and morals of the clergy ; to take cognizance of ecclesiastical causes — the manner of celebrating di- vine ordinances, the sacraments, part…
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The punishment of excommunication is not appoint- ed by the law of Moses. It is founded on the natural right of self-protection which all societies enjoy. The case of Korah, Dathan, and Abirani (Num. xvi), the curse denounced on Meroz (Judg. v, 23), the commis- sion and proclamation of Ezra (vii, 2G ; x, 8), and the re…
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Satan unto God. Converseh', to be cast out of the Church would be to be removed from light to dark- ness, to be withdrawn from God's government, and de- livered into the power of Satan (so Balsamon and Zo- naras, in Basil. Can. 7 ; Estius, in 1 Cor. v ; Bever- idge, in Can. Apost. x). If, however, the expression means …
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Tiie expression 'At'c'tGef^ia j.ictpai'a9a, as it stands bj' itself without explanation in 1 Cor. xvi, 22, Is so pecu- liar, that it has tempted a number of ingenious exposi- tions. Parkhurst hesitatingly derives it from D'^n'2 nnx, "Cursed be thou." But this derivation is not tenable. Buxtorf, Morinus, Hammond, Bingha…
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2. There were two excommunications, the gi'eatet EXCOMMUNICATION 388 EXCOMMUNICATION (major) and lesser (^mhior'). The excommunicatio minor ((((/loptfT/iuf) exchulfd from participation in the Eucha- rist and prayers of tlie faithful, but did not expel from the Cliurcli ; for the person under its sentence might stay…
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Si pro delicto anathema quis efficiatuv, Os, orare, vale, commiinio, luensa negatiir. See Anathema ; Bell, Book, axd Candle. "In the Roman Catholic Church the power of" ex- communicating is held to reside, not in the congre- gation, but in the bishop ; and this is believed to be in exact accordance with the remarkabl…
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who were the divine fathers of the Synod of A'ice, and of all other holy sjniods ; and being without tlie Church of Christ, let no man administer unto them the things of the Cliurch, or bless them, or offer sacrifice for them, or give them the avridwfwi', or the blessed bread, or eat, or drink, or work with them, or co…
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The law of the Protestant Episcopal Church in America, as expressed by the 42d canon of 1832, is as follows : Sec. 1 . If any persons within this Church of- fend their brethren by any wickedness of life, such persons shall be repelled from the holy communion, agreeably to the rubric. Sec. 2. On information being laid l…
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EXECUTION 391 EXECUTION tnose who should rebuild Carthage (Zonaras, Annal.}. ' An incident somewhat analogous is related (Josh, vi, 2(5) after the taking of Jericho. From the words '■ and Joshua adjured them at that time," it is likelj' that he acted under a divine intimation that Jericho should continue in ruins, a…
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See ClIERETIIITE. Foreign punishments, unknown to the Jewish law, were the following : 1. Sawing in pieces (2 Sam. xii, 31). See Saw. 2. Dichotomy., i. e. cutting asunder {ciXoroptlv or fu\i'Ctiv = ^'' quartering") or dismember- ment (^B'.^, 1 Sam. XV, 33 ; jutXtori haipilu, Josephus, Ant. XV, 8, 4; a barbarous instan…
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Executioner (o-TTf/foi/Xfirwo, for Lat. specidator, originally a scout, afterwards a life-ffuardsman under the emperor), a member of the royal body-guard adopt- ed by Herod in imitation of the Romans (see Tacitus, Hist, ii, 11 ; Suetonius, Claud. 35), and in accordance ■with Oriental despotism, and employed to execute …
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II. Method of Exegetical Theology. — 1. Philology. — As the Bible comes to us in ancient languages (He- brew, Chaldee, Hellenistic Greek), the first requisite of exegesis is the knowledge of these languages, both as to their grammatical structure and their vocabula- rv. Tliis branch is called Sacred Linguistics, or Sa-…
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Eseniption designates, in ecclesiastical law, the release of persons or institutions from the jurisdiction of the regular superior, and their subordination to a higher or special superior. 1. Roman Catholic Church. — The first example of formal exemption is the release of monasteries from the episcopal jurisdiction. M…
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HORTKKS. 3. In the book of Common Prayer, the sliort address- es of the minister to the people in the daily service, in the communion office, and in the office for the visita^ tion of the sick, are called Exhortations. The first of these, beginning " Dearly beloved brethren, the Scrip- ture moveth us," etc., was intr…
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1. (Early in B.C. GOG.) Nebuchadnezzar's invasion, in the 3d year of Jehoiakim (Dan. i, 1). 2. (Summer of B.C. 6llG.) Subjugation by Nebuchadnezzar in his first associate year, and the ith of Jehoiakim (Jer. xxv, 1); wlien, besides some of the sacred vessels (2 Chrou. xxxvi, 7), a few royal youths were taken away as l…
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Of the permission to return to Palestine, which Cy- rus granted to tlie entire people (Ezra i, 5; vii, 13), Jews alone, in the first instance at least, availed them- selves (Ezra ii; Neh. vii; comp. Josephus, Ant. xi, 5, 2: "But the whole people of the Israelites remained in the same country . . . The ten tribes are be…
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I. Bate. — The particular Egj'ptian monarch under whom this great event, the first definite link of the Hebrew with other ancient history, occurred, is so dif- ferently identified with those of earlj' profane chroni- cles, and of the monuments by various Egyptologers, that but little reliance, unfortunately, can be pla…
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The Land of Goshen maj' be concluded, from the Biblical narrative, to have been part of Egypt, but not of what was then held to be Egypt proper. It must therefore have been an outer eastern province of Low- er Egypt. It is enough here to say that it was on the eastern side of the Nile, probaldy in the province of Esh-S…
