PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 3
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,405,961 words · 1366 reading sections
Section 1201
The chief countries mentioned as producing gold are Arabia, Sheba, and Ophir (1 Kings ix, 28 ; x, 1 ; Job xxviii, 10 ; in Job xxii, 24 the word Ophir is used for gold). Gold is not found in Arabia now (Niebuhr's Travels, p. 141), but it used to be (Artcmidor. ap. Stra- bo, xvi, 3, 18, where he speaks of an Arabian rive…
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How Moses was able to consume the golden calf with fire (r]"iU3), and reduce it to powder ("ni:, pul- verize), as stated in Exod. xxxii, 20, is difficult to say ; for although gold readiljr becomes weak and to some extent friable under the action of fire, 3'et it is by no means thus burnt to sucii a degree as to be red…
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GOLGOTHA 918 GOLGOTHA describe the means employed" (Wilkinson, .'Uic. Egjp- 1 however, that neither Eusebiiis, nor Cyril, nor Jerom?, tians, abridgment, ii, 138 sq.)- Seo Metallurgy. | nor any of the earliest historical writers ever speak of Golyiotha as a hill. Yet the Jc expression must have become current at a…
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having the definite article— "the place Golgotha" " the place which is called a skull"—" the place (A. V. omits the article) called of, or after, a skull." That it one who has examined on the spot the topography of Mount IMoriah, and who has closelv inspected the ma- sonrv of the massive wall which surrounds the whole…
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Goli'ath (Heb. Golynth', r'y:)t^ ; Sept. roXiaSr, Jo- sephus VoXiai^oc), a famous giant of Gath, who "morn- ing and evening for forty days" defied the armies of Israel ; but was eventually slain by David, in the re- markable encounter, with a sling (1 Sam. xvii). B.Co 1063. Although repeatedlj' called a Pliilistine, h…
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Golius, Petrus, brother of J. Golius, was brought up by his maternal uncle, Jan Hemelaar, canon at Antwerp, in the Koman Catholic Church, in which he remained through life. He shared his brother's fond- ness for Oriental studies. After spending several years in Palestine, he was appointed professor of Oriental language…
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GOMORRAH 921 GOMORRAH xliv, 42 ; Justin, xxiv, 8 ; xxxviii, 3, 4) ; and the probability is that the Cimbri were Celtic, and of the same tribe as the Cjnnry of Britain (Prichurd, Eastern Orifjin of the Celtic Nations, by Latham, p. 142 ; Lath- am, Germmua of Tacitus, Epilegoni. p. clxv sq.). By the ancients the Cimme…
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To turn to their geographical position, one passage of Scripture seems expressl}' to assert that the vale of Siddim had become the "salt," or dead, " sea" (Gen. xiv, 3), called elsewhere too the "sea of the jilain" (Josh, xii, 3) ; the expression, however, occurs aute- cedentlj' to their overthrow. Josephus (Anf.], 9) …
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Gonesius, I'eter {Comjza, GoniadzU, Goniondz- ii\ one of the early Unitarians of Poland, was Ijorn in Goniadz in 1525. His opposition to the doctrines of the Reformation in the early part of his public career won him the support of the Roman Catholics; but hav- ing in 1554 undertaken a journey through Germany and Switz…
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In the further development of the history of ethics, so far as relates to the definition of the " highest good," we must particularly notice the distinction (1) between the individual and the general, indicated in Plato and Aristotle, and carried to the greatest extent by Epicu- rus and the Stoics ; (2) the resulting d…
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(2.) In the Roman Church the Any is celebrated with great care. "The Church in her whole office expresses the deepest mourning and compunction. The altars are naked, except at the priest's communion, when the ornaments are black, and the crucifix is covered with a Idack veil till the prostration, after which it is left…
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Goodly Trees is the rendering of Tlfl V", ets hadar' , tree of splendor, the fruit ('^7?) "boughs") of which (Sept. icapwog c,v\ou oj(Kuoc,Yu\g. fructus' ar- horis j)ulcherrima>), the Israelites were directed to taka (i. e. carry about in festive procession) on the first day of the Feast of Tabernacles, in memory of th…
