PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 3
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,405,961 words · 1366 reading sections
Section 421
(b.) Tlieological Ethics.— Thh is grounded upon seme religion or theologj'. But in this aspect the science is broad enough to cover every religion. The ethics might be theological, and at the same time Buddhistic, or Mohammedan, or Brahminical. Theological ethics, therefore, might be a system on which the fundament- al…
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the breaking out of sin and the development of its destructive power in the world on the one hand, and the entrance of Jesus, the God-man, and the historical redeeming power proceeding from him on the other. Even philosophical morality, if it would not degener- ate into inere unphilosophical abstractions, must make the…
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IV. The Ethical Standard is, of course, according to Christianitv, to be found in the Scriptures, but there is still in the sphere of science a wide diversity as to their meaning. But when the standard is supposed to be understood on a given question, and the con- science submits to it, there must follow a perfect self…
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Three men, according to J. A. Dorner (in Herzog's Recd-Encyklop. iv, 199), form the transition stage to the emancipation of jihilosophy — Hugo Grotius (Z>e jure pads el belli), PufTendorf, with his school, and Christian Thomasius. Then come Wolf, Mosheim (in his Moral, 9 vols.), Steinhart, Bahrdt, Buddeus, Chr. AuEC. C…
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Opposed to the utilitarian theory there are two the- ories, which maj' be called the instinctive and the ra- tional. The former refers the moral principle to the sensitive or emotive part of man's nature ; the latter, to the perception of moral good and evil by the intel- lect. To the first class belongs Adam Smith (f …
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there are traces in animals who do not appear to reflect on the state of their own minds, and who seem, there- fore, destitute of what he elsewhere calls a mural sense. These statements are, it is true, far too short and vague. He nowiiere inquires into the origin of the retlex sense. What is a much more material defec…
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ing and short-sighted appetites. The weakness of the | social affections and the strength of the private de- j sires properly constitute scllishness, a vice utterh' at variance with the happiness of him who harbors it, and, as such, condemned by self-love. There are as few who attain the greatest satisfaction to themse…
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Dr. M'Cosh (^Ame?-ican Presbyt. Review, Jan. 1868, art. i) classes the modern views on ethics in Great Britain into the two schools of Sensational and Ea- tional (or a priori), "corresponding to the two schools of philosophj' which have divided Europe since Des- cartes ami Locke." Under the latter he classes Cud- worth…
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which had pleasure for its single aim and law, was given in D'Holbach's Si/sieme de la nature. Of the later French writers, JoufiYoy is perhaps the most im- portant. He gave a peculiar explanation of good and evil. Every thing is good in proportion as it aids in the fulfilment of our destiny. The problem of liunian des…
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The following close translation of Isaiah's splendid summons (chap, xviii) to the Ethiopians, as auxilia- ries to the Egyptians in the struggle against Sennach- erib, is inserted here as graphic of many salient fea- tures of that warlike state : llo! land of whirring wingp, That art across the rivers of Cush ; That s…
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ETHIOPIA 327 ETHIOPIA anciently productive is now far above the highest level 1 Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard his stripes ?" of the stream. The valley is, however, never broad, (Jer. xiii, 23); and it is to be observed, that whenev- the mountains seldom leaving a space of more than a I er the race of KiS…
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In tha Bible a Cushite appears undoubtedly to be ] all accounts agree: they were warlike, as, for instance, equivalent to a negro, from this passage, " Can the , we equally see in the defiance the Ethiopian king sent to Caml)3'ses (Heiod. iii, 21), and in the charac- WI3P-^ Ai'iicr teristic inscription at Kalab'sheh o…
