PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 3
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,405,961 words · 1366 reading sections
Section 781
Flechiere, de la. See Fletcher, John. Fledgling would be a proper rendering for ^Tia, gozal' (so called from its peeping ; the Arab, and Syr. use essentially the same word in the sense of nestling')., a '■'■ younf bird, e. g. of the dove [squab], or pigeon (Gen. XV, 9), or eagle [eaglet] (Deut. xxxii, 11. The Greek co…
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Flemingians or Flamingians. See Mennon- ITES. Flamming, Paul, a German poet and hymn maker, was born October 15, 1609, at Hartenstein, in Schonburg, and studied medicine at Leipsic. In 1633 he accompanied the embassy sent by the duke of IIol- stein to Russia, and in 1635 was attached to an embassy to Persia. He retur…
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FLESH 594 FLESH of bread (t(T\;ap(n/e, upTOKO-irinicug v. r. aproKOTTiKoi;'), and the Auth. Vers., following the Vulg. (assatura bu- buUn car7iis, pais assw carnis huhulxc, apparently ■with the absurd derivation from 'C'^,fire, and ^Q, a bullock), renders it " a ijood piece of (roasted) fesk." But there ! can be lit…
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But " flesh" does not alwaj's denote sinfulness (see Rom. i, 3 ; ix, 5; 1 Tim. iii, 16; John i, 14). Ihe flesh, in Christ, was not sinful ; God sent him only "in the likeness of sinful flesh" («• ufiotionari aapKoc: cifjap- n'of, Rom. viii, 3). This sinless flesh, as the organ of the Word of life, contains the divine l…
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^ -\\V^\VvvVVVVVvv|;l Ancient Ktruscan sacrificial Flesh-hook. first or masc. form of the above Heb. term is used), is stated to have been three-tined, and was apparentlj- the ordinary fork with prongs for culinary purposes, such as was familiar likewise to the Greeks and Ro- mans (icpiaypa ; see Smith's Diet, of Cl…
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esaary articles. Thus devoted to his holy office, ho soon changed the tide of opposition -which had raged against him, and won the reverence and admiration of his peo- ple, and many looked upon their homes as consecrated l)y liis visits. In the summer of 17G9 ]Mr. Fletcher visited France, Italy, and Switzerland. Toward…
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Fletchei, Joseph, D.D., an Independent minis- ter, was born at Chester in 1784. He entered Iloxton Academy in 1803, and the University of Glasgow in the following j'ear. In 1807 he became minister of the Independent chapel at Blackburn, being at the same time engaged as theological tutor in an academj', and in 1823 he …
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sites for his work were ' patience, impudence, and a ready tongue.' The receipt, to which Fliedner added much prayer and much faith, proved so successful that he was spoken of before his death as the most accom- plished beggar ever known in German)'. England, America, and many distant regions learned to pour their cont…
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Flint (UJ1722n, challamish', from its smoothness, Psa. cxiv, 8; Isa. 1, 7; "rock," Job xxviii, 9; fre- quently with the accompaniment "11^, a rock, Deut. viii, 15; xxxii, 13; once for ^i» itself, Ezek. iii, 9; "sharp stone," Exod. iv, 25), any hard stone, espe- cially of a silicious character, as quartz or granite ; bu…
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Floh, Jacob Hendrik, was born in the year 1758, at Crefeld. He studied theology in the Baptist semi- nary in Amsterdam. He was invited in 1783 to take charge of the Baptist church at Enschede. Here he labored between forty and fifty years. He was a man of extensive knowledge and of a ready wit, and was indefatigable in…
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FLOOD 600 FLOOD 2. The truth of the Mosaic historj'- of the deluge is confirmed by the tradition of it which universally ob- tained. A tradition of tlie deluye, in many respects accurately coinciding with the Mosaic account, has been preserved almost universally among the ancient nations. It is a verj* remarkable fa…
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Apart from the testimonies of geologj', there are other sciences which must be interrogated on such a subject. These are, chiefly, terrestrial physics, to as- sign the possibility of a supply of water to stand all over the globe five miles in depth above the level of the ordinary sea ; natural history, to count the mj-…
