PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 3
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,405,961 words · 1366 reading sections
Section 541
2. Narrative of Events from the Departure out of Egypt to the Arrival of the Israelites at Mount Sinai. — We have in this section («.) the departure and (men- tioned in connection with it) the injunctions then given respecting the Passover and the sanctification of the first-born (xii, 37-xiii, 16) ; the march to the E…
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A mere comparison of the two lists of pasScages se- lected hy these different writers as belonging to the original document is sufficient to show how very un- certain all such critical processes must be. The first, tliat of Lengerke, is open to many objections, which have been urged by Iliivernick (Einleit. in der Pent…
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Unfortunately, too, dogmatical prepossessions have been allowed some share in the controversy. De Wette and his school chose to set down everything which savoi'ed of a miracle as proof of later author- ship. The love of the marvellous, which is all they see in the stories of miracles, according to them could not have e…
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Again, De Wette objects to the call of Moses that he could not have thus formed the resolve to become the saviour of his people, which, as Havernick justl}' re- marks, is a dogmatical, not a critical decision. It has been alleged that the place, according to the original narrative, where God first appeared to Mosea w…
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In minor details the writer shows a remarkable ac- quaintance with Eg3'pt. Thus, for instance, Pharaoh's daughter goes to the river to bathe. At the present day, it is true that only women of the lower orders bathe in the river. But Herodotus (ii, 35) tells us (^vhat we learn also from the monuments) that in an- cient …
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EXOMOLOGESIS 415 EXORCISM, EXORCIS'! 165) ; Reuter, Commentarhts (Francf. IGIG, 4to) ; *Ri- vetus, Cummeniarii (_L. B. 1G34, -Ito) ; Jackson, Para- phrase (in Works, ix, 384); De la Haye, Commentarii (Paris 1639, 1G41, 2 vols, fol.) ; Liglitfoot, Gleanings (Lond. 1643, 4to) ; Sylvius, Commentarius (Duac. 1G44, 4to) …
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II. In the Old and New Testaments. — The verb t^op' Ki^o) occurs once in the New Testament and once in the Sept. version of the Old Testament. In both cases it is used, not in the sense oi exorcise, l)ut as a synonym of the simple verb upKi'Coj, to charge with an oath, to ad- jure. Compare Gen. xxiv, 3 (^''^'J-'ri, A. …
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III. Jn the early Church. — 1. As Christians were sup- posed to be in constant conflict with the devil, they used not only prayer, but also exorcism, which was held to be a power given to the Church. Thuo TertuUian (A.D. 220), speaking of the warfare of the Christian soldier (Z)e Corona J\/ilit. c. 11) with demons, sa…
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3. Exorcism in Baptism. — In the third century (at least after the Council of Carthago, A.D. 250) we find exorcism used in the catechumenate in preparation for baptism, and also as part of the ordinary ceremony of baptism. Riddle {Christian Antiquities, bk. iv, ch. 11) gives the following view of its origin: " Baptism,…
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EXORCISM, EXORCIST 418 EXORCISM, EXORCIST given nntler Baptism (vol. i, p. 650, col. 2). Children are regarded as belonging to tlie devil until baptized, and the priest or assisting exorcist blows out the evil spirit by the Ijreath {exsujjlaiioii), and also breathes on the child again {iimijflalion), as a symbol of …
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In the Church of England. — In the first liturgy of Edward VI, a form of exorcism at baptism is given. The priest, looking upon the children, was to say, " I command thee, unclean spirit, in the name of the Fa- ther, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, that thou come out and depart from these infants, wliom our Lord Jesus Chr…
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Loclce (Essay on Human Understand, bk. ii, ch. i) as- signs expenence as the only and universal source of human knowledge. "Whence hath the mind all the materials of reason and knowledge.' To tliis I an- swer, in one word, from experience ; in that all our knowledge is founded, and from that ukimi.tely de- rives itself…
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EXPEEIEXCE, Hume's argument from. See Hume; Mir.vcle. Experience Meetings are assemblies of relig- ious jiersons, wlio meet for the ])urpose of relating their exi)erience to each other. They are sometimes called covenant and conference meetings, and, in the Metliodist Church, cln!<s-7neeli7iffs (q. v.). " It has been …
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2. "The use of such terms, we have said, would not only be wholl}^ absurd, but criminally misleading to the Gentiles, as M^ell as to the Jews, who were first converted to Christianity. To them the notion of pro- pitiatory offerings, offerings to avert the displeasure of the gods, and which expiated the crimes of offend…
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EXPIATIOX 422 EXPIATION offences besides those above mentioned were capital, that is, exposed the oftendur to death, is clear from this, that all oli'ences against the law had this capital character. As death was the sanction of the com- mandment given to Adam, so any one who transgress- ed any part of the law of Mo…
