PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 3
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,405,961 words · 1366 reading sections
Section 61
But while the book is destitute of the highest ca- nonical authority, it is a most important monument of the religious state of the Jews at the period of its com- position. As an expression of Palestinian theologj' it stands alone ; for there is no sufficient reason for assuming Alexandrine interpolations, or direct Al…
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of the pulpit ; of the hour-glass stand, by which the preacher was warned not to weary tlie patience of the flock ; of the reading pew ; of the benches, pews, and galleries ; of the aisles ; of the shrine, fertour, or reli- quary ; of tlie benatura, or holy-water stoup ; of the corbels, with special reference to the he…
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With such antecedents, Eck was prepared to take up arms against Luther (as, indeed, he was ready to take up arms against any man). Tliey had been good friends, and Luther sent him his Theses. See Luther. Against these, in 1518, Eck wrote animadversions un- der the title Obdisci (given in Loscher, Vollst. Ref. A ct. ii,…
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ECK 48 ECK more formidable. Christ's -words, ' Tliou art Peter; feud mj' slice]),' wliicli liave always been cited in tliis ciintroversy, were brought forward. In the exposi- tion l>y Nicolas Lyraniis also, of -which Luther made tlie most use, there occurs this explanation, differing from that of the curia, of the p…
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notion of the exc.iisive power of the Roman Church to secure salvation? oppose a council bj' wliich John Huss had been condemned to the flames, and perhaps draw down a like fate upon himself? Or should he deny that higher and more comprehensive idea of a Christian church wliich he had conceived, and in which his whole …
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Eckart or Eckliardt (called Master EcJcart\ a Dominican monk, one of the most profound thinkers of the Middle Ages. Of the time or place of his birth we have no record. He is first mentioned as a teacher at the College of St. James, at Paris. Having gone to Rome, where he received the degree of D.D., ho was appointed p…
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ECLIPSE 50 ECLIPSE ceit, would be more unreal and lieartlef s than any one of the sci'tarian elements out of whieh it was fashion- ed. It Mould want the belief and eonviction ■\vliich dwell, with whatever unsuitable companions, even in the narrowest theory. Many of the most vital cliar- acteristies of the original d…
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The darkness tTri iraaai' ti)v yi'iv of !Matt. xxvii, 45, attending the crucifixion has been similarly attrib- uted to an eclipse. See Crucifixion (of Christ). Phlegon of Tralles, indeed, mentions an eclipse of in- tense darkness, and, beginning at noon, comliined, he says, in Bithynia, with an earthquake, which, in th…
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scholars were the children of the whites and mulat- toes ; the Indian population grows up almost without education. — Allcjemeine lieal-Encyd. iv, 1018; Vilavi- cencio, Gcographla de la liepublicu del Ecuador (N. Y. 1858). (A. J. S.) Ed, i. c. "witness" (for Heb. id. IjJ), supplied (ap- parently on the authority of a …
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E'den (Heb. id.), the name of three places and of one or two men. 1. "The garden of Eden" ('"l", delight, and so Sept. Tpv(pi),\u\g. volupta.i) is the most ancient and venera- ble name in geography, the name of the first district of tlie earth's surface of which human beings could have any knowledge. I. The Name. — T…
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EDEN 53 EDEN scription in ver. 10 must be explained in this manner : the river talves its rise in Eden, flows into the garden, and from thence is divided into four brandies, the sep- aration taking place either in the garden or after leav- ing it. If this be the case, the Tigris and Euphrates before junction cannot,…
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Conjectures Avith regard to the dimensions of the garden have differed as widely as those which assign its locality. Ephraem Syrus maintained that it sur- rounded the whole earth, while Johannes Tostatus re- stricted it to a circumfei-ence of thirty-six or forty miles, and others have made it extend over Syria, Arabia,…
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iii. The celebrated Gcittingen professor, J. D.lNIichae- lis, originated this hypotliesis, thougli he is doubtful as to some of the points. Gatterer, in the main, agrees with him, only he understands the Hiddekel to be the Indus, and takes the Pishon for the Phasis. Cush is found ijy Michaelis in the name of the city C…
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As nearly as we can gather from the Scriptural de- scription, Eden was a tract of country, the finest imag- inable, Ij'ing probably between the 35th and the 40th degree of N. latitude, of such moderate elevation, and 80 adjusted, with respect to mountain ranges, and wa- tersheds, and forests, as to preserve the most ag…
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EDENIUS 57 EDGAR potamia, and Haran be Carrhte, it seems more natural to look for Eden somewhere in the same localitj'. Keil (Comm. on Kinr/s, ii, 97) thinks it may be Ma'doii, which Assemani {Bibl. Or. ii, 2'24) places in Mesopo- tamia, in the modern province of Diarbekr. Bochart, considering the Eden of Genesis an…
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The report of the introduction of Christianity by king Abgar (q. v.), a contemporary of Christ, is proba- bl}- an unfounded legend; but it is certain that Chris- tianity became firmly rooted in Edessa at a very early period. The twentj^-sixth Osrhoenian king (152-187) was, if not a Christian himself, a patron of Christ…
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Edict, the technical name of a paper read in Pres- byterian churches in Scotland, "as a species of guard on the purity of the Christian ministry. It is a public invit:ition to all who can say anything against the minister elect to come forward for the purpose. The form of the document authorized bj' the United Pres- by…
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EDIFICE 59 EDOMITE forts separately'. Instead of the oLjects that chiefly drew the attention of the first believers, they have en- deavored to lix the attention of Christians on a multi- tude of rules respecting the particular conduct of each in his devout exercises, his attendance on ordinances, and the frame of hi…
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EDOmTE 60 EDREI avenged (1 Sam. xiv, 47), while David subjugated them (2 Sam. viii, 14 ; comp. 1 Kings xi, 15 sq. ; Psa. Ix, 2, 10), and his successor Solomon fitted out a merchant fleet in the Edoinitish harbors (1 Kings ix, 26), al- though under his reign a partially successful revolt took place (1 Kings xi, 14 sq…
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The form of government among the Edomitish peo- ple was, like that of surrounding nations, tribal (comp. Gen. xxxvi, 15 sq.), yet they originally (or at least earlier than the Israelites) had kings (Gen. xxxvi, 32 sq. ; Num. xx, 14; see Tuch on Gen. xxxvi, 9 sq. ; Bertheau, Israel. Gesch. p. 207), who appear to have be…
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The other place witli which Edrei has been identi- fied is called Bera, and stands in a shallow wady in the o]ien plain of Hauran, about fourteen miles south of Ediu'a. The following reasons have been assigned in favor of the other site. 1. The name Edrei, which signifies "strength," and the fact that it was the cap- i…
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EDUCATION 62 EDUCATION^ In later times the prophecies, and comments on them as well as on the earlier Scripturus, together with otlier subjects, were studied (Prol. to Ecclus., and Ecclus. xxxviii, 24, 2G ; xxxix, 1-11). St. Jerome adds that Jewish children were taught to say bj' heart the genealogies (Jerome on Tit…
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Of female education we have little account in Scrip- ture, but it is clear that the prophetical schools included within their scope the instruction of females, who were occasionally' invested with authority similar to that of the prophets themselves (Judg. iv, 4 ; 2 Kings xxii, 14). Needlework formed a large, but by no…
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Edwards, Bela Bates, D.D., wa.5 born in South- ampton, j\Iass., July 4, 1802, and graduated at Am- herst College in 1S24, and at Andover Theological Seminary in 1830. He served as a tutor in Amherst College during the j'ears 1827-28, and as assistant secretary of the American Education Society during the 3'ears 1828-33…
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The historjr of President Edwards cannot be fully understood without considering that both on the pa- ternal and maternal side he was allied with families belonging to the ecclesiastical aristocracy of New England. He was an only son, and had ten sisters, some of whom became the wives of eminent men. He was trained by …
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The sharpness of his intellect, the activitj' of his imagination, the liveliness of his sensibilities, and the EDWARDS 65 EDWARDS depth of his j>iety, were regarded as signs of his being called of God to the ministry of the Gospel. Having been a resident scholar nearly two j^ears at Yale Col- lege after his graduat…
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The last two publications suggest the most sorrow- ful event of President Edwards's life. He w;is dis- missed from his Northampton pastorate on the 22d of June, 1750. As early as 1744 he had offended many, and among them some of the most influential families in his congregation, by certain stringent measures which he a…
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in a sense quite diverse from their original and proper meaning, and their use in common speech, and that such a necessity as attends the acts of men's wills is more properly called certainty than necessity, it being no other than the certain connection between the sub- ject and predicate of ti)e proposition which affi…
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an inferior above a superior good, appeal to Edwards's Dissertation on Virtue as having given a marlced im- pulse to what has been called liy various names, such us the new, or the New England, or the Hopkinsian \livinitv. The two last-named dissertations M'ere not published until 1788, thirty j-ears after his death. I…
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Although the pastor at Stockbridge was nominally the teacher of the Housatonnucks, yet, in fact, he often gave instruction to families of the ]\Iohawks, Oneidas, and Tuscaroras, who had gone to his parish for the sake of its educational advantages. He was a patron and also an intimate companion of Gideon Hawley, a man …
