PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 3
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,405,961 words · 1366 reading sections
Section 1141
Gill, John, an eminent theologian and Biblical scholar, was born at Kettering, England, in 1697. He receiveil his education at the grammar-school in his native town. But the tuition of the scliool was only one of the means of education that he availed himself of. "As sure as that John Gill is in the bookseller's shop,…
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Gilly, David, a Protestant divine who became a Eoman Catholic, was born at Nismes in 1648. He studied at Nismes, Montauban, and Saumur, and was appointed pastor at Bauge. His life tliei'c was quiet and studious until the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, when, to save himself from the dragonades, he abjured his faith,…
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GILPIN" 8V3 GIN afterwards the rectory of Houghton-le-Spring; and al- though his Protestant views were well known, the bishop protected him. His enemies now accused him before bisliop Bonner, and he was on his way to trial, and probably to the scaflbld, but was detained bj' breaking his leg on the journey-, till new…
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Gim'zo (Heb. Ginizo' , iTT^S, a place fertile in syc- amores; Sept. VipZoj V. r. Fafiaii^ai), a city in tlie plain of the kingdom of Judah, mentioned in connec- tion with Timnah, and taken, with its dependent vil- lages (Heb. daughters), by the Philistines in tiie time of Ahaz (2 Chron. xxviii, 18); now Jiwzu, a common…
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power, as a moral dominion based on religion and pub-; lie opinion." Gioberti aims at "restoring the papal arbitration between the sovereign and the people ; he wishes to lead it back to the time of Gregory VII and of Alexander III, and in this restoration of the past finds the best means of repulsing foreign ojipressi…
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ihe one hand, and, on the other, his acuteness, depth, iiilbrmation, and power of argument, leave us much at a loss to discover whether the author was in his so- ber senses or not. We give a brief abstract of his views, so far as we have been enabled to comprehend them. He conceives that the source of all human knowled…
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Giordano Bruno. See Bruno. Gir. See Chalk. Giraldns Cambrensis (Sylvester), archdea- con of Brecon and titular bishop of IMenevia or St. David's, was born at Pembroke, Wales, ^n 114G. He finished his education in Paris, and in 1175 was appointed hy Ilichard, archbishop of Canterbury, as his legate for Wales, and was s…
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Ancient Egyptian Sacred Girdles. In all passages, except Isa. xxii, 21, -2"!!< is used of the girdle of the priests onl}', but in that instance it appears to have been worn by Shebna, the treasurer, as part of the insignia of his office ; unless it be sup- posed that he was of priestly rank, and wore it in his priestl…
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" Girdle" is often used figuratively in the Scriptures (see Psa. cix, 19 ; compare 1 Sam. ii, 4; Psa. xxx, 11 ; Ixv, 12; Eph. vi, 14). — Smith, s. v. The girdle was a symbol of strength, activity, and power (Job xii, 18, 21; xxx, 11; Isa. xxiii, 10 ; xlv, 15; xi, 5; xxii, 21 • 1 Kings XX, 11). The perfect adherence of …
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Gischala (ra Viaxa'Xa), a small city (jzoXixvia) often montiimcd by Josepluis in his account of the last struggle of the Jews with the IJomans, especiall}' as being the scene of the operations of the famous "John (q. V.) of Gischala" {\Var, iv, 1, 3). It was situated in Galilee (ib. ii, 1) ; and, after having been dest…
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Git'tith (Heb. Gitiith' , nina, prob. for rS.nS, and so kindred with Negixoth), a stringed instrument of music (Psa. viii, 1 ; Ixxxi, 1 ; Ixxxiv, 1). The term is not to be derived (with the Targums) from the city Gath, nor (with the Sept. v—ip tmv Xijvm/) from a wine-press (as a vintarje-song, Jlichael. Suppl. p. 382) …
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GLAPHYRA 880 GLASS Baj-lc, General Diet, v, 435 ; Leek}', History of Ration- alism, i, 121 sq. Glaphyra {VXatpiipa, elffjanl), daughter of Arche- laus, kin^ of Cappadocia ; married to Alexander, son of Herod the Great (Josephiis, Ant. xvi, 1, 2). She quarreled with Salome (rt. xvii, 7, 2), who, in revenge, fomented…