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If we look to the actual tenor of the whole narrative as delivered by Moses (Gen. viii and ix), we shall ob- serve that the manifest immediate purport of it is the same as that of the rest of the early portion of his his- tory', viz. as forming part of the introductiun to the LAW. Thus we find, in the first instance, …
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Floor (■|"lh, yo'ren; llXcov'), prop, a level or open ared (as the "place" or square around the gates of Oriental cities, 1 Kings xxii, 10 ; 2 Chron. xviii, 9) ; hence usually the spot, well-beaten and smooth, on which grain is trodden out by cattle in the East, i. e. the "barn-floor" or "threshing-floor." See Thresh- …
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Greek side, from taking further part in the discussions. The emperor was bent on union at anj' price. At the end of the session of March 24, the pope sent word to the patriarch that the Greeks must either express their assent to the Roman view, or return home bj^ Easter, April 5. From this time the emperor vacillated :…
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Literature. — For the acts of the council (on the Latin side), see Hor. Justinianus, Acta Condi. Florentint (Rom. 163f<, 3 parts fol.) ; Mansi, Conci'ia, v, ix ; Labbe et Cossart, Concil. xiii, 223, 510, 1034 ; Harduin, Cmi- til. ix. The acts are summed up in Semler, Selecta Historice Eccles. capit. iii, 140 sq. On the…
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light which cometh from above." This, and his tract L>e Aciione Missaruni, and De electionibus Episcopoium, may be found in Bib. Mux. Pair. torn, xv; the Opusc. adc. Ainalarium in Martcne et Durand, collect, ix, p. 577. He compiled, chiefly from Augustine, a Comm. in Omnes Panli Epidolas, which was ]iublished as Beda's…
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Flowers in the Bible are not treated from a scien' tifie point of view. Ver}' few species are mentioned ; and, although their beauty is once or twice alluded to in descriptive passages (sometimes under the general term "grass," JNIatt. vi, 38; Cant, ii, 12; v, 13), they are seldom introduced, except in the single pathe…
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FLOYD 606 FLUTES most active member, by the General Conference of 184l.t. The Hymn-book now in use owes its compre- hensiveness and general excellence largely to Dr. Floy. He edited the posthumous works of Dr. Olin (q. v.). After his dcatli ai)[K!ared his Old Testament Characters delineated and illustrated (N. York,…
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Flutes, or rather ,^a^eoZefe, were very early in use in ancient Egypt, where they were of various forms and lengths, both single and doulJe, with different numbers of holes, and used by players of both sexes. Ancient Egyptian Fhite?. So also among the Greeks and Romans these instru- ments were common (Wilkinson, Anc.…
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In the other passage, the zebub from the rivers of Egypt has bj' some writers, as by Oedmann (^Vei'misch. Samm. vi, 79), been identified with the zimb of which Bruce {Trav. v, 190) gives a description, and which is evidently some species of Tabanus. Sir G.Wilkinson has given some account (Transac. of the Entomological …
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son to restrict the arob to any one family. "Of in* sects," says Sonnini (Trav. iii, 199), " the most troub- lesome in Egypt are flies ; both man and beast are cru- elly tormented with them. No idea can be formed of their obstinate rapacity. It is in vain to drive them away; they return again in the self-same moment, a…
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Fold (properlj-- (TTIJ, gedtrah' , a place walled in, Numb. xxxii,16, 24, 36; «yX»),a court-«/a?YZ, John x, 1, 16 ; also fl?3p, mihlali , a place shut vp, Hab. iii, 17 ; Psa. 1, 9 ; Ixxviii, 70 ; whereas '^3", dober' , Isa. v, 17; Mic. ii, 12; and !T]3, naveh', 2 Sam. vii, 8; 1 Chron. xvii, 7 ; Isa. Ixv, 10 ; Jer. xxii…
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Font, Swaton, Lincolnshii-c, 1010 (.Chambers). vases of stone, elevated three or four feet from the floor, supported bj' a stone standard, and usually placed before the altar. The_v were frcquentlj' lined with silver, lead, or brass, and were usually adorned with ornamental work in the same style as the church edi- fi…