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8. "An equally strong proof that the life of the ani- mal sacrifice was accepted in the place of the life of man is afforded by the fact that atonement was re- quired by the law to be made, by sin offerings and burnt oflt'erings, for even bodilj' distempers and disor- ders. It is not necessarj' to the argument to expla…
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munication of the benefits of his passion in the forgive- ness of sins to those that believe in him, and in their reconciliation with God. Shall we, finalh', say that those sacrifices had respect, not to God, to olitain par- don by expiation, but to the offerer, teacliing him moral lessons, and calling forth moral disp…
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Some modern writers deny the expiatory character of the Jewish sacrifices. So Bushnell (^Vicarious Sac- rifice, p. 425) asserts that no such thing as expiation is contained or supposed to be wrought out in the Scrip- ture sacrifices. On this see British Quarterly, Oct. 18G6, reprinted in the Theol. Eclectic (New Haven)…
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II. The Ancient Greek Church. — The ancient writers of the Greek Church use the passage of James only for exegetical, not for dogmatical purposes. Origen, in the second homily on Levit. iv, quotes the words of James when he speaivs of the dift'erent ways which are given to the Christian for the remission of their sins.…
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St. Victor (Z>e Sacram.jidei lib. ii, p. xv). Peter Lom- bardus assigned to it, in the series of the seven sacra- ments which he is the first to mention, the fifth place {Sentent. lib. iv, diet. 23). The scholastics, and, in par- ticular, Thomas Aquinas, completed the scientific de- velopment of this doctrine, and the …
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The effect of extreme unction is stated by the Coun- cil of Trent (sess. xiv, ch. ii) as follows : " The power and effect of this sacrament are explained in the words ' and the prayer of faith shall save the sick man, and the Lord shall raise him up ; and if he be in sins, they shall be forgiven him.' For this power is…
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(3.) The sui face, as "the surface (eye) of the land" (Exod. X, 5, 15 ; Numb, xxii, 5, 11) : the last is the pas- sage which affords most sanction to the notion that "pS" means in some places " face." This is the sense which our own and other versions give to " eye to eye" (Num. xiv, 14, etc.), translated "fece to face…
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Blinding the eyes as a punishment or political disqualiflcation was a heathen cruelty sometimes re- ferred to in the Scriptures, and is found exliibited on the .Assyrian monuments. The custom of putting out the eyes of captives especially was very common in the East (1 Sam. xi, 2). Thus Samson was deprived Ancient Ass…
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in the tombs, together with the bodkin used for applj^- Modem I^cryptian Lndy with painted Eyes. (The vessel for holding the paint, and the probe for applying it, are from the Monuments.) der called hold. This is a coUyrium, commonly com- posed of the smoke-black which is produced by burning a kind of libc'im — an ar…
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Eyster, Michael, a minister of the Lutheran Church, was born in York Count}', Pa., i\Iay 16, 1814. He was principally educated at the institutions in Get- tysburg, Pa., and was licensed to preach the Gospel ill LS3>'. He labored in the ministry successively at ■Williamsburg, Greencastle, and Greensburg with great accep…
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3. Unlike his predecessor in the prophetic office, who gives us the amplest details of his personal histo- ry, Ezekiel rarely alludes to the facts of his own life, and we have to complete the imperfect picture by the colors of late and dubious tradition. He was taken captive from a place called Sarera (tfc yj/c Sapjjpo…
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Tradition ascribes various miracles to him, as, for EZEKIEL 431 EZEKIEL, BOOK OF instance, escaping from his enemies by walking dry- shod across the Chebar ; feeding the famished people with a miraculous di-aught of fishes, etc. Ho is said to have been murdered in Babylon by some Jewish prince (? 6 j'/you/xti'of to…
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EZEKIEL, BOOK OF 432 EZEKIEL, BOOK OF the other predictions chronologically. All such hy- potheses belong, as Hiivernick remarks, to a former age of criticism. Tlie arrangement, by whomsoever made, is very evi- dentl}' intentional, and it seems on many accounts most probable that it was made by Ezekiel himself. Thi…
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One of the passages of Josephus to which we have referred has occasioned much controversy and many conjectures, because he seems to affirm that Ezekiel had written two books of prophecies (^Ant. x, 5, 1). According to tlie ordinary and, indeed, as it would seem, necessarj' interpretation of this passage, Ezekiel was th…
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iii.— F K book were forbidden, a certain R. Nananias undertook to reconcile the supposed ditierences. (Spinoza, Tract. Theol. Polit. ii, 27, partly from these considerations, infers that the present book is made up of mere diro- (yf-iaaiu'iTia, but his argument from its commencing with a 1, and from the expression in …