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Goodrich, Cliauncey Allan, D.D., was born in New Haven, Conn., Oct. 23, 1790. He graduated at Yale in 1810 ; was tutor in Yale College from 1812 to 1814; and in 1816, having completed a course of the- ological study, was installed as pastor of the First Church in IMiddletown, Conn. On the accession of Dr. Day to the pr…
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Good'win, John, an eminent Arminian divine, ■was born in 1593, and was educated at Queen's Col- lege, Cambridge, where he became fellow in 1617. In 1633 he became vicar of St. Stephen's, Coleman Street, London, from which he was ejected in 1645 for refus- ing to administer baptism and the Lord's supper pro- miscuously.…
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Gopatata. See Jotapata. Go'pher (Heb. id. "lEJ; according to Gesenius, i. q. ^titi, pitch; acc. to Fiirst, connected with r"'1Ea, brimstone, i. e. resin ; Sept. TETpajiovoc, Vulg. levirja- tus), a kind of tree, the wood of which is mentioned only once in Scripture, as the material of which Noah was directed to build t…
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Gordon, George N., a Presbyterian minister and missionarj', was born in Prince Edward Island in 1821. He studied at the Free-Chureh College, Hali- fax, N. S., and -was sent In' the Presbyterian Church of Nova Scotia to the New Hebrides, and settled at Enomanga, in 1857, with his wife, whom he married in England. On the…
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sermons and pamphlets." — Historn of Christian Church (Encyc. Metrop., Glasgow, 1858, p. 387 sq.) ; Chambers, EncyclopacUa, s. v. ; Theological Critic, April, 1852, art. iii ; English Review, vols, xiii, xiv ; jNIarsden, Churches and Sects, i, 42 ; Cunningham, Discussion of Church Pnnciples (Edinburgli, ISGo), chap. vi…
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Gortyna, according to Ptolemy (iii, 17,10), was situ- ated in 54° 15' and 34° 50'. Simon proposes a Shemit- ic etymology for the name (Ownn. p. 50 ; but see Sick- ler, Handhiich, p. 470). Next to Cnossus, it was the most important city in the island for power and mag- nilicence. At one time Gortyna and Cnossus in union…
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Goshen (Ileb. id. ''~'^, prob. of Egyptian origin, but unknown signif.), the name of at least two places. 1. (Sept. usually Vtrrci^ or VKyifi.) A province or district of Egypt in which Jacob and his family set- tled through the instrumentality of his son Joseph, and in which thej^ and their descendants remained for a …
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GOSHEN P31 GOSHEN to derive it from tDl^S— for it also occurs as the name of a district and of a town in the south of Palestine (see l)elow, No. 2), where we could scarcely expect an appellation of Egyptian origin unless given after the Exodus, which in this case does not seem lilcely. It is also noticeable tiiat so…
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Egypt for the land itself (see Kurtz, Hist, of Old Cov. § 41). — Smith, s. v. ; Kitto, s. v. ; Fairbairn, s. v. See Egypt. 2. (Sept. Toaoji; Vulg. Gessen, Gozen), the "land" or the "country [both "j^'IX] of Goshen," twice named as a district in southern Palestine, included in the con- quests of Joshua (.losh. x, 41 ; …
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GOSPEL SIDE OF the Altar, the right side of the altar or communion-table, looking from it, at which, in tlie English Church service, the Gospel appointed for the day is read. It is of liigher distinction than the epistle side, and is occupied by the clergyman of highest ecclesiastical rank who happens to be present. In…
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I. Relative Position. — Concerning the ord^r which thej^ occupy in the Scriptures, the oldest Latin and Gothic versions, as also the Codex CantaVirigiensis, place IMatthew and John first, and after them Mark and Luke, while the other JMSS. and old versions fol, low the order given to them in our Bibles. As dog- matical…
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III. 3/ufual Relation and Origin.— ^^ Many portions of the histor}- of Jesus" (remarks Mr. Norton, who has minutely investigated the subject) "are found in com- mon in the first three gospels, others ai'e common to tiro of their number, but not found in the third. In the passages referred to, there is generally a simil…