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FOOD 611 FOOD (1507), and Antoinette of Orleans (1571 to 1608), but tliev had no lasting results. The whole order perished during the French Revolution ; the last ahliess, Julie Sophie Charlotte de Pardaillan, died in Paris in 1790. No attempt Has since been made to revive it. — Wetzer und Welte, Kirchen-Lex. iv, 10…
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Besides animals declared to be unclean, the Israel- ites were forbidden to use as food anj'thing which had been consecrated to idols (Exod. xxxiv, 15) ; animals which had died of disease or been torn b}' wild beasts (Exod. xxii, 31 ; Lev. xxii, 8 ; comp. Ezek. iv, 14), and certain parts of animals, viz. the blood (Lev.…
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Besides tlie vegetables above mentioned, the Jews were acquainted with the melon, tlio cucumber, the mallow, tlic leek, the onion, garlic, and bitter herbs. In Jol) vi, G, mention is made of r^'C^n "i^T, which Gesenius would trar\^\Ate. purshiin-slime, or jmrshnn- Z)ro/A = something extremely insipid (Thesaiir. p. 480)…
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In primitive times the mistress of the house pre- sided over the cooking of the food, as the master of the house charged himself with the slaughtering of the animals required (Gen. xviii, 6, 8; Judg. vi, 19; comp. II. xxiv, 622, and Odyss. ii, 300). Among the Egyp- tian*, servants who were professional cooks took charg…
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In like manner, "to be at an}' one's feet" is used for being at the service of'any one, following him, or willingly receiving his instructions (Judg. iv, 10). The last passage, in which Paul is described as being brought up " at the feet of Gamaliel," will appear still clearer if we understand that, as the Jewish write…
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Footman, a word employed in the A.V. in two senses. See Runner. 1. Generally, to distinguish those of the people or of the fighting-men who went on foot from those who were on animals or in chariots. The Hebrew word for this is '^?J'^, 7-agli' , from reyel, a foot. The Sept. common!}^ expresses it by ttcwOi, or occasio…
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Foot -■washing. The custom of washing the feet held, in ancient times, a place among the duties of hos])itality, being regarded as a mark of respect to the guest, and a token of humble and affectionate at- tention on the part of the entertainer. It had its ori- gin in circumstances for the most part peculiar to the Eas…
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FOOT-WASHING in thk Chuistian Ghurch. The use of sandals among the Eastern nations in« FOOT-WASHIXG 016 FORBES Ktead of shoes, as well as the heat of the climate, gave rise to frequent ablutions, and especialh' of the feet. It became a duty of hospitality, and a mark of respect towards strangers. Al)raham ofter- ed…
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Forbes, Rt. Hon. Duncan, one of the most em- inent lawyers of Scotland, was born at Bunchrew or Cnlloden in 1685. He was educated at the LTniversity of Edinburgh, and afterwards spent some time at the universities in Leyden, L^trecht, and Paris. In 1717 he became solicitor-general, and in 1742 lord-president of the cou…
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Forbes, ■William, bishop of Edinburgh, was born at Aberdeen, 1585, and was educated at Marischal Col- lege. Aliout the age of twenty he went abroad and studied at the German universities, especially Helm- stiidt and Heidelberg. He returned after five years, and was offered the chair of Hebrew at Oxford ; but he decline…
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Fordyce, James, D.D., a Scotch divine, was born in 1721) at Aberdeen, was educated at Marischal Col- lege, and was successivelj' minister at Brechin and Alloa, in Scotland, and at Monkwell Street, London. In 1782 ha relinquished the pastoral ofHce, and retired first to Hampshire and afterwards to Bath, where ho died, O…
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FOREIRO 619 FORESKINS of circumcision (Josephus, Z//e, 23). See generally Wicliuelis, iVus. Beckf, ii, 443 sq. ; Jalin, I, ii, 340 sq. The lethal treatment of foreigners was in the earlier ages the more humane, as original]}' at liome (Atlam, Jioni. Ant. i, 145) and at Athens. See Proselyte. Foieiro, Francis (^Fore…