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On the other hand, if, as the position of Ramescs, and the nature of the ground between that point and the head of the gulf seems to indicate, they pursued the direct route thence down the valley of the bitter lakes, we may locate Succoth not far from the ruins of Serapeum, and Etham at a point about half way be- tween…
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1. It is usual to suppose that the most northern place at wliich tlie Red Sea could have licen crossed is the present bead of the Gulf of Suez. This supposition de- ])(1h1s upon the idea that in the time of ISloses the gulf did not extend fartlier to the northward than at pres- ent. An examination of the country north …
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camping by the sea" (ver. 9). When the Israelites saw the oppressor's army the}' were terrified, and murmured against Moses. "Because [there were] no graves in Egypt, hast thou taken us away to die in the wilder- ness ?" (ver. 11.) Along the bare mountains that skirt the vallev of Upper Egypt are abundant sepulchral gr…
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Here, at the end of their long oppression, delivered finally from the Egyptians, the Israelites glorified God. In what words thej^ sang his praise we know from the Song of Moses, which, in its vigorous brevitj', represents the events of that memorable night, scarcely of less moment than the night of the Passover (Exod.…
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EXODE 401 EXODE go to have followed the shore to the plain of Baideah at the mouth of wady Tuwarik, and there crossed ; but if (as some travellers affirm) there is room for such a passage along the shore by Kas Attuka, the Israelites might have escaped by the same route by simply re- treating, or, if that had been p…
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At the end of three days the Israelites reached the fountain Marah, but the waters were bitter, and could not be drunk. The stock which they had brought with them being now exhausted, they began to utter murmurings on finding themselves disappointed at Marah. Moses appealed to God, who directed him to a tree, which, be…
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hills rises into the Jebel Ilummim, "lofty and precip. itous, extending in several peaks along the shore, ap- parently of chalk}' limestone, mostly covered with tiints ... its precipices . . . cut oft' all passage along- shore from the hot springs (lying a little west of south from the mouth of wady Useit, along the co…
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5. The next station mentioned in Exodus is Rephi- dim : but in Numbers Dophkah and Alush are added. The two latter were reached after the people had taken " their journey out of the wilderness of Sin." Exact precision and minute agreement are not to be expect- ed. The circumstances of the case forbid us to look for the…
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bills. Wc thus place them before Mount Iloreb, in the capacious plain Kaluili, which, having its -vvidest part in the innnediate front of that immense mass of rock, extends as if with two arms, one towards the north-west, the other towards the north-east. The re- view of the plain by so competent a person as Robin- son…
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HOBAE. 1. After having been thus about a year in the midst of this mountainous region, the Israelites broke up their encampment and began their journey in the or- der of their tribes, Judah leading the way with the ark of the covenant, imder the guidance of the direct- ing cloud (Numb, ix, 15 sq. ; x, 11 sq.). They do…
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the hill between wady el-Huweimiraty and wady ei- Huweimirat. (See Stanley's Sinai and Palestine, p. 84). See Hazeroth. At Hazeroth, where the people seem to have re- mained a short time, there arose a family dissension to increase the difficulties of IMoses. Aaron, appar- ently led on by his sister Miriam, who may ha…
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In this way the scriptural account of the journey- ings of the Israelites become perfectly harmonious and intelligible. The eighteen stations mentioned only in the general list in the book of Numbers as preceding the arrival at Kadesh are then apparently to be re- ferred to this eight-and-thirty years of wandering, dur…
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EXODE 407 EXODE that on two occasions three daj's formed the period of transition between station and station, and therefore that not day's marches, but intervals of an indefinite number of days between permanent encampments are intended by that itinerary ; and as it is equally clear from Numb, ix, 22 that the groun…
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(ver. 36). (NtTMDEES xxxiii.) From Kadesh (ver. 37). [33.] Return to Kadesh, in the desert of Zin (Xumb. XX, 1), by the way of Mt. Seir (Deut. ii, 1). (3.) From Kadesh to the Jordan. (XuMb. XX, xxi ; Deut. i, ii, X). From Kadesh (Xumb. xx, 22). [39.] Beeroth Bene-jaakan (Deut. X, 6). [40.] :Moimt Hor (Numb, …
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NnMB.xxxiii,30-G5. Deut. x, C, 7. Conjecturai, Site. (1.) Moseroth. (2.) Mosera. Aiii et - Taii/ibek, near the foot of Mount Hor. (2.) Bene-jaakan. (1.) Beeroth of the 'Ain el-Webeh. cliildrenof Ja- akan. (3.) Hor-hagidgad. (3.) Gudgodah. Wach/ el - Ghudhd- cjUlh. C4.) Jotbathah. (4.) Jotbath. Confli'.ence of wad…
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EXODE 410 EXODE opposite Pisgah, a peak (specially corresponding prob- I atilv to .Iel)el Attariis) of the mountains inclosing the valley of tiie Jordan on the east. About this time the expc'ilitiou was sent out against Sihon, Og, and the in- habitants of Baslian ; upon the successful return of vliicli they )iassed …
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Thus a journey, w Inch the}' might have performed in a few months, they spent forty years in accom- plishing, bringing on themselves unspeakable toil and trouble, and, in the end, death, as a punishment for their gross and sensual appetites, and their unbending indocility to the divine will (Numb, siv, 23 ; xxvi, 65). …
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Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.