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tions made to it at different periods. Various copies of this original gospel, with these additions, being ex- tant in the time of the evangelists, each of the evan- gelists is supposed to have used a different copy as the basis of his gospel. In the hands of bishop Marsh, who adopted and modified the hypothesis of Eic…
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Tliere is a striking difference between the fourth gospel and the sj'noptic gospels in respect both to con- tents and form ; but, with all this difference, there is a general and essential agreement. John relates in part the same things as the synoptists, and in a similar man- ner, but not with the verbal agreement. Th…
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The susceptible disposition of John himself, and the intimate relation in which he stood to Clirist, make the supposition reasonable that he drank so deeply into the spirit of his master, and retained so vivid a recol- lection of his very words, as to reproduce them with accuracy. Instead of transferring his own though…
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Commentarii (Lausanne, 1578, 2 vols. 8vo ; also in his Comment, on the N. T.) ; Kande, Erkldrang (Francfort, 1597, fol.) ; Biniet, Commentitria (Paris, 1581) ; Sa, Scholia [compiled] (Antwerp, 1591, Lugd. 1602, Colon. 1612, 4to) ; Bulliond, extracts of old and now com- ments (in French, Lyons, 1596, 1628, 4to) ; *Maldo…
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3 vols. 8vo); Burger, Erkldrung [Matthew, Mark, and Luke] (Nordlingcn, 1865, 8vo) ; Burgon, Commentary (new ed. London, 1865, 5 vols. 12mo) ; Bisping, Exeg. Ilandb. (Miinster, 1865, 8v'o); Warren, Notes (Boston, 1867, vol. i, 12nio). Sec New Testament. GOSPELS, SPUPJOUS (Pseudepigraphal). The canon of the New Testamen…
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GOSPELS 939 GOSPELS Greek Church (Montfaucon, Palceogr. Grcec. p. 304). There are also extant versions of the Gospel of the In- fancy in the Arabic and other languages of the East- ern churches, among which they appear to have pos- sessed a high degree of nuthorit}'. Although this work is stN'led by Postell the Pro…
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5. Although the Gospel of Marcion, or rather that of Luke, as corrupted h\ that heretic in the second centur}', is no longer extant, professor Hahn lias en- deavored to restore it from the extracts found in an- cient writers, especially Tertullian and Epiphanius. See Marciox. This work has been published by Thilo. G. …
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Beausobre suspected that the latter pai-t of the book (the descent into hell) was taken from the Gospel of Peter, a work of Lucius Charinus now lost. Thilo (Codex Apocryphiis') thinks that it is the work of a Jew- ish Christian, but it is uncertain wliether it was origi- nally written in Hebrew, Greek, or Latin. The on…
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GOSPELS 941 GOTAMA H as the Gospel of Mattliew — interpolated, however, Ly tho Nazarenes. Baroniiis and Grabe think that it was cited bv Ignatius, or the author of the epistles as- cribed to him. Others loolc upon it as a translation altered from the Greelc of Mattliew. Mr. Jones thinks that this gospel was referred…
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Gotama, a Hindoo philosopher, the exact time of whose life is not known. The Indians consider him as the author of the philosophical system which, under the name of Nyaya (logic), is still in use among them. All we know of him is derived from the mj'thical tra- dition contained in the Pamayana and the P/iranas. Accordi…
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Gothic Architecture, the style of architecture that prevailed in central and western Europe from the middle of the 12th till the 16th century, being preceded by the Romanesque (q. v.), and followed bj' the Re- naissance style (q. v.). Under the influence of the revival of taste for classic art, the Renaissance archi- t…
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The Gothic churches in France arc distinguished for the magnificence of their facades and the grandeur of their interiors. As the true object of a church is to have a good interior, the French Gothic churches are to be esteemed superior to those of any other land. The catliedral at Kheims (Fig. 8) is esteemed the fines…