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Zeitschr. 1832, i, 104 sq.] refers it to the idea of separa- tion from heathendom, which is consistent with the en- tire sj'stem of Mosaism [comp. the Mishna, A^'ecZwr. iii, 11].) House-born (heathen) slaves were also to un- dergo the operation (Gen. xvii, 12), as a sign of par- ticipation in the covenant with Jehovah.…
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3. Gl~3, jmrdts', a word of foreign origin, like the Greek TraoactiaoQ and the Xxi\h\c jMrdasun, q. ({.park means an enclosed gai-den or plantation attached to a palace, intended either for ornament or for containing animals of the chase (Eecles. ii, 5 ; Cant. iv. 13 ; comp. Xenophon, Cyrop. i, 3, 12). It is found onl^…
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(9.) The excellency ov jwide of the .Jordan, so called from its green and shady banks, clothed with willows, tamarisks, and cane, in which lions made their covert (Zech. xi, 3; Jer. xii, 5). See Joud.vn. (10.) The forest (yaar') of cedars on Afount Lebanon (2 Kings xix, 23 ; Hos. xiv, 5, 6), which must have been much …
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" Some confound things that are separate and dif- ferent— the act of forgiving with the act of loving with approbation. Repentance and confession are in- dispensable, when one has intentionally injured us in any way, to restore him to our fellowship and appro- bation. But what is a necessary condition of this is not a …
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although there can be no form without matter, yet as it is the form which makes the thing what it is, the wordyJwwi came to signif}' essence or nature" (Flem- ing, s. v.). The Scholastics distinguished form sub- stantial from form accidental. Substantial form they defined as actus primarius una cum materia cmstituens u…
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Forms of Prayer are set prayers, prepared to be used in worship, public and private. As to the pro- priety and utility of such forms there has been much dispute. The arguments are about as follows. I. From Scrij)ture. — (1.) On the one hand it is as- serted against the use of forms that '• there is not the slightest t…
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FORMS OF PRAYER C24 FORMS OF PRAYER known in the primitive Church." In proof of this I position, lie (with lord Kinj;) adduces Justin Martyr (t Kio) (translation by Seniisch, i, 72), and Tertullian (f 220) (Apoloff. ch. xxxix), who uses the phrase ire ])r(ri/ iLHthout a monitor, because from tlie heart (sine monitor…
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aids, and vindicated the right of personal freedom. Whether rightly or wrongly, whetlier as a remnant of the old bondage which they could not all at once throw off, or the dictate of that divine conservative wisdom which in most things so marvellously guided them in reforming, not new founding, the Church, having re- g…
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The conclusion arrived at by Kichard Watson (/«- stitules, ii, 507) is just and temperate, viz. that there are advantages in each mode of worship, and that, when combined prudently, the public service of the sanctuary has its most perfect constitution. Much, however, in the practice of churches is to be regulated bj' d…
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FOROJULIAN MANUSCRIPT 626 FORTIA D'URBAN V, 3-6 ; vii, 5-27 ; 1 Kings xiv, 24 ; xv, 12 ; Amos ii, 7 ; vii, 17 ; Jer. iii, 2 ; v, 7 ; John viii, 3-11). Among the Greeks and Romans of the n])Ostles' day licentious- ness was fearfully prevalent. ,Sec Harlot. In Scripture this word occurs more frequently in its symbolic…
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Fort, the rendering in the A. V. of the following Hcb. words : ^'^'0, metsad' (so called as a place of ly- ing in wait), a castle, esp. on a hill, Ezek. xxxiii, 27 (elsewliere usuall}- "stronghold"); or fem. fll^Ii'D, metsudah' , a similar kind of fastness, e. g. the citadel of Zion, 2 Sam. v, 9 (elsewhere "fortress," …
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\ucient \ jiians attacking a Furt. As among the Hebrews there was no system of construction strictly so called, but simply an applica- tion of the means of defence to the localities, no nni- formitj' of adaptation existed, and tlierefore we refer to the foregoing as specimens of the numerous illustra- tions of this su…