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for a history of Ethiopia. In these days Nubia seems to have been thoroughly Egyptianized as far as be- yond the Second Cataract, but we have no indication of the existence at that time in Ethiopia of anj' race but the Egj'ptian. We find an allusion to the negroes in the time lietween the 12th dynasty and the 18th, in …
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During the later period of this dj'nasty, it is proba- ble that Ethiopia became wholly independent. The 23d dynasty appears to have been an Egyptian line of little power. The 2-lth, according to ^Nlanetho, of but one Icing, Bocchoris the Salte, was probablv contem- porary with it. In the time of BocclKiris, Egypt was c…
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The beginning of the 2nth d^'nasty was a time of disaster to Egypt. Tirhakah was either dead or had retired to Ethiopia, and Egypt fell into the hands of several petty princes, probablj' the dodccarchs of He- rodotus, whose rule precedes, and |)erhnps overlaps, that of Psaninietichus I, who is said to have been at firs…
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The chronology of the kings of Ethiopia after Tir- hakah cannot yet be attempted. Professor Lepsius arranges all the Ethiopians under four periods : 1st. The 25th dynasty, first and second kings. 2d. Kings of Napata, beginning with Tirhakah, wlio, in his opin- ion, retired from Ej;ypt, and made this his capital : of th…
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ETHIOPIAN 332 ETHIOPIC LANGUAGE save those of Abyssinia, which can scarcely be called ancient, showinjr that the country was thoroughly Egyiitianized. Lepsius has published the Ethiopian monuments in his Iknhndler (pt. v ; jd. 1-75), as well as the inscriptions in Ethiopian demotic (pt. vi ; pi. 1-11 ; see also 12, …
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The alphabet possesses twenty-six consonants, ar- ranged in a peculiar order, twent3'-four of which may, however, be regarded as essentiall}' equivalent (^al- though with different sounds in many instances) to tlie letters in the Arabic alphabet. The remaining two are letters adopted to express the Greek * and *". ETH…
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L.VNGUAGES. Ethiopic Version. The libraries of Europe con Octateuch, containing the Pentateuch and the books of Joshua, Judges, and Ruth ; The Kings, in thirteen books, consisting of two books of Samuel, two of Kings, two of Chronicles, two of Ezra (Ezra and Nehemiah), Tobit, Judith, Esther, Job, the Psalms ; Solomon…
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Ethnology maybe defined as that branch of mod- ern science which treats of the various nations of the earth with respect to their races, i. e. their relative origin, and their linguistic and social affinities ; and it is thus distinguished from political geography, which discusses their association xmder their several …
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ETHNOLOGY 336 ETHNOLOGY kind, and think that the event which singularly mark- ed Pcleg's lift! was an occurrence in physical geogra- ph_y, an earthquake whicli produced a vast chasm, separating two considerable parts of the earth in or near the district inhabited by men. That earthquakes and dislocations of land hav…
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the express design of effecting a mimenca? correspond- ence with the Israelitish family eight hundred j-ears after. The names assigned to the third degree, that is, the sons (rather tribes or nations) of Noah's three sons, are, Japhet fourteen. Ham thirty-one, Shem twenty-five, making seventy; and the whole family of J…
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I r. Preliminary Considerations in examininfj the List of Gen. X. — 1. The enumeration comprises only nations existing in the age of Moses, and probably of them onlv the most conspicuous, as more or less connected with the history of the Israelites. Many nations have been formed in subsequent times, and, indeed, are st…
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Shem (D'lj) signifies "name,good name, fame;" Ham (DH), "hot, warm;" Japheth (rS|^), "spread," from iins. The names are probably prophetical of the fu- ture renown of the Shemites, of the hot land of the Hamites, and the spread of the Japhethites. The prophecy of Noah (Gen. ix, 25, 26, 27) indicates the ap- propriatene…