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As to the material employed in the erection of Goth- ic edifices, stone was generally used. In Itah' espe- cially, the finest marbles were often employed. "With marble of two colors very pleasant variations of sur- face effects were produced, many of which were incon- sistent with tlie extensive use of buttresses and f…
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taken captives healed the sick and cist out devils by calling on the name of Christ, the Son of God; and they, besides, overcame all the prejudices existing against the name of Christian bj' the purity of their life and In' their virtues. The barbarians, full of ad- miration of the life and deeds of these men, saw that…
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of Semi-pelagianism. The bishop, offended by this recrimination, asseml)led a council at ^lentz, A.D. 848, to which he cited Gottschalk, condemned him as a heretic, and sent him for justice to the archbishop of Eheims, Hincmar, his proper judge, to whom he wrote a synodal letter, concluding with these words: "We send t…
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Gouge, Williain, D.D., an eminent Puritan di- vine, was born in Bow in 1575, and educated at Eton and Cambridge. He entered the ministry' at the age of thirty-one, and was minister of St. Ann's, Black- fiiars, London, for forty-five j'ears. He was esteemed as the fatlier of the London ministers, and the spiritual oracl…
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GOULDING 952 GOURD pcncbnces (Amst. 1G18, 8vo): — Kpitre aux Ilemansirants I hood of JeriLho (''Ricinus in altitudinem arboris insi<^» M'allons (l(i20, 8vo) : — Traite de la pj-ovidtnce de JJieu | nis," Hasselquist, Trav. p. 555; see also Kobinson, lies, ct aittr€S])oinls independims, avec tine Refutalion du ser- i,…
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four months" (Niebuhr, Arabia, p. 148). So A'olncy " Whoever has travelled to Cairo or Rosetta knows that the species of gourd called kerra will, in twenty- four hours, send out shoots near four inches long"' {Travels, i, 71). In Jerome's own description of the plant, however (Comment, ad loc), called in Syr. karo, Hnd…
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ble. The reasons are given in detail bj- Celsius (Ifie- robot. i, 393). (1.) The name is supposed to be derived from "pS,/)aZ;a', "to sjMt," or "to burst,'" from the exploding of the fruit, and scattering the seeds on be- ing touched ; and this is tlie characteristic of the spe- cies called the wild cucumber by the anc…
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derations Iheoloyiques et critiques sur le projet d''une nou- velle version fraiKjuise de la Bilile, piiblit I <in 1090, mus le nam de M. Ch. Lec'ene, etc. (Amst. 1098, 12nio), a vio- lent Calvinistic attack, accusing Lcccne's translation of f.ivoring Arminianism at the expense of correctness: — Commentarii Linguce Elr…
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In order to preserve the true religion, God governed the whole people b3' a striking and peculiar providence, which has rightly been termed a theocrac}'. But, al- though the government of the Jews was a theocracy, it was not destitute of the usual forms which exist in civil governments among men. God, it is true, was t…
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GOVERNMENT 956 GOVERNMENT functionaries appear under the kings to have conduct- j ed tlie civil a(hiiinistration. It was the duty of the priests and Levites to care for the maintenance of justice (Deut. xvii, 8 sq.). The king himself ren- dered decisions in the highest cases, not seldom in less weighty causes, or ev…
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There is good reason to helicve that, not unlike the Servian constitution of the Roman people (Arnold's Histonj of Rome, i, 70), the Hebrew nation from the first received a twofold organization, miitari/ixs well as po- litical (comp. Exod. xii, 51 ; Numb, i, 3, and through- out ; Numb, xxvi, 3; and 1 Cliron. vii, 4 and…
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normal classes (comp. Numb, xi, IG, and Dent, i, 15). The members of the Congregation were convened by the ruler, or judge, or king, for the time being; e. g. by jNIoses, ;>ass4»J ; by Joshua (xxiii, 1, 2); probably by the high-priest (Judges xx, 27, 28); frequently by the kings — \>\ David (1 Chron. xiii, 2), hj Solom…
