PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 3
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,405,961 words · 1366 reading sections
Section 841
The personal character of George Fox was, in many respects, a lofty one. In self-sacrifice, earnestness, and purity, he was a model. His intellectual powers were not of a very high order. His doctrine of the "inner light" was elaborated by Robert Barclay (q. FOX 639 FRANCE V.) with a clearness and method of which F…
1,074 wordsSECTION 842Section 842
Frachet, Gerard de, a monkish ecclesiastical historian, was born at Chains (Limousin), in France, about the beginning of the 13th centur}^ and died at Limogas Oct. 4, 1271. He entered the Dominican or- der in 1225, and filled in succession the posts of prior of the convent of Limoges (1233-45), then of that of Marseill…
1,026 wordsSECTION 843Section 843
liament, which has ever since remained the steadfast advocate of Gallican liberties. The kings, however, were not equallj' steadfast in their opposition to the demands of the popes, and often made concessi(in.s in the hope, with the aid of the popes, of increasing their power at home. Tluis the new Pragmatic Sanction, …
1,356 wordsSECTION 844Section 844
in,~s s posed the political views of the government and of the ultramontanes, but also accused the latter of ultraism in their defence of ecclesiastical institutions and prac- tices. Montalembert, Lacordaire, prince de Broglie, Falloux, Lenormant, and bishop Dupanloup of Orleans were the most distinguished men of the …
1,350 wordsSECTION 845Section 845
The dukes of Guise saw the necessit}' of enlarging and consolidating the Catholic part}'. They prevailed on the aged and vainglorious constable of INIontniorency to form with them a triumvirate, which was soon also joined by the king of Navarre, who was induced by false pi-omises to abandon the cause of the Huguenots. …
700 wordsSECTION 846Section 846
a political party by cardinal Richelieu, thou?;!), by an act of amnesty at Niismes (1<j2'J), he secured to them their former ecclesiastical privileges. About tiiis time their number had been reduced to only about half of what it was before the massacre of St. Bartholomew. Louis XIV re.i^arded it as his special mission …
932 wordsSECTION 847Section 847
The National Assembh' of 1789 gave to all religious denominations equal rights, yet tlie Revolution soon afterwards raged against the Protestant churches as mucli as against the Roman Catholic. Peace and or- der were first restored bj' the decree of 1802, in which Napoleon assigned to the clergymen of the French Re- fo…
1,123 wordsSECTION 848Section 848
A great revival in the Protestant churches com- menced about 1820. Those who, under the influence of this revival, sought to unite themselves by closer spiritual bonds than the state churches afforded them, were generally designated by the name Methodists, al- though they were not organized as a Methodist denom- inatio…
1,360 wordsSECTION 849Section 849
seminaries, in which those who have the priesthood in view are educated from their early boyhood {Grands et Petits Seminaires), are now, as they always have been, under the sole control of the bishops. The re- lations of the Church to the State colleges wei'e, until the Revolution of 1848, not to the satisfaction of th…
1,076 wordsSECTION 850Section 850
Eef aimed Church. — The highest judicatory of the Ke- formed Church, as alreadj' stated, is the Conseil Gineral (Central Council) at Paris. The decree of 1852, which established this council, ordered that it should lie com- posed, " for the first time, of eminent Protestants ap- p(jintcd by the government, together wit…
937 wordsSECTION 851Section 851
FRANCE 647 FRANCE Ident of the Ilij^lier Consistory) ; one lay member and one clerical inspector appointed Vij^ government; and two deputies named by the Hiicher Consistory. Its functions are purelj^ administrative, but that means a great deal in France. It nominates to the govern- ment all the pastors, and has full…
960 wordsSECTION 852Section 852
The Annuaire Protestant gives five Moravian and four "Anabaptist" churches. It has no statistics of the Darbyites, Irvingites, Hinschists, and other small sects, of which it says there are sonic churches in Franco. The Jews have 10 high ral)bis, with salaries of from 350.0 to 7000 francs ; GO rabbis, with incomes rang…