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PIIOTII-JIAIM. Yet, notwithstanding the above explicit statement, it was long denied that the ancients were acquainted with glass properly so called ; nor did the denial en- tirely disappear even when Pompeii offered evidences of its want of foundation. Our knowledge of Egypt has, however, set the matter at rest. "Wil…
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That glass was known to the Hebrews- appears be- yond a doubt ; but whether they brought a knowledge of its manufacture with them out of Egypt, or learned it from their Sidonian neighbors, is uncertain. Wheth- er they used it for mirrors is doubtful. In Job xxviii, 17, n'^S^lST is believed to mean glass, though it is r…
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Glass-painting is of three kinds : (1) the mosaic, in which pieces of differently-colored glass are so cut out and arranged as to represent figures or scenes, the pieces being joined together with lead ; (2) the enamel, in which the colors are laid on a plate of glass and then burnt in ; and (3) the mosaic-enamel, whic…
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Glatz, Jacob, a Protestant clergyman of Hunga- ry, was born in 177G at Poprad, studied thcologj' at the university of Jena, became in 1797 professor at Schnepfenthal, in 1804 professor at the Protestant school of Vienna, in 1805 minister of the Lutheran congregation in the same city, resigned in 1826, and died in 1831 …
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Kgyptian Kite (JHlviis JErjijptiu ). ticed in various stages of plumage as Milvus Ictinus, Milvus Etolius, Savigny ; Falco A^gyptiacus and Falco ForskcMii, Gmelin ; Falco cinereo -ferrvgineus, For- jkahl; Falco Arda, Savigny; ])Tohah\y, also, Falco jm- rasilicus, Lath. Tlie bill of this species is dark ; head and thro…
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Gloria Patri, Glory he to the Father, one of the primitive doxologies of the Church, the doxologia mi- nor. At first almost all the fatliers liad their own dox- ologies, which they expressed, as they liad occasion, in their own language, ascribing "glory and honor" some- times to the Father only, sometimes to the Son o…
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GLORY 886 GLORY the Son (John xii, 28; xiii, 31, 32; xiv, 13 ; xv, 8 ; xvii, 1, 4); of Christ as glorified by the Father (John viii, 54 ; xiii, 32 ; xvii, 1, 5 ; Acts iii, 13), or by the Spirit (John xvi, 14), or by Christians (John xvii, 10), or generally (Lev. x, 3 ; John xi, 4 ; xiii, 31). — Bas- tow, s. V. See G…
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GLORY OF GOD. In numerous passages of Scrip- ture it is said that God has done certain acts for His own glory (e. g. Isa. xiii), that man should glorfy God (1 Sam. vi, 5 ; 1 Cor. vi, 20 ; x, 31, etc.). But how can man "glorify" the Supreme Being, who is «iso- lutely glorious in holiness and perfection ? To this questio…
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In thus manifesting his power, wisdom, holiness, and goodness, we say that God has established his "glory;" and so, also, when men acknowledge and worship these divine perfections, they "glorify" God. In this language there is nothing absurd or injurious to the divine majesty. In Scripture the object of di- vine revela…
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GLOSS 888 GLOSS patercE of the Catacombs, about the Sd centurj', being in them applied to the head of Clirist. About tlie close of the (ith century it was first applied to angels, and to the apostles and saints. Tlie ylory was used in ancient art to signify power and dominion. In tliis sense it was occasionally use…
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II. The second class of glosses is due to the habit, as old perhaps as tlie art of writing itself, of readers inscribing on the margin of MSS. or books observa- tions of their own, exj)lanatory or otherwise of the text. This was especially the case with the sacred books, partly because after the establishment of Chris-…
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the Kxtravagantes were the work partly of Gulielmus de monte Lauduno, and partly of Johannes Monachus. Those on the collection of John XXII were chiefly by Zenzelinus de Cassanis. The glosses have to this day great scientific value for the historj' of law. They have also exerted an important influence in the prac- tice…
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Our Saviour's allusion to the gnat is a kind of prov- erb, either in use in his time, or invented by himself, " Blind guides, who strain out a gnat, and swallow down [holt, as we say] a camel." He adopts the an- tithesis of the smallest insect to the largest animal, and applies it to those who are superstitiously anxio…
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GNOSTICISM 891 GNOSTICISM appropriated to a sacred use. Wc concede, indeed, tliat the latter word (yi^uxnc) usually denotes in their ■writings simply what its etymology implies, the mere act of knowing, or tiie objective knowledge thus ac- quired. In tht)se primitive times it was seldom that anv systematic or scient…
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B. Bereiical Gnosticism. ■ — I. General Character. — The name Gnosticism has been apjilied to a varietj' of schools which had sometimes little in common except the assumption of a knowledge higher than that of or- dinarj' believers. Most of them claimed a place in the Church, and complained bitterly when this was denie…
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literature, in which most of these elements had found a place, was diffused among the educated classes in all those countries in which Gnosticism flourished, and might have been the mediating agenc3' through which the mind of the East was brouglit into communication with that of the West. From the heterogeneous com- mi…
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he and Epiphanius {Hcer. p. 28) say that Cerinthus taught that the world was not made by the Most High God, but by a lower power,' or by angels, and that Je- sus was an ordinary man, whom the supreme Logos became united with at his baptism, but forsook during his last sufferings, to reunite with him in the future kingd…
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i\Iany of these sects can hardlv bo recognised as within the pale of Christianity. While some; of them claimed a place within the Ciun-ch, and reOised to leave it when thej' were disowned ly its autliorities, others openly abjured the Christian nan>e. Certainlv such complete subverters of the essentials of the Gospel …
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boni) of the Ophites. He came into being from the commingling of the light-nature in the Sophia (the ■RPki'iiaTiKov anipfia) with matter. As the fruit of such a parentage, he was possessed of a nature neither pneumatic nor material, but psychical, and he occupies an intermediate position between the supreme God and the…
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GNOSTICISM 896 GOAD exception of the followers of ]Manes, wc have no evi- dence that the Gnostics ever attempted a distinct ec- clesiastical organization. ]Man\' of them were never excluded from the orthodox churches, within which they only sought to form schools and social circles. They practised baptism, and helie…
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In the other passages where the word "goad" oc- curs it is the representative of a diffei-ent term in the original ; 'j^'l'l, dorban', something pointed (1 Sam. xiii, 21), or "('nil, dorbon (Eccles. xii, 11), which is, perhaps, properly the iron point to which the rod or handle, denoted 1)}' the previous term, was fixe…
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xii, 5 ; Lev. iv, 23 ; Numb, xxviii, 15 ; 2 Chron. xxix, 21 ; Dan. viii, 5, 8, etc.), which the etymology would seem to show was the original sense. In most of the passages in which it occurs it may denote either the male or the female animal (Gen. xxvii, 16; xxx, 32 33; xxxvii, 31; Lev. i, 10; iii, 12 ; vii, 23; xxii,…
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5. "I'^SIJ, tsaphir', occurs in 2 Chron. xxix, 21, and in Dan. viii, 5, 8; it is followed by Q"'""'7, and signi- fies a " he-goaf" of the goats. Gesenius derives it from IS JC, tsaj>har', to leap, indicative of the sex. It is a word found only in the later books of the O. T. In Ezra vi, 17, we find the Chald. form of t…
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>r%"\ Wild Goat of Sinai. In Deut. xiv, 5, "ipX, akho is translated "wild goat." Schultens {Origines IlebraicaP) conjectures that the name arose from its shyness, and Dr. Harris points out what he takes to be a confirmation of this conjecture in Shaw's travels, who, from the translations of the Sept. and Vulgate, mak…
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A he-goat was the symbol of the IMacedonian em- pire in the prophetic vision of Daniel (clnip. viii, 5) — a Coin of Arche'.aus, king of Macetluu, GOATH 900 GOCH goat that had a notable horn between his ej'es. It is interesting to know that this was the recognised sj'm- bol of their nation by the Macedonians themse…
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Goblet CiJN, aggan , prop, a trough for washing garments, hence a laver ; Cant, vii, 2, where it is de- scribed as being round; elsewhere a sacrificial "ba- sin," Exod. xxiv, G, or pensile drinking-" cup," Isa. xxii, 24). In form and material these utensils were probably like those found in the Egyptian ruins, some bei…
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usually preceded by the article (SNIn? Gen. xxxi, 13; Deut. vii, 9), or followed by such distinctive epithets as ■'tl'^. Almighty (Exod. vi, 3) ; C'TS", eternal (Gen. xxi, 33; Isa. xl, 28); "{Thy, Supreme (Gen. xiv, 18); in, living (Josh, iii, 10) ; "135, mighty (Isa. ix, 5) ; or such qualifying adjuncts as 1133, of gl…
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On the use or absence of the article with t2"'n?X, see Quarry (Genesis, p. 270 sq.), who, after an elabo- rate examination of the subject, sums up the results as the following: "The dispelling of the supposition that any essential difference existed, at least in the earlier books, between Elohim with and without the ar…
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GOD 903 GOD 2 Kings xxiii, 13); derisively d'^b^l^H, logs (Ezek. vi, 4 ; xiv, 3) ; their sacred rites '^'^^^ frivolity (1 Sam. xv, 23; Isa. Ixvi, 3), r.iul their Avhole worship harlotry (Ezek. xxiii; compare "37, and derivatives, in Winer, Simonis Lex. p. 286 sq.), in contrast with which Jeho- vali is called the tru…
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IV. The Christian Doctrine of God. — 1. Source. — The Christian idea of God is derived from the Scrip- tures. The statement God is God suffices for the wants of theology in itself, and is given as a com- plete proposition in the Scriptures (Exod. iii, 14 ; Isa. xliii, 12). But the Scriptures afford many indica- tions, …
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a spirit pervading all things (but not an agerd or & per- son), and of which the souls of man and l)rutes are por- tions. In the Book of Revelation, ' Jtdiovah, the self- existent and all-])erfect Being, with the world which he creatiMl and whicli he is ever ruling, alone meets our view. Though intimately present with …
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this teaching into a higher one, viz. that the longing of tlie soul for God, the search for God in Christ, is al- ways rewarded, and that the " pure in heart" see God ■with the spiritual eyes of faith. Luther's doctrine that God may be taught, named, and apprehended in Christ, and in Christ alone, is quite in harmony w…
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V. Substance and Mode of the Scripture Teaching. — "In the Scriptures no attempt is made to prove the existence of a God. The error of men consisted not in denying a God, but in admitting too many ; and one great object of the Bible is to demonstrate that there is but one. No metaphysical arguments, however, are employ…
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2. Actions. — "The second means by which the Scrip- tures convej' to us the knowledge of God is bj' the ac- tions w hich the)- ascribe to him. They contain, indeed, the important record of his dealings w ith men in every age which is comprehended within the limit of the sa- cred historj', and by prophetic declaration t…
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3. Nature and Attributes. — "More at large do we learn what God is from the declarations of the inspired writings. As to his substance, that 'God is a Spirit.' As to his duration, that ' from everlasting to everlast- ing he is God;' 'the King, eternal, immortal, invisi- GOD 907 GOD ble.' That, after all the manifes…
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the highest veneration and most profound submission and obedience are due' (Barrow, On the Creed). 'Our notion of Deitj',' says Bishop Pearson, 'doth expressly signify a Being or Nature of infinite perfection ; and the infinite perfection of a being or nature consists in this, that it be absolutely and essentially nece…
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2. Division. — I. The Nature of God: 1. As the original and unoriginated personal Being: (a) One; (b) self-existent ; (c) infinite. 2. As the original Word and Will: (a) Creator; (6) preserver; (c) governor of the world. 3. As the original Spirit: (a) Essen- tial Spirit ; (i) origin of all moral and spiritual laws and …
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VII. History of the Doctrine of God. — The history of the argument for the being of God will be found under Naturae Theology. We treat here briefly the his- torj' of the doctrine of the nature and attributes of God. The first office of Christianity was to vindicate the spiritualit}' of God against the material and anth…
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pushes his opposition to the use of reason too far; and finding the words "absolute" and "infinite" used in transcendental senses by the Germans, he adopts those senses, and reasons as if no other definitions were pos- sible. For criticisms of his work, see London Bevietc, July, 18G0, p. 390 sq. ; Young, The Prorince o…
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GOD, Friends of. See Friends of God. GOD, Peace of. See Pax Dei. Goddard, Josiah, a Baptist minister, missionary, and translator of the Scriptures, was born at Wendell, Mass., in 1813; graduated at Brown University in 1835, and at Newton Theological Seminary in 1838. He was appointed a missionary to the Chinese in Si…
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Godhead, the nature or essential being of God (Acts xvii, 29; Rom. i, 20; Col. ii, 9). Godliness, strictlj' taken, is right worship or de- votion, but in general it imports the whole of practical religion (1 Tim. iv, 8 ; 2 Pet. i, 0). It is difficult, as Saurin observes, to include an adequate idea of it in what is ca…
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Goel (b^5;^5, goW, part, of '~X5, gaal', to redeem; in full, n^rt 5X;i;, avenger of blood, rendered "kins- man," "redeemer," "avenger," etc., in the A. Vers.). Among the Hebrews, the right of repurcliasing and redeeming, as well as that of avenging blood, apper- tained onl}' to the next relative; hence goel, siniph^ is…
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Goerres, Johanx Joseph von, an eminent Ger- man Roman Catholic writer, was born Jan. 25, 1776, at Coblentz, and educated at the gymnasium at that place. In early life he was involved in politics, and in 1798 he set up a Repultlican newspaper, the '' Rothe Blatt." Being sent on a deputation to Paris in 1799, he saw Fren…
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Goeschel, Karl Friedricii, a German writer on philosophy, was born in 1784 at Langensalza. After studj'ing law at Leipsic he became judge in Langen- salza, and in 1818 published a history of that town. In 1844 he received an appointment in the ministry of justice as " Geheimer Oberregierungsrath," from 1845 to 1848 he …
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1. Son of Sheniaiah, and father of Shimei, and one of the descendants (apparently great-great-grandson) of Eeuben (1 Chron. v, 4). B.C. post 1856. ]\Iost copies of the Sept., -however, read, very different names here. GOGERLY 914 GOING 2. In Ezekiel Gog is (1.) the name of a mixed race dwelling in the extreme north…
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Goguet, Antoine-yves, a French jurisconsult, was born at Paris Jan. 18, 171G, and became counsel- lor to the parliament of Paris. He applied himself closely to literature, and especially to historical stud- ies. His name is chiefly preserved hy his great work Origine des Lois, dcs Arts, et des Sciences, chez les An- ci…
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The city of Golan is several times referred to by Jo- sephus (rav\dvii,War, i, 4, 4, and 8); he, however, more frequently speaks of the province which took its name from it, Gmilanitis (TavXcnnTic). When the kingdom of Israel was overthrown bj' the Assyrians, and tlic dominion of the Jews in Bashan ceased, it ap- pears…
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GOLD 916 GOLD 18, 21), the most valuable of metals, from its color, lustre, weight, ductility, and other useful jjroperties (I'linv, //. -V. xxxiii, 19). As it is only procured in .small (luantilies, its value is less liable to change than that of otlier metals, and this, with its other qualities, lias in all ages r…
911 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.