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Fortunatus, Venanti US, Honorius Clemen- tianus, bishop of Poitiers, and a Latin poet, was born about A.D. 530, near Treviso, in Italy. He studied grammar, rhetoric, literature, and law, and became so distinguished as an orator as to receive the surname of " Seholasticissimus." From Italy he came to France, where he a…
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Fothergill, Samuel, an eminent and highly re- spected Quaker preaclier, travelled and preached in many parts of England, Scotland, Ireland, and North America, and died in 1773. He wrote Remarls on an Address to the People called Quakers, etc. (17G1, 8vo) : —Reply to E. Owen on Water Baptism (17(53, 8vo):— Letters (1816…
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Some suppose that foundling hospitals, or institu- tions of a similar character, were, at a very early pe- riod, established at or near the columna lactaria at Kome and the cynosarrjes at Athens, mentioned above as i)laces of exposure. The Justinian Codes, by the term hnphotrophium Q3pt<}>oTpo(puuv), mentioned in conne…
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FOUNTAIN 631 FOUNTAIN suits, we think, contrary to the expectations of their founders ; and the general tendency of opinion, espe- cially in Protestant countries, is against their useful- ness as means for th.^ attainment of the desired ends. Granting that they ni;iy have some effect in diminish- ing the frequenc)' …
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Advantage was taken of these fountains to supply some of the great cities of Palestine with water. Hence, in Oriental cities generallj', public fountains are frequent (Poole, Englishw. in Eg. i, 180). Perhaps the most remarkable works of this kind are at Tyre, where "it Fountain near Beyrut. FOUNTAIN 632 FOUQUET …
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Fouquet, JEAN-FRANgois, a French Jesuit, was sent as a missionary to Central Asia in the early part of the 18th century. He made himself acquainted with the language, idioms, and the theogony of the Celes- tial Empire, and was struck with their points of resem- blance not only to Christian doctrine, but especially to t…
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Fovrl is the rendering of the following Hcb. words in the Bible : 1. Usuallj' Cl'S'' (ppih, a flier), Ttrtn'ov, any Avinged animal, a generic term for the feathered race, frequently with the addition of C1'^"'n, ''of the heavens." 2.10^1-' (ji'yit, so called from rushing on its prej' ; compai-e Jer. xii, 9, where it is…
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Fo'wler (some form of the verb ^Z'^'^,yaliaidi\ to lay snares; thus rendered in Psa. xci, 3; cxxiv, 7; Prov. vi, 5 ; Jer. v, 26 ; Hos. ix, 8). The act of tak- Ancient Egyptian fowling with the Tlirow-stick. FOWLER 635 FOWLER ing birds by means of nets, snares, deeoj's, etc., is fre- quently alluded to in Scripture…
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FOWLER 636 FOX St. Giles's, Crlpplegate, when he took liis degree of D.D. He was an able defender of Protestantism, and appears as the second of the London clerg}' who re- fused to read James ll's declaration for liberty of con- science in 1GS8. He was rewarded for his eminent services in the cause of religion, and …
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1 j:\ptnn Do., 1 <.\ fox (F. vnlgnris), are Palestine species. There is also the so-called Turkish fox (Cynnlopex Turcicus) of Asia Minor, not unknown to the south as far as the Orontes, and therefore likely to be an occasional visitant at least of the woods of Libanus. Tliis animal is one of an osculant group, with t…
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Auburn, 1862, p. 20 sq.) ; but it should be observed that three hundred shocks of corn would not make two stacks, and therefore the result would be quite inade- quate, considered as a punishment or act of vengeance upon the Philistine population, then predominant over the greater part of Palestine ; and if we take shoc…
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Fox, Ed-ward, one of the English Reformers, -was horn in Oloucestorshire (date not known precisely). Ho was educated at Eton, and at King's College, Cam- bridge, of which lie became provost in 1528. He held this post during his life. Wolsey sent him on an em- bassy to Rome, with Gardiner, to promote a bull from Clement…
1,128 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.