1,045 wordsSECTION 853Section 853
assisted bj-^ him, she eloped from her friends. "Al- though a saint, Francis was obviously deficient in the moral sense. They fled to the Portiuncula, a church which the Benedictines had now given to the Francis- cans. He was in his thirtieth, she in her nineteenth year. She was welcomed by the monks and attended by he…
738 wordsSECTION 854Section 854
oblid-ed him to defer his departure. Innocent III had approved of his order h}' word of mouth. Honorius III who sufccedod Innocent in 1219, had appointed cardinal Ugolino to the post of protector of the Minor- ite bretlireii, and approved of tlieir missions. Francis set sail with lUuminatus of Keate and other compan- i…
1,173 wordsSECTION 855Section 855
FraiicLs of Borgia, a Jesuit and saint of the Ro- man Catholic Church, was a Spanisli nobleman, born in Valencia in 1510. After a careful education he be- came a courtier of the reign of Charles V, but was turned to a religious life by the solemn circumstances attending the funeral of the empress Isabella, after which …
977 wordsSECTION 856Section 856
expression to his disappointed ambition in efforts to humble his successful rival, which led to almost inces- sant wars between them, and wasted the lives and treasures of his subjects without adding to his fame or possessions. Francis sought to secure the support of Henry VIII of England, and a personal interview was …
1,249 wordsSECTION 857Section 857
(Jonventual Franciscan. Observant Fiancisctm. Observants in consequence of the measures of Julius II and Leo X: the ^Minorites of Peter of Villacrezes, founded in 1390 upon Mount Celia ; the Minorite Colet- tans, founded Ijy tlie Clarisse Colette of Corbie, in Savoy ; the Minorite Amadeists, founded by the Span- iard…
905 wordsSECTION 858Section 858
"The supreme government of the Franciscan order, which is commonlj' said to V)e the especial embodiment of the democratic element in the Roman Catholic Church, is vested in an elective general, who resides at Rome. The subordinate superiors are, first, tlie 'provincial,' who presides over all the brethren in a ]irovine…
902 wordsSECTION 859Section 859
FRANCKE 653 FRANCKE them alms ; he then took into his house some orphans, the number of whom nipidly increased. In this char- itable work he was aided by some benevolent citizens of Halle, and his charitable institutions increased from year to year. In 101)8 was laid the lirst stone of tlie buildings which now form …
1,005 wordsSECTION 860Section 860
After a life full of labor, faith, zeal, and usefulness, Francke died at Halle June 8, 1727. Among his writ- ings are Manuducti) ad Lectionem Scriptturce Sacra; (Halle, 1693, 1704; Lond. 170G; also, translated, with life of Francke by Jacques, Lond. 1813, 8vo) : — Obser- vatlones Biblicv (Halle, 1095, Svo) : — Pmlectio…
920 wordsSECTION 861Section 861
Francois de Toulouse, a French theologian and preacher, lived in the Latter half of the 17tli cen- tury, and was notably zealous in striving to bring the Protectants of the Ceveniies back to the Roman faith. He belonged to the order of Capuchin monks, of which he became provincial. Of his writings, we name Le Parfait …
986 wordsSECTION 862Section 862
Frankfurt, Concordat of. See Concordat. Frankfurt, Council of (Concilium Franco- FORDiexse), a synod of great importance in Church history, held at Frankfurt -on -the -Main, A.D. 794. Some Roman writers deny the authenticity of the acts of tlie Council of Frankfurt (e. g. Barruel, Du Rum. Piipe, Paris, 1803, ii, 402),…
1,023 wordsSECTION 863Section 863
Frankincense (nS""-^, lehonah'; whence A(','3«- voc), an odorous resin, so called from its whiteness (Flin. xii, 14, 32) ; mostly imported from Arabia (Isa. FRANKINCENSE 656 FRANKINCENSE fx, 6; Jer. vi, 20; see also Straho, 16; Virgil, Georg. ii, 117), yet growing also in Takstine (Cant, iv, 14; unless perhaps some…
771 wordsSECTION 864Section 864
growing only in Yemen and on the hills, and in re- spect to its leaves and fruit resembling myrtle; a de- scription which has been thought (Sprengel, //ist. rei bot. i, 12, 257) to apply very well to tlie Ami/ris katab (Forskal, Flor. p. 80), or (Gesch. d. Botan. i, 10) to the Amyris kafid {VoY&\i&\ p. 19), or even to …