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same spirit characterized his government of the col- lege. It was probably conducted with greater mild- ness and affection than would have been exercised had not the prevailing expectations of some intimated the danger of his erring on the side of severity. His pupils, like a well-regulated family under faithful dis- c…
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Although the two Edwardses were in various partic- j ulars dissimilar, yet in many respects there was a ! striking resemblance between them. Dr. Samuel Mil. ler, of Princeton, says "the son greatly resembled his venerable father in metaphysical acuteness, in ar- dent piety, and in the purest exemplariness of Chris- ti…
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EdAwards, Thomas, D.D., a learned Arminian divine, born at Coventry, England, in 1729 ; entered Clare Hall, Cambridge (of which .he became fellow), in 1747 ; master of the Free School, and rector of St. John the Baptist, Coventrj^ in 1758 ; vicar of Nunea- ton, AVarwickshire, in 1770; and died in 1785. His principal wr…
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Edzardi, Johami Esra, a German historian, brother of the distingui'^hed Hebraist Georg Eliezcr, was born at Ilaml)urg June 23,1662. He studied at his own native place, at Giessen, and at the leading universities of Germany and Switzerland. He was for a time an instructor at Rostock, and on his return to Hamburg was cal…
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Egbert, Saint, was born in the 7th century. He was a monk in the convent of Rathmelsing, and in 644, when seized with the plague, he made a vow that, in case of recovery, he would leave his country and preach the Gospel among the pagans. He accordingly set out as a missionary for Germany, but was by a tempest compelled…
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spoke of the torment of fire, said they should prefer it to frost. Egede, confirmed by his wife, resolved to re- main, and this resolution greatly increased his influ- ence over the Greenlanders, who knew that it could only proceed from zeal in their behalf. The king of Denmark, unable to resist his constanc}', sent an…
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Egel. See Heifer. Egg (njJ^3, beytsah' , so called from' its ichiteness, woi') occurs, in the plur., of eggs deserted (Isa. x, 14), of the eggs of a bird (Deut. xxii, 6), of the ostrich (Job xxxix, 14), or the cockatrice (Isa. lix, 5). See Fowl ; Ostrich ; Cockatrice. It is apparently in tliis last sense that an egg i…
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Egidio Antonini, surnamed of Viterbo, Latin patriarch of Constantinople, was bo:n at Viterbo in the second half of the 15th centur3^ He was received into the order of the hermits of St. Augustine at the earh' age often years; was professor of philosophy and theology in several towns of Italy, and became one of tlie mos…
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cient Hebrew tradition preserved by Jerome {QucbM, Ilehr. on 2 Sam. iii, 5 ; vi, 23), she was Michal (q. v.), the wife of his youth, and she died in giving birth to Ithream. A name of this signification is common among the Arabs at the present da}-. — Smith, s. v. See also Egi.ath. Eg'laim (Heb. Egla'yim, C'^JX, iv!o …
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2. (Sept. 'Ey\wix v. r. AlXd/x, but in Josh, x, 'Ot^oX- Xf//f ; Vulgate Eglon, Aglon.') A city in the maritime plain of Judah, near Lachish (Josh, xv, 39), formerly one of the royal cities of the Canaanites (xii, 12). Its Amoritish king Debir (q. v.) formed a confederacy with the neighboring princes to assist Adoni-zed…
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The Greek and European name (?) Alyvirroc, JEgyp. tils'), Egypt, is of uncertain origin and signification (Champollion, V Egypte, i, 77). It appears, howev- er, to have some etymological connection with the modern name Copt, and is perhaps nothing more than "land of the Copts" (the prefix «/- being perhaps for aia=^ya~…
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III. Geographical Divisions. — Under the Pharaohs Egypt was divided into Upper and Lower, "the two regions" TA-TI ? called respectively "the Southern Region" TA-RES, and "the Northern Region" TAME- HIT. There were different crowns for the two regions, that of Upper Egypt being white, and that of Lower Egypt red, the tw…
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EGYPT 79 EGYPT of the autumnal equinox, the whole country presents nothing but an immeasurable surface of reddish or j-el- lowish water, out of which rise date-trees, villages, and narrow dams, which serve as a means of commu- nication. After the waters have retreated, wliich usu- alh' remain onh- a short time at th…
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The inundation, HAPI-U R, " great Nile," or "high Nile," fertilizes and sustains the country, and makes the river its chief blessing, a very low inundation or failure of rising being the cause of famine. The Nile was on this account ancientlj' worshipped, and the plague in which its waters were turned into blood, while…
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distinguished from the desert around, and that the predictions of the prophets have thus received a literal fulfilment (see especially Isa. xix, 5-10), yet this has '■ not been by any irresistible aggression of nature, but j because Egypt, smitten and accursed, has lost all ; strength and energy. The population is not …