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Governor, a term used by the A. V. to denote va- rious degrees of authority and power : absolute and limited, acquired by birth or by election, military and civil. The numerous and mosth- vague original terms arc found in other passages translated by "ruler," "chief," "prince," "captain," etc. 1. ^'iii, naguV (Phcen. …
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4. ::'^VrJi Shallit', Ilcb. and Aram, (from li^C, to rjile, have power, Arab. id. crmp. Sultan) ; " one who hath power" (Eccles. viii, 8); "Ariocli, the king's captain" (Dan. 11,15); "Jcsciih, the governor over the land" (Gen. xiii, G) ; a "mighty man'' or hero (Eccles. vii, 19); a ''king" or satrap (Ezra iv, 20); Dani…
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Of foreign origin is, 9. tinS, Fechah', !ir!2, HS ; Josephus, tTrapxoc, of Tatnai (Ant. xi, 4, 4). This word has been variously derived from the Persian for ^^ mar/nates'' (Bohlcn) ; Persic "to cook'' (Ewald) ; Persic for " Satelles," " Pediscquus" (Gesenius) ; from the Turkish for "general" (Frilhn); from the Assyr- i…
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12. 'Hyf/i(o'n^ the Procurator of Judrea under the Eo- mans (Matt, xxvii, 2, etc.). The verb is emiilovcd (Luke ii, 2, etc.) to denote the nature of the jurisdic- tion of Quiriuus over the imperial province of Syria (see Gerlach, Die i\imi.<(hpn Sttitthalierin Syrien midJu- dda, Berl. 18G5). See Puocukator. 13. OIkoi'…
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GOZAL 961 GRAAL he gave the title singh (lion or soldier), and threaten- ed with excommunication and everlasting damnation all who would abandon tlie chief in a battle at the mo- ment of danger. For admission into the sect a kind of baptism was prescribed, and it was declared to be a meritorious act to bathe from ti…
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Graal (Gral, from the old French, but originally Celtic word Greul, Provencal yrazal, and in mediaeval Latin yradaiis) signified originally a " bowl-shaped vessel." The poetry of the Middle Ages makes nu- merous mention of the Saint Gral (in old French San greal), a vessel said to have been made of a precious stone, an…
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Grabe, Johann Ernst, a Protestant theologian, was born at Konigsberg, Prussia, July 10, IGGG. lie studied theology in order to enter the ministry in the Lutheran Church, but, liaving imbibed the High-church theorj' of apostolical succession, he thought of joining the Poman Catholic Church, but, bj' the advice of Sponer…
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II. Theological. — The word "grace" is the hinge of three great theological controversies : (1) that of the nature of depravity and regeneration, between the or- thodox doctrine of the Church and Pelagianism ; (2) that of the relation between grace and free will, be- tween the Calvinists and the Arminians ; (.3) that o…
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in a successful pastorate and in habitual activity on behalf of missionary and benevolent undertakings. He was actively engaged in founding the theological sem- inarjr at Newton, and was for many 3'ears one of its trustees. He died in 1836. He published four sermons and some occasional addresses. (L. E. S.) Graham, Is…
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Ancient I'lrvptinn Gr.in.irv, showing liow the gniin wa:. put in throu'-'h the t<ii) of tiie hin, c, from 'a hidder, rf, by sacks borne npon tlie shoulder, c, and the small sliding doors, a, 6, intended for taking it out. far from Gaza, says, " Here were several subterranean magazines for grain, like cisterns, with a …
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Grange, a farming establishment, especially such as belonged to ancient monasteries. Most monasteries had farm-houses on their estates, to which were attached chapels, as well as barns and other offices. Many of these buildings, as well as the chapels, were built in fine architectural taste. (G. F. C.) Grant, Asahel, …
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Grant, Johnson, an Knglish divine, and an au- thor of some merit, was born in Edinburg in 1773, and was educated at St. Jobfl's College, Oxford, where he passed A.IM. in 1805. He beeanio rector of Bin- Lvook in 1818 ; minister of Kentish Town Chapel in 1822 ; and died in 1845. He was a faithful, and, at the same time,…
1,054 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.