1,084 wordsSECTION 865Section 865
Franks, Conversion of. See Ciilodwig ; Fr.vnce. Franz, or Franzius, Wolfgang, a Lutheran theologian, was born at I'lauen, 15G4. He became professor of history, and afterwards of theology, at Wittenberg, where he died Oct. 20, 1628. Among his voluminous writings are Animaliitm hlstoria Sacra (best ed. Frankfort, 1712, …
1,209 wordsSECTION 866Section 866
Frauds, Pious, " artifices and falsehoods made use of in propagating what is believed to be useful to the cause of religion. The}' are the offspring of sinceri- ty and insincerity ; of religious zeal combined with a defective morality ; of conscientiousness in respect of the end, and unscrupulous dishonesty as to the m…
932 wordsSECTION 867Section 867
FREE CHURCH OF SCOTLAND 659 FREEKE by offering to defend certain theses. A debate en- sued in lo23. In the progress of it it became appar- ent that this circle of friends had deeply imbibed the spirit and sentiments of the illustrious Wessel. The liberty -ivhich they enjoyed in the expression of their views was great…
1,243 wordsSECTION 868Section 868
Free (or Free-will) Offering (i^^f?' 'nedahah', i. e. voluntary, as often), spoken of a spontaneous gift (Exod. XXXV, 29; Ezra i, 4; comp. 7), but cliiefly of a voluntarij sacrifice (Lev. xxii, 23 ; Ezra iii, 5 ; Ezek. xlvi, 12; plur. 2 Chron. xxxi, 14; Lev. xxiii, 38; Amos iv, 5 ; fig. Psa. cxix, 108), as opposed to o…
1,117 wordsSECTION 869Section 869
2. Frelixghuysen, Rev. Theodore, eldest son of the above-named, came to this country in 1745 an or- dained minister, and was settled over tlie Reformed Dutch Church in Albany, N. Y. He is represented to have been an ardent, frank, and popular man ; earnest, eloquent, tender, and warm-hearted as a preacher; of spotless …
922 wordsSECTION 870Section 870
French, "William. D.D., a distinguished divine and m'athematieian, was educated at Cains College, Cambridge, and became second wrangler in 1811. He soon after became fellow and tutor of Pembroke Col- lege, was made M.A. in 1814, master of Jesus College in 1820, and D.D. in 1821. He was successively ap- pointed vice-ch…
1,389 wordsSECTION 871Section 871
them (Gieseler, Chitrchllist. iii, 409). In the north of France also we have some clear traces of vernacular copies of the Scriptures. A translation of the four books of Kings in the dialect of the north of France {langue d' Oil) lias been published (Paris, 1841, 4to) by M. Leroux de Lincj', who attributes it to the 12…
1,021 wordsSECTION 872Section 872
4. To remedy the defects of Olivetan's version, and to produce one more suited to the Avants of tlie age, the Venerable Company of Pastors at Geneva undertook a thorough revisal of the work, with the special aid of Beza, Goulart, Vay, etc., and under the editorial care of Cornelius Bertram. This appeared in 1588. In th…
1,074 wordsSECTION 873Section 873
Freret, Nicolas, a celebrated French scholar, was born at Paris February 15, 1088, and died in tlie same city March 8, 1749. He at first studied law, but aban- doned it for literature, especially for investigations into the languages, history, and religious systems of ancient and Oriental peoples. At the age of t\vent}…
1,187 wordsSECTION 874Section 874
Fiesne, Du. See Du Caxge. Frey, Jean Louis, a Swiss theologian and philol- ogist, was born at Basle in 1G82, and died in the same place in 1759. He is said to have been Aimiliar with Hebrew at ten years of age. He was a pupil of Jean Buxtorf, under whom he studied Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, and Arabic. In 1703 he became…
1,002 wordsSECTION 875Section 875
of his faithful servant Skyrnir, found out the caus6 of his malady, and, after much trouble, succeeded in obtaining Gerda for his wife, F'reyr is represented (^Icon. Encyklop. Mythology and Religious Rites, pi. 13, fig. 3) witli a halo around his head, and holding in his right h:ind ears of wheat, and in his left an ur…
1,193 wordsSECTION 876Section 876
Friedlander, David, a Jewish scholar, was born at Konigsberg (Prussia) Dec. 6, 1749. The Reform movement at Berlin, under the leadership of Men- delssolin (q. v.\ attracted him to the Prussian me- tropolis, and In'ought him into relations with Men- delssohn. He devoted himself to educational and oth- er reforms among t…
955 wordsSECTION 877Section 877
FRIENDLY ISLANDS 667 FRIENDS Friendly Islands, " as distinguisherl from the Fiji Isiaiuls (q. v.), generally reckoned a part of tjieni, are otherwise styled the Tonga Ghoup. They stretch in S. lat. from 18° to 23°, and in W. long, from 172° to 170°, and consist of about 32 greater and 150 small- er islands, about 30…
1,160 wordsSECTION 878Section 878
Friends, Society of. This body of Christians now subsists in two main divisions, generally known to the public as the Orthodox and the Hicksite ; but these designations are not used by the bodies them- selves. The former body is designated below as No. 1, and tlie article is written by William J. Allinson, editor of Th…
912 wordsSECTION 879Section 879
"No — nursed in storm .and peril long, The weakest of their band was strong;" and, whilst men and women were perishing in jailg, even the little boys and girls would meet together at the places appointed, and in the beauty and sweetness of earh- piety worship the God of their fathers in spirit and in truth. But not ev…
928 wordsSECTION 880Section 880
No sj'stem of theological training is known or could be permitted among the Friends. Thej' are favorable to education, and provide for its free extension to the children of poor members ; but the)'' regard it as the exclusive province of the Hol^- Spirit to select his own ministers, and to instruct them what they shall…
996 wordsSECTION 881Section 881
Their view respecting the resurrection may be brief- ly stated in the language of one of the society's docu- ments: "The Society of Friends believes that there will be a resurrection both of the righteous and the wicked ; the one to eternal life and blessedness, and the other to everlasting miser}' and torment, agreea-…
1,007 wordsSECTION 882Section 882
In all these Yearly Meetings, First-day Schools are conducted with zeal and efficiency, exerting a wide evangelical influence. In a number of the Yearly ^Meetings these are under the direct care of the so- ciety, and made the subjects of annual statistical re- ports. Thus, in Indiana Yearly Meeting, there are 115 such …
946 wordsSECTION 883Section 883
In the advices issued by our several Yearly Meet- ings, the Scriptures are very frequently and earnestly recommended to the attention of our members. In tlie year 1851, Philadelphia Yearly iMeeting, after re- ferring to "those sublime truths which are recorded in th3 holy Scriptures," thus continues: " In these inval- …
1,001 wordsSECTION 884Section 884
Animal propensities may be transmitted from pa- rents to children, Init the Scriptures do not teach that we inherit any (juilt from Adam, or from any of our FRIENDS 672 FRIENDS ancestors ; nor do we feel anj' compunction for their sins. The lant:;uage of our Saviour clearly implies that little children are innocent…
1,070 wordsSECTION 885Section 885
Another projihecy of Isaiah is referred to by the evangelist IMatthew as having been fulfilled by the miracles of Christ. He saj's, "When the even was come they brought unto him manj' that were possess- ed with devils, and he cast out the spirits with his word, and healed all that were sick ; that it might be fulfilled…
1,028 wordsSECTION 886Section 886
Baptism awl the Lord's Supper. — Friends believe that the "washing of regeneration and renewing of the Holy Gliost" is the only baptism essential to sal- vation. "There is one Lord, one faith, one baptism, one God and Fatlr.^r of all, wlio is above all, through all, and in you all' (Eph. iv, 5, G). The baptism of Cliri…
852 wordsSECTION 887Section 887
progress; the official members of the Society of Friends j generally discouraging activity in temperance, anti- slaver}', and other similar organizations, while a large ! proportion — in many localities a majority — of the laitj^ were warmly in favor of co-operating with them. After years of contention, the two parties…
1,389 wordsSECTION 888Section 888
FRIENDS OF LIGHT G75 FRIES the gulf of pantheistic self-deification." And that this yave rise to "the wild, fanatic, pantheistic m3'sticism, which was for getting bej'ond Christ, bc^-ond all posi- tive revelation, all humanization of the divine, as we see it exeniplitied paiticularh' among a portion of the so-called…
1,279 wordsSECTION 889Section 889