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It is clear from the evidence of the monuments and of ancient writers that, of old, reeds were far more common in Egj'pt than now. The b3'blus or papyrus is almost or quite unknown. Anciently it was a com- mon and most important i)lant : boats were made of its stalks, and of their thin leaves the famous paper was manuf…
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The birds of Egj-pt are not remarkable for beaut}* of plumage : in so open a country this is natural. The Rapnces are numerous, but the most common are scav^ engers, as vultures and the kite. Eagles and falcons also are plentiful. Quails migrate to Egypt in great numl)ers. The Grallutoi-es and Ansei-es abound on the is…
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EGYPT 83 EGYPT Ancient Profiles (from the Jlonument?) : 1. Kgypto-Etliiopian (the Tirhake of Scripture) ; 2, 4. Ethiopian ; 3. Egyptian. ■was dark brown, chiefly from exposure ; that of the women was olive-colored or even lighter. Tiie women were very fruitful (Strabo, xv, p. 695 ; Heeren, Ideen, xi, 2, 10). The an…
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EGYPT 84 EGYPT eonifications of moral and intellectual abstractions. The iiiconijrriious cliaracter of the religion necessitates this supposition, and the ease witli which it admitted extraneous additions in the historical period confirms it. There were, according to Herodotus, three orders of gods — the eight great…
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EGYPT 85 EGYPT ferred to various sources. There is a trace of some primeval revelation in it ; also a strong Sabroan ele- ment. (See a full discussion of the subject, with fig- ures of the leading deities, in Kitto's Pictorial Bible, note on Deut. iv, IG). A more favorable view of the ancient Egyptian theology is ta…
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EGYPT EGYPT Egj'ptian garrisons, except in some important posi- tions, nor attempted those deportations that are so marked a feature of Asiatic policy. In the case of those nations wliich never attaclted tliem they do not appear to have even exacted tribute. So long as their general sui)remaey was uncontested they wo…
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The Egyptians were in the habit of eating much bread at table, and fancy rolls or seed-cakes were in abundance at every feast. Those who could afford it ate wheaten bread, the poor alone being content with a coarser kind, made of dura flour or millet. They ate with their fingers, though they occasionalh' used spoons. T…
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thought to be unlawful, but in order to give it impor- tance. See Magic ; Jambres ; Jannes. In science, Egj'ptian influence maj^ be distinctly traced in the Pentateuch. Moses was " learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians" (Acts vii, 22), and prob- ably derived from tliem the astronomical knowledge which was necessa…
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A gradual progress may be observed in their choice of fancy ornament. Beginning with simple imitations of real olijects, as the lotus and other flowers, tliey adopted, by degrees, conventional representations of them, or purely imaginary devices; and it is remark- able that the oldest Greek and Etruscan vases have a si…
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Egyptian edicts seem to have been issued in the form of a firman or written order ; and from the word used by Pharaoh in granting power to Joscpli ("Ac- cording to thy word shall all my peo]ile be ruled;'' Hebrew kiss, Gen- xli, 40, alluding evidently to the EGYPT 89 EGYPT custom of kissing afrmcin^, we may infer t…
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The ruling class consists of Arabs intermingled with Turks, who have been in succession the conquer- ors of the land, and may be regarded as representing the priestly and military castes. The only other trilje we have room to notice is that of the Copts, equally with the preceding indigenous. Thej' are Christians hy h…
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and that the period of 500 years is a subdivision of 1500. Ancient writers do not fix any commencements of this cycle. If the characteristics of the Tropical Year are what we suppose, the cycle would have begun B.C. 2005 and 507 : two hieroglyphic inscrijitions are thought to record the former of these epochs (Poole, H…
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to the twentj^-fifth century. The interval between the two dates cannot therefore be greatly more or less than nine hundred j'ears, a period quite in accord- ance with the lengths of the dynasties according to the better text, if the arrangement here given be correct. Some have supposed a much greater antiquitj' for th…
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OthSca Phios Methousouphia Phiops Mentheaouphia Nitokria V. r. 5] kings aonths 28 [v. r. 5] kings Niebais Mempsea Oubienthis 3S iBoclina Ciioiis Biophis, etc. Sesorthos, etc. 6 Mares Anoijphia 29] 63 Mecberinoa 25 Rhauoais, etc. 13 Biurea 10 [! Ir: dailv turn] "70d. 75y [Successively] lOOy, 7, Nebka(-ra…
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vutu 15,Ra-s'men-ke 16, Ra-s'vesur-ke 17, Ra-hau-shed- hen't 18 19 20, 21,Ra-vesur . . 22, Ra-vesur . . 23, 24, c, 1, 2, . . . Nerau 3, . . . hebai d,l, 2, 3, 4 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 10, 11, 12, . . . mhit 13, . . . n-neb 14, 15, Ra . . . . 16, Ra . . . . 17, 18, 19, Ra-s'nepher-ke 20, Ra-menc…
1,089 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.