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2. Ma(jog is elsewhere mentioned by Ezekiel only, first among the countries ruled by Gog, and especially associated with Kosh, Meshech, and Tubal (Ezek. xxxviii, 2, 3), and apparently spoken of as dwelling "in the isles" (xxxix, G). The term "isles" certain- ly must not be taken necessarily to indicate islands, but it …
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c. Lehabim. d. Xaplituhim. e. Pathrusini. /. Caslubim. a. Philistim. n. C'aphtoiim. 3. Phut. 4. Canaan. a. Sidon. b. Hetb. c. Jebusite. d. Amorite. e. Girgasite. /. Hivite. p. Aikite. h. Sinite. i. Arvadite. j. Zcniarite. k. llamathite. 1. Ctish is immediately recognised in KiSH, the ancient Egyptian name of…
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b. Anamim, a nation as }-et not identified. c. Lehabim, no doubt the same as the Lubim or Libyans mentioned in later places of Scripture as al- lies or mercenaries contributing to the armies of the Pharaohs, and supporting or dependent on Egj'pt as a race in very close relations. Thej' correspond to the Eebu or Lebu o…
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Sheni. 1. Elam. 2. Asshiir. 3. Arpliaxad. a. Sftlah. (a.) Peleg. (i>.) Joktaii. ( a. ) Almodad. ( b. ) Sheleph. (c. ) Hazarinaveth. ( d. ) Jerali. ( 0. ) Iladoram. ( f. ) Uzal. ( s. ) Diklah. ( h. ) Ob:il. ( i. ) Abimael. (j. ) Sheba. (k. ) Ophir. ( 1. ) Havilah. (m.) Jobub. 4. Liid. 5. Aram. a. Uz. …
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2. Race. — All the names identified with a high de- gree of probabilit}' are, with six exceptions, of Cauca- sian nations. The exceptions are : three certainly of the Lower Nilotic race, which is intermediate between the Caucasian and Nigritian races, showing strong traits of both, a fourth probably of the same race, a…
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in the south and east of Palestine, but one Canaanitish nation being mentioned, and besides undoubted Re- phaites, the Horim probably of the same stock, and the ancient and pedigreeless nation of Amalek. We thus find an indication of an old population of Palestine distinct from both Canaanites and Hebrews, and especia…
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Euchelaion, th" oil of prayer, a ceremony in the Greek Cliurcli answering to extreme unction in the Latin. To such penitents as are conscious of the guilt of any "mortal sin," as adulter}', fornication, or pride, tliis sacrament is administered by the bishop or arch- bishop, assisted by seven priests, who commences wit…
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EUDES 345 EUERGETES ethical principle. In direct and keen opposition to every form of eudaemonism, Kant establi.shed the prin- ciple" of the categorical superlative, according to which the good must be done for its own sake, and the mor- al law, witli the duties emanating from it, can alone be made the central princ…
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Euer'getes (Ertpyirrjg, a benefactor; see Jose- phus, War, iii, 9, 8 ; Diod. Sic. xi, 26 ; Xenoph. Anab. vii, 6, 38 ; sometimes Anglicized Evergetes), a com- mon surname and title of honor (comp. Plato, Gorg. p. 506 C, and Stallb. ad loc.) in Greek states, conferred at Athens by a public vote (Demosth. p. 475), and so …
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in which he advises the Greeks against the Council of Florence, and exposes the intrigues of the Latinists. This letter has been translated into Latin, with a reply by Joseph of Methane, in Labbe, Concilia, xiii, G77. An encyclical letter upon the same subject in Labbe, Concilia, xiii, 714; A Treatise on Liturgical Top…
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Eugippius, or Eugyppius, a learned monk, who lived at the close of the lifth and the beginning of the sixth century. He seems to have been the descend- ant of an Italian famil}^, and was at iirst monk in the monastery of St. Severin (q. v.) at Fariana, in Noricum (near the present Pochlarn, in Austi'ia), subsequently i…
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Eulalia, a saint of the Church of Rome, was horn at Merida, Spain, in 290. She was the descendant of a noble Christian family. Wlien the general perse- cution of Christians liegan under Maximian, Eulalia, contrary to the directions given by the Church, volun- tarily sought martyrdom by presenting herself to the prefect…