Fries "called his system 'Philosophical Anthropol- og3',' since he made all further philosophical knowl- edge dependent on man's self-knowledge. He distin- guislied three grades oi Erkcnntniss ; we know (wissen) the phenomena of our subjective thinking; this is the realm of philosophy. We believe (glaitbe7i) that there…
1,000 wordsSECTION 890Section 890
The first Christian missionarj' among the Frisians was bishop Amandus, who entered the country in the train of the conquering Franks. He met with but little success, but established two convents at Ghent, Blandinum and Gandanum. In G3G, Dagobert, king of the Franks, built the first Christian chuich of Fries- land at Ut…
938 wordsSECTION 891Section 891
Frigga, the wife of Odin, and supreme goddess of the race of the Asir (or Ases), the celestial gods of the Scandinavian mythology, was a daughter of the giant Fjorgvm, presided over marriages and in the assem- blies of the goddesses, which were always held in her ])alace, was prescient of, but never revealed, the fate …
938 wordsSECTION 892Section 892
But when the Hebrews be- gan to mix with other na- tions, and especially when they were dispersed and 1)C- came a b^'-word and a hissing, this ancient badge of distinction which (iod conferred ujjon them became the signal of ]iersecutiou, inasmuch as it indicated that the wearer of it was a Jew, (m whom ('hiistians tho…
951 wordsSECTION 893Section 893
FrLschmutll, Johaxx, a German theologian and Orientalist, was born at Wertheim in 1619, and died at Jena in 1G87, in which city he was professor of He- brew. Ha was also acquainted with Ai'abic. Besides other works, he wrote CO dissertations on philological. Biblical, and theological subjects, of which the most importa…
1,018 wordsSECTION 894Section 894
2. Karl Friedricii August, eldest son of Chris- tian Fritzsche, also a distinguished theologian, was born at Steinljach Deceml)er 16, ISOL After receiv- ing his first instruction from his father he continued his studies at the University of Leipzig, where he be- came professor extraordinarj' of theology in 1825. The ye…
967 wordsSECTION 895Section 895
liana Punctata. described as an Egyptian species it is difficult to saj', but it is almost certain that this species is not found in Egypt, and it is almost as certain that none but the R. cscuhnta does occur in that country (Giinther, "On the Geographical Distribution of Batrachia," Amuds N. II. 1850). It is not at a…
964 wordsSECTION 896Section 896
to the deed, allowed their converts to continue their ceremonial practices, provided they received baptism, took the name of Christians, and recognised tlu su- premacy of their missionary teachers. The number of nominal conversions was, as might be expected, great. Tlie dispute, which excited ridicule of Christianity a…
903 wordsSECTION 897Section 897
Frontlet (only in the plur. TB^'iU, toiaphoik', 'proh.Jil'efs, from an obsolete root v]*l^, to bi^id about [Gesenius, Tkes. Heb. p. 548] ; Sept. cKraXiVTci [v. r. drraXtvTuv, apparently pointing rs^lli], i. e. immov- able ; Vulg. vaguelj' appensum quid, movebimdir, and collocate) occurs only in three passages (Exod. xi…
1,107 wordsSECTION 898Section 898
On the analogous practice alluded to in Eev. xiii, 16; xiv, 1, see Forehead. Fronton le Due, or Fronto Ducasus. See Ddc, Fronton du. Froriep, Justus Fkiedrich, a learned Oriental- FROSSARD 683 FRUIT ist, was born at Lubeck June 1, 1745, and was educa- ted at Leipsij;, where he passed 13. D. in 17G7. In 1771 he wa…
1,029 wordsSECTION 899Section 899
1. 151, dxgan' , "fruit of the field," or agricultural produce. Under this term the Hebrews classed al- most everj^ object of_/?c/</-culture [see Agriculture]. Jahn saj's, "The word is of general signification, and comprehends in itself different kinds of grain and pulse, such as wheat, millet, spelt, wall-barley, barl…
1,059 wordsSECTION 900Section 900
FKIJIT, "the product of the earth, as trees, "jilants, etc. 1. ' Blessed shall be the fruit of thy ground and cattle.' The fruit of the body signifies children : 'Blessed shall be the fruit of thy body.' By fruit is sometimes meant reward: 'They shall eat of the fruit of their own ways' (Prov. i, 31) ; the}' shall rec…
1,196 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
Project Gutenberg source record →
Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.