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E'zem (Heb. E'tsem, O^X), a less incorrect mode (1 Chron. iv, 29) of Anglicizjing the name Azem (q. v.), as elsewhere (Josh, xix, 3). Ezen. See Eznite. E'zer (Heb. E'tser, "liSX, treasure; Sept. 'A(T«p, Vulg. Eser), one of the sons of Seir, and native princes of Mount Hor (Gen. xxxvi, 21, 27, 30 ; 1 Chron. i, 42, 38,…
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Ez'liite (Heb'. in marg. Etsni' , "i?^?, but in the text i::i", i. e. Etsno') is given in 2 Sam. xxiii, 8, in the Auth.Vers., as an epithet of Adino, prtefect of Da- EZOB 435 EZRA vid's bodr-guard ; and if considered as a gentile adj., must mean an inhabitant of Kzen, a place otherwise unknown. But of the words ren…
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Ezra assembled the Jews who accompanied him on the banks of the river Ahava, where they halted three days in tents. Here Ezra proclaimed a fast, as an act of humiliation before God, and a season of prayer for divine direction and safe conduct ; for, on setting out, he " was ashamed to require a band of soldiers and hor…
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3. Traditionary Acts. — Josephus, who should be our next best authorit}' after Scripture, evidentlv knew nothing about the time or the place of his death. He vaguelj'' says, " He died an old man, and was l)uried in a magnificent manner at Jerusalem" (.4?;/. xi, 5, 5), and places his death in the high-priesthood of Joac…
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EZRA, Book of. This is manifestly a continua- tion of the books of Chronicles, as, indeed, it is called by Hilary, bishop of Poitiers, Sermones dierum Esdrce (ap. Cosin's Canon of Script, p. 51), and as was early conceded (Huetius, Dem. Evang. iv, 14, p. 341). See Chronicles (Books of). I. Contents.— Tho, book of Ezra…
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tions to " the Chronist," as he designates the unknown interpolator after Ezra. It is a sutlicient refutation of all such attempts to note their extremely subjective character, depending chiefly upon the caprice or conjecture of the critic him- self; for the peculiarities cited, when closely exam- ined, are found to b…
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On the contrary, critics who rely upon their inter- nal arguments might have seen evidence in favor of its early composition in the fact that its chronolog)' is clear and exact ; while the accounts of Jewish affairs under the Persian monarchy, as given by Josephus from apocryphal writers and other sources unknown to us…
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FABER 440 FABER suppose that " Ezrahite" in the title to Psalm Ixxxviii is nR'rcl3^ an orthographical variety for Iziiarite Cinii^. 1 Chron. xxvi, 23), a Levitical family to which the musical Heman certainly belonged {1 Chron. vi, 33-38) ; and that the epithet has crept into the title of Psalm Ixxxix by assimilation…
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Faber (Ficvre, de ea Boderie), Gui, a French theologian, was born at Boderie, Normandy, Aug. 9, 154!. He became secretary of tlie duke of Alencon, and died in 1598. He was a good linguist, and took part in preparing the Antwerp Polyglot, for which he furnished tlie Syriac of the N. T. with a Latin trans- lation. He als…
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While sitting at the royal table, a few daj'S before his death, Lci'evre was observed to weep, whei-eupon queen Margaret complained of tlie sadness of one whose so- ciety she had sought for her own diversion, and asked the occasion of his sorrow. ' How can I minister to the joy of others, wlio am myself the greatest si…
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Faber, Johannes, of Augsburg, a Dominican monk of the 16th centurj', confessor of the emperor Maximilian, and afterwards court-preacher of Charles V. Erasmus calls him " a mild, eloquent, and learned man." He at first wished mild counsels to be follow- ed against Luther, and sympathized with Erasmus, but afterwards see…
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Faber Tanaquil. See Lefebvre Taxneguy. Faber the Oratoriau. See Fabre. FabiSnus (pope) is recorded as the 19th bishop FABLE 443 FABLE of Rome, from 23G to 250, but there is some dispute both as to his name and as to the time of liis episco- pate. In the Alexandrian Chronicle he is called Fla- vianus. Eusebius giv…
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In the two instances referred to, the fable has more the character of the Greek alvog, or supernatural tale (Quintil. Inst. Orat. v, 11), than of the hv£oq, or myth; that is, is less the fruit of a vivid imagination, sport- ing with the analogies between the worlds of nature and of men, than a covert reproof, making th…
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imperitoram" (Quintilian, Tnstit. Oral. 1. e.).— Smith, s. V. 2. The fxiQoi, or "fables" of fafse teachers claiming to belong to the Christian Churcli, alluded to by writ- ers of the N. T. in connection with "endless genealo- gies" {ytvtaXoyiai cnrkpavToi, 1 Tim. i, 4), or with dis- paraging epithets ("Jewish," 'lovCa…
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In the genuine fables and traditionar}' narratives of remote antiquity, especiall}' those of the ancient clas- sics, manjr correspondencies with the Biblical history are found, such as intimate that these traditions were derived from this historj^ Of such a nature are the tales concerning a golden age of our race, an a…
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FABRICIUS 446 FABRICIUS Lusatia, and died June 12, 1757. He is noted espe- cially for his bitter opposition to the modern Moravi- ans. He wrote Das tnllarvte Jlerