PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 3
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,405,961 words · 1366 reading sections
Section 1021
With regard to the six days, many have thought that they ought to be interpreted as six periods, with- out defining what the lengtli of those periods is. No one can suppose that the divine rest was literal!}' a rest of twenty-four hours only. On the contrary, the divine Sabbath s'till continues. There has been no creat…
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3. When we come down to a later period in the nar- rative, where we have the opportunity of testing the accuracy of the historian, we find it in many of the most important particulars abundantly corroborated. (1.) Whatever interpretation we may be disposed to put on the story of the confusion of tongues, and the subse…
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(1.) There are also many separate vestiges warrant- ing the antiquity of these traditions, and proving that they were neither invented nor adorned ; for instance, Jacob, the progenitor of the Israelites, is introduced not as the first-born, which, if an unhistorical and merely external exaltation of that name had been …
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But it is a minute criticism, hardly worth answer- ing, which tries to cast suspicion on the veracity of the GENESIS 783 GENESIS writer, because of difficulties such as these. The pos- itive evidence is ovcrwhehuing in favor of his credi- liilitv. The patriarchal tent beneath the shade of some spreading tree, the w…
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written subsequent to such events. But even as re- gards matters of fact, the existence of anachronisms requires to be placed beyond doubt, before they can have any weight in such a case, just because of the improbability of a writer who wished his work to pass as that of an earlier age allowing such contradictions. To…
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1665, Lips. 1711 ; A^'itemb. 1716, 4to) : Calov, Commen. tarius (Vitemb. 1671, 4to); Iluglies, Exposition (Lond. 1672, fob); Qocce\\\», Commentarius (\n Opp. I, T)\ also Cunp. (ib. ii, 1) ; Anonj'mous, Traduction, etc. [patris- tic] (Paris, 1682, 12mo) ; Masson, Quasliimes (Paris, 1685-8, 3 vols. 12mo) ; Bomparte, Nota…
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Geneva (I'rench Geneve), capital of the Swiss can- ton of the same name, celebrated for its historical and religious as-^oiiations, and in particular as the seat of the reformatory ],il)ors of Calvin. The canton had, in 1860, 82,876 inhabitants, of whom 40,069 were Protestants, 42,099 Roman Catholics, 331 Dissidents, 3…
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Genius, Attendant. See Guardian Angel. Gennadius, patriarch of Constantinople, succeed- ed Anatolius in that dignity A.D. 458. He was a man of quiclv parts, and composed Homilies; a Cotu- mentari) on Pauts Epistles ; and a Commentary on Dan- iel. He died A.D. 471. His writings are lost, except an Epistle preserved by …
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Gennae'us (Ftvpaloc, i. e. h'gh-bom, but v. r. Ft- vtoiS), apparently given (2 Mace, xii, 2) as the name of the father of the Syrian general Apollonius (q. v.) ; but perhaps it is a mere epithet. Gennath (Vtwd^, apparentlj' for the Chald. r|a or NPiJ, garden, q. d. "garden-gate;" perhaps [as Schwarz suggests, Palest, …
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hing district (n"p3) under the same name (n'lpiit). Dr. Kobinson thus describes it (Bib. Res. iii, 282 sq.) : "The plain upon which we now entered from Medjel is at first called Ard el-Medjel, but further on takes the name oi el-Ghuweir, 'Little Ghor,' which strictly, perhaps, includes the whole. It is exceedingly fert…
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Genovesi, Antonio, an Italian metaphysician, was born at Castiglione Nov. 1, 1712. He studied the- olog}^ at Salerno, and was ordained priest in 1736. He lectured on philosophy at Naples with great reputa- tion for some time, but at length he was attacked I13' numerous enemies for puldishing his metaphysics, in ■which …
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It was pel haps impossible for the Jews, absorbed as they were in the contemplation of their own especial mission, to rise into any true or profound conception of the common Ijrotherhood of all nations. Hedged round liy a multitude of special institutions, and taught to regard the non-observance of these customs as a c…
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] from the orthodox creed ; upon which they drew up j articles of faith, subscription to which was demanded from all the members of their communion. These ar- ticles consisted of Calvin's confession of fiith, which had been lately approved of by the ministers, syndics, councils, and general assembly of the people ; to …
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Genuflectentes, jovvK\ivovTfc, hieelers, a class of penitents in the ancient Church ; also Ciilled ^»o- strati, prostraters, because they were allowed to stay after the hearers were dismissed, and to join in cer- tain prayers particularly offered for them while the}' knelt. Forms of prayer, prepared for such occasions,…
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GEOGRAPHY 791 GEOGRAPHY The World as known to the Romans. the quadrangular shape of a garment stretched out, according to Eratosthenes's comparison ; but the term "corners" may be applied in a metaphorical sense for the extreme ends of the world (Job xxxvii, 3 ; xxxviii, 1:5; Isa. xi, 12; xxiv, IG; Ezek. vii, 2). F…
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Tim Countries kuuwu to the ratriarchs. GEOGRAPHY ro3 GEOGRAPHY struck with the adequate ideas of descriptive geogra- ])liy expressed in the directions given to the spies (Numb, xiii, 17-20) and in the closing address of Moses (Deut. viii, 7-9); nor less, with the extreme accuracy and tlie variety of almost technica…
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Among the profane writers, Herodotus mentions Palestine, and probablj^ Jerusalem, whicli he nr.mes Cadytis (Herod, i, 105; ii, lOH, 157, 159; iii, 5, C2, C4, 91; iv, ."9). Strabo (in the time of Augustus) treats of Palestine in the second chapter of his sixteenth book on Geograjihy, mingling together much truth and muc…
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c. Books of Travel.- — Wright's Early Travels in Pal- estine (1848, containing, among otheis, Arculf, Saewulf, Benjamin of Tudela, Maundeville, and Maundrell); Cotovicus, Ifinefarinin Hierosolymitanvm (1G19) ; Qua- resmius, Historia Theologica et J/oralis Terne Sanctm Elucidatio (1639, 2 vols, fol.) ; D'Arvieux, Travel…
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The excavations made for repairing the city of Ve- rona in 1517 brought to light a number of fossil re- mains, the appearance of which exercised the wits of that time ; and, among others, Fracastoro boldly ex- pounded their true meaning and relations. He de- clared that they had not originated in any such " plas- tic f…
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In 1740, Moro, on the other hand, with much that is valuable in his onslaught upon other cosmogonists, fell into the error of becoming one of their number. His theory, hov.ever, is much more consistent, as well as reverential to the truth, than that of any of his pre- decessors. In 1749, Buffon published, like his fel…
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10. P. H. Gosse (Omphalos, Lond. 1857). The theory of this writer is a reproduction of Granville Penn, with a dash of the old, arbitrar}', anti-geologic notion of the creation of the rocks, with fossils complete as they are. He affirms a principle which he calls the law of " Prochronism," in virtue of which the strata …
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"The contest, in its early stages, was carried on by those religionists who construed the Mosaic days of the creation to have been six successive natural daj'S of twenty-four hours each, measured by the revolution of our globe on its axis ; and the objection of the ge- ologist was founded on the obvious impossibility o…
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GEOLOGY •98 GEOLOGY ative periods allow time for the operation of second causes, such as were obviously at work for long ages in the formation of the earth, whereas six mere days Avould be no more called for than a single instant, such as that in which the Almighty fiat evoked the primitive matter into being. lUit w…
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The objections which Dr. Tayler Lewis urges against this "chasm theory," as he styles it, and which he regards as "the most difficult as well as the most un- satisfactory" of all the pi'oposed solutions, are still less forcible (Lange's Commentary on Genesis, p. 1(37): 1, The incongruity between the events spoken of be…
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4. " Dr. Pye .Smith, in his (ieolocpj nnd Scripture, suggested that the chaotic period had been confined and limited to one particular portion of tlie earth's surface, viz. that part Avhich God was adapting for the dwelliug-i)lace of man and the animals connected with him. This section of the earth he designates as 'a …
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SimiLir ohjections apply to an ingenious theory of Prof. S. 1). Hilhnan (in the Mtth. Quar. Rev. Oct. 1868), who, wliile adniiral)ly defending the "nebular hypoth- esis," proposes to idcntifj' the da>/s of creation with as- tronomical ajras. He leaves no room for the alterna- tions of '• evening and morning." "The con…
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(2.) Instead of carrying man back to tlie period assigned to the mammoth and other great extinct pachyderms, we arc re-, quired rather to bring tlie mammotli down to tlie period of man. (3.) AVe may safely say that the facts elicited not only show- that those deposits in which remains of man have been found viaij have…
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"The first aspect of the globe which the investiL'a- tions of the cosmogonist have enabled us to realize, present to view a viscid igneous ball revolviuiij on its axis, and wheeling its annual course aroinid the sun, its centre of attraction. Its present oblate spheroid- ical form, flattened at the poles and elevated a…
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GEOLOGY 802 GEOLOGY Section of the Earth's Crust, showing the Relative Position of its Strata. N.B.— The above distribution of the successive layers consist merely of the titles and systems adopted by different authors. Rome of the strata are found onlv in certain localities of limited extent, and there are modifica…
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" The Permian was succeeded by the S3'stems ofthe Trias and Oolite, whose fossil remains attest an ad- vance in animal as well as in vegetable organization. Trees of the palm, pine, and cypress species were min- gled with the diminished ferns, calamites, and coni- fers ofthe coal rera ; and with this improved vegeta- t…
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GEOLOGY 804 GEOLOGY are found in the diluvium formed b}' the last great geological revolution. If tliese implements are ofar- titicial origin, they afford strong evidence that the races of men by whom tliey were manufactured were the contemporaries of animals which geologists affirm could not have existed witliin th…
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2. Prof. Dana, in his ATannnl of Geologji (Phila. 18G2), gives (p. 742), as the latest conclusion of science on the relation between the Mosaic and the geological cos- mogonies, the following, which he has condensed from the lectures of Prof. Guyot (see Bihliotheca Sacra, Apr. 185,'), p. 324 sq.\ and which we here plac…
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6. The intkoduction oi thf, highest class of vep. other vertebrates for a qual- ity prophetic of a high moral purpose, that of suckling their voung. T. The introduction of MAN — the first being of moral and intellectual qualities, and one in whom the unity. of na- ture has its full expression. beast of the earth aft…
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ONY. 3. A still more recent and plausible schedule is pro- pounded by Prof. C. H. Hitchcock, in the Bibliotheca Sacra, July, 1867, as follows : Order Order of Geology. of Scripture. When Introdnred. Prodomi- of Formations. 6. Man. Mammals. Man. Large Mammals. Small ^Mammals. Birds. Reptiles, Fishes, Arti…
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V. Scriptural Allusions to Geological Facts. — (Con- densed from Pattison, ut sup. p. 10.5-108.) The sacred writers make frequent references to the physical phe- nomena of the earth beneath. Are such references in accordance with the fiicts established liy subsequent researches and the observation of travellers, or do …
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So the allusions to "the dust of the earth" will car- ry a fulness of meaning to persons living in a land where, during a large portion of the year, the whole surface is reduced to dust by the influence of heated winds. God's power in creating man out of such in- coherent matter, and man's humble bodily origin and end …
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Along the margin of the present river-courses are alluvial deposits now in process of formation. Next, marine alluvium, following the direction of the exist- ing great valleys, ojicning out into the sea, and still increasing at the outlet. Colonel Rawlinson and Mr. Ainsworth represent the marine alluvium as increasing …
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the infirmities of his father, Frederick. Both his fa- tlier and his brotlier having died, he assumed the gov- ernment in his own name in 1527. In 1524 he had become acquainted with Luther, and adopted his views. In 1529 he accompanied the reformer to the Diet of Spires, where he signed, on the 19th of April, tlie cele…
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George of Laodicea, one of the Semi-Arian load- ers in the theological controversies of the 4th century. He was born at Alexandria, and was presbj'ter of the church there before the Council of Nica^a in 325, when his Arian opinions caused him to be deposed. He then removed to Syria, where he became bishop of Laodicea. …
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GEORGE 811 GEORGE August 2, 1545, in the catlierlral at Merseburg. His ■whole time was tliencefurth devoted to this holy work. Above all low ambition and revenge himself, he en- deavored to remove them from others. He was a peacemaker among princes. Insults he bore with Christian magnanimity. He lived with God in hi…
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George the Pisiihax {Georgius Pisidcs or Pisida') flourished about the middle of the 7th century. (This account is taken substantially from Smith, Dictionary of Biography, s. v.) Georj^e is described, in the manu- scripts of his writings, as deacon and \apTo(pv}u^, "rec- ord-keeper," or '2Ktvo(pv\aE. "keeper of the sac…
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Georgia, or Grusia, formerly an independent country of .\sia, now included in the Russian prov- inces of Tiriis and Kutais. The name is sometimes employed to designate tlie whole territory possessed or claimed by the Pussians south of tlie Caucasus, and emljracing the districts of Kacheth, Karthli (Kar- thalinia, Kardu…
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Georgian Language. The Georgian language, which is also spoken by the Mingrelians, Lazians, and the Suani, belongs to the Iberian family. The chief characteristics of it are as follows. Its alphabet con- sists of thirty-five letters ; it has no articles ; the sub- stantives have eight cases and no genders ; the adjec- …
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III. Critical Valve of the Version. — The vahie of this version, in a critical point of view, has been great- ly impaired hy the corruptions which it has suffered during the centuries of jiolitical changes to which the country has been exposed, and especially liy the en- deavor of its editors to make it conform to the …
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To the remarks made under Becher should be added that the great destruction of the Benjamites recorded in Judg. XX may account for the introduction of so many new names in the later Benjamite lists of 1 Chron. vii and viii, of which several seem to be wom- en's names" (Smith). See Bexja:mix. In 1 Chron, vii, 7, UzziKL …
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Gerard, Alexander, an eminent Scotch divine, was born Feb. 22, 1728, at Garioch, in Aberdeenshire, and was educated at Marischal College and the Uni- versit)^ of Edinburgh. In 1750 he succeeded Fordj'ce as professor of moral philosophy at Marischal College, and in 1700 was appointed divinity professor. In 1771 he obtai…
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J uimi) il 1 um-j of Jli j,b1i soon forget the impi-ession made upon the mind. The long colonnade running through the centre of the city, terminating at one end in the graceful circle of the fo- rum ; the groups of columns clustered here and thera round the crumbling walls of the temples ; the heavy masses of masonry …
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Gerberon, Garrikl, an iudefatigaljle Benedictine author, was born at St. Calais, in the province of Maine, France, Aug. 12, 1628. He became a Benedictine in the congregation of St. Maur in 1649. After teaching theology with reputation for several years, he declared himself in favor of Jansenism, and for this he was or-…
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GEREM 818 GERHARD the 20th vol. of the hitter edition there is a Liography of Gerdil bj' Fontaiia. See Tipaldo, Biogrujia deyli Jtaliani illustri, torn, iv ; Hoefer, Nouv. B'log. Generale, XX, 207 sq. ; Gams, Gesch. der Kirche Christi im 19'"' Jahrhundert (Juiisb. 1853, vol. i). Gerem. See Garmite. Gergasa, Gerges…
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Gerhard, Johann Ernst, (1.) a theologian, was born at Jena December 15, 16:'l. He studied at the universities of Jena, Altdorf, Helmstadt, Leipzig, and Wittemberg. devoting himself to Oriental literature and theology. He visited successively the libraries of Holland, Switzerland, and France, and in his journey became a…
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(Berl. 1840); Wildenhahn, Paid G., ein kirchen-gesch. LebensUld (Leips. 1845 ; 2d edit. 1850). Gerhoch or Geroch, a Roman Catholic priest of German}', was born in 1093 at Polling, in Bavaria. Soon after completing his theological studies he took an active part in the conflict between the popes and the emperors in favo…
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1. Mount Gerizim has been full}- described by sev- eral travellers who have ascended it. The latest and most complete account of the objects of interest extant upon it may be found in JM. Saulcy's Narndire, chap, viii, where also its history is given in detail. See also Robinson's Bibl. Researches, iii, 96 sq. ; Olin's…
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(2.) The next question is. Has Moses defined the lo- calities of Ebal and Gerizim ? Standing on the eastern GERIZIM 821 GERIZIM side of the Jordan, in the land of Moab (Dcut. i, 5), he asks : " Are they not on the other side Jordan, by the way where the sun goeth down (i. e. at some distance to the W.), in the hind…
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(3.) It is a far more important question whether, as the Samaritans believe, Gerizim was the mountain on which Abraham was directed to offer his son Isaac (Gen. xxii, 2, and sq.). It has been observed that it is not the mountain, but the district which is there called Moriah (of the same root with Moreh : see Corn. a L…
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(5.) We now enter upon the second phase in the his- tory of Gerizim. According to Josei)hus, a marriage contracted between Manasseh, brother of Jaddus, the then high-priest, and the daughter of Sanballat the Cuthican (comp. 2 Kings xvii, 21), having created a great stir amongst the Jews (who had been strictly forbidden…
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GERIZZITE 823 GERMAN CATHOLICS and no traveller now visits Palestine -without making a sight of it one of his prime objects. Gerizim is lil^e- wise still to the Samaritans -what Jerusalem is to the Jews, and Mecca to the Moiiammedans. Their pros- trations are directed towards it, wherever they are ; its holiest spot…
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Germain, St. See Gerjianus. Germain, St., en Laye, a place near Paris, noted for a treaty of peace concluded between the king of France and the Huguenots, Aug. 8, 1570, in which it was provided that the Protestants should thereafter be unmolested on account of their religion. This treaty was only made to be broken, as…
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COXGUKGATIOXSI. (A. J. S.) German Methodists. See United Brethren. German Reformed Church in, America. Tlie (ierman Reformed Church is the historical con- tinuation in America of the Reformed branch of the 1 Protestant Reformation of Germany. The great movement of the IGth century in the bosom of the Ro- man Cathol…
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The arrival in 1746 of the Rev. Michael Schlatter, a Reformed minister fro.n St. Gall, Switzerland, who was commissioned and supported by the synods of North and South Holland, introduces the formatire period in the history of the Churcli. A man of great energy, strong faitli, burning zeal, and indomitable perseverance…
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Though separated by the ocean, the Church in Amer- ica was always in close sympathy with the Church of Germany, the profound reaction against Rational- ism, which began to reveal its presence there during the second decade of the present century, was almost simultaneous with a revival of a better faith in the bo- som o…
947 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.