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Eulogy. See Funeral. Eu'natan {"Ewarav v. r. 'EXvaSav, Vulg. Enna- gani), given (1 Esd. viii, 44, where it is perhaps but an original misprint for Ennutan) as the name of one of the principal men directed by Ezra to procure priests for the returning partj' of exiles ; apparently a corrup- tion for the second Elnathan …
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he returned to his native place, where he died about 396. Eunomius wrote a commentarj' on the Epistle to the Komans, and a number of letters, which were known to Photius. Both the commentary and the letters are lost. His first defence (aTroXoyjjrt/cof), which was written either in 360 or (according to Kett- berg) in 3…
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Eunuch (jLm'oi'xoQ) has, in its literal (Greek) sense, the harmless meaning of "bed-keeper," i. e. one who lias the charge of beds and bed-chambers ; but as onh' persons deprived of their virility have, from the most ancient times, been employed in Oriental harems, and a.s such persons are employed almost exclusiveh' i…
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induce parents to thus treat their children at a later age, if they showed an aptness for such preferment. The characteristics as regards beard, voice, etc., might then perhaps be modified, or might gradual!}' follow. The Poti-pherah of Gen. xli, 50, whose daughter Joseph married, was "priest of On," and no doubt a dif…
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In the three classes mentioned in Matt, xix, 12, the first is to be ranked with otlier examples of defective organization ; the last, if taken literal!}', as it is said to have been personally exemplified in Origen (Euseb. EccL Hist, vi, 8 ; see Zorn, De ennuchismo Origenis, Giess. 1708), is an instance of liuman ways …
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EUPHRATES 352 EUPHRATES Egj'pt to the south-west. This wide-spread dominion was lost upon the disruption of the empire under Ke- hoboam ; and no more is heard in Scripture of the Euphrates until tlic expedition of Neclio against the 13al>3-lonians in the reign of Josiiili. The " Great Riv- er" had meanwhile served f…
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The last part of its course, from Hit downwards, is through a low, flat, and alluvial plain, over which it has a tendency to spread and stagnate ; above Hit, and from thence to Sumeisat (Samosata^, the country along its banks is for the most part open, but hilly ; north of Sumeisat the stream runs in a narrow valley am…
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bians set a high value on it, and name it Morad-Su ; that is. Water of desire, or longing. The annual inundation of the Euphrates occurs in the month of j\Ia_y. The river begins to rise in March, and continues rising till the latter end of May. The consequent increase of its volume and rapidity is at« tributable to th…
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3. See, for a general account of the Euphrates, colo- nel Chesney's Euphrates Expedition, vol. i ; and, for the lower course of the stream, compare Loftus's Chaldaea and Susiana. See also Rawlinson's Herodotus, vol. i. Essay ix; and Layard's Ni?ievck and Babylon, chaps. xxi and xxii ; "Wahl's Asien, p. 700 ; lUtter's E…
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EUROPE 355 EUSEBIUS the name of Levanters. The}' are not confined to any single point, but blow in all directions from the north- east round bj' the north to the south-east. The "great ■wind" or mighty tempest experienced I)}' the prophet Jonah on his way from Joppa to Tarshish (1, 4 ; comp. the destructive "east wi…
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1,800 l,023,(l(J0 V 1,450,000 4,850,000 y 6,100,000 I 1,000 \ 6,000 U, 700,000 !■ 60,000 6,769,000 142,117,500 7,000 10,000 1,000,000 20,682,000 3,351,000 3,600,0(10 60,000 1,000 1,482,000 2,200,000 25,000 28,400,000 1,075,000 5,700,000 50,000 3,000 4,122,00') 6S,O2S,00!l 2,000 3,200,000 12,50…
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same indecision shows itself in the celebrated letter, written between 10G3 and 106G, in which Eusebius de- clines to act as arbiter at a theological disputation which Berengar desired to hold with the priest Gaik frid Martini, and defines his dogmatical position. The letter (which is regarded by Lessing as the ablest …
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After the deposition of Eustathius (q. v.), A.D. 331, the see of Antioch was offered to Eusebius, but he de- clined tlie honor, probably in fear of tumult, and even bloodshed, from the excited state of tlie popular mind in Antioch. The conduct of Eusebius in this case greatly gratified the emperor Constantine, who wrot…
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In the 8th book of the Ecclesiastical History (c. ii) Eusebius states that it is no part of his plan to relate all the wickedness and dissensions of the Christians before the persecution, or to name those who were untrue to the faith ; adding, "we shall only, upon the whole, in- troduce those events into our histor}- t…
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Of his Chronicon it has also been justly asserted, " that for centuries it was the source of all syn- chronistical knowledge of history in the Greek, Lat- in, Oriental, and Christian world, ever3'where trans- lated, continued, excerpted, and made the basis of the diflPerent works on this subject." His panegyrical writi…
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6. The Acta St. Pamphili et suciorum (on the Mar- tja'dom of his teacher Pamphilus) is only a fragment of a work on the life of Pamphilus, in three books, which seems to have been lost. B. Apologetic. —1. The Preparation of the Gospel History, TrooTrapacrKtv}) iiiayytXiicii, pra'paratio evan- gelica, in fifteen books.…
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2. Evangellci canoncs, a kind of Gospel harmony, to EUSEBIUS 360 EUSEBIUS be found in the editions of the N. T. by Erasmus, Ste- phens, and Mill ; also in Mignc, Palrolor/. Gnvc. xxii, 1273 sq. 3. ZiiTi'j^iara Kni Xi'iati^, Quwstiones evrmgelicm, in three books, containing solutions of seeming contra- dictions of …
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Eusebius, a Nitrian monk (beginning of 5th cen- tury), one of the '" four tall brothers" condemned by Theophilus, bishop of .Alexandria, for defending the opinions of Origen. The three others were Dioscurus, Ammonias, and Euthymius. They retired first to Je- EUSEBIUS 361 EUSEBIUS rusalem and Scytbopolis, and then t…
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Eusebius op Vercelli, was born in Sardinia; was baiitized in Koine by po])e Eusebius ; and became lector, or ecclesiastical reader at Rome. He was or- dained bishop of Vercelli, in Piedmont, A.D. 340, with the unanimous consent of clergy and people. He was the first in the M'est who united the monastic life with the cl…
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Eusebius, bishop of Thessalonica, A.D. 601, wrote against the Ajyfithiirlodoeetcc, especially in reply to a monk Andreas, " who taught that Christ's bodj' be- came incorruptible Mhen joined to his divinitj- ; that Adam's body was not created liable to coiTuption ; and that the world, in its original form, was incorrupt…
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Eustathius of Thessalonica, one of the most learned bishops of the Greek Church in the Middle Ages, was a native of Constantinople. He was at first a monk, subsequently a deacon of the church of St. Sophia, and a teacher of eloquence. He also held a position at the court, having charge of all petitions, and in this cap…
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Eutyches, the so-called founder of Eutychianism, though the opinions advocated by him existed before (see Sclig, Z)e Entychianismo ante Eutychen). His name Eutyches means "■the Eortunate, but his oppo- nents said lie should rather have been named Atyches, the Uvfortimate. He must not he confounded with the deacon Eutyc…
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Bishop Forbes cites Photius and Johannes Damas- cenus aptly on Eutj'chianism as follows, viz. : '■ If there be one nature in Christ, it is either the divine or the human nature ; if it be only the divine nature, ■where is the human .' and if thare be only the human, you cannot escape from denying the divine. But if it …
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The Council of Chalcedon (A.D. 451) adopted the doctrine stated by pope Leo in his letter to Flavianus [see Leo], viz. in substance, "that in Christ two dis- tinct natures were united in one person, without any change, mixture, or confusion." The Creed of Chal- cedon states that '" the one Son of God, our Lord Jesus Ch…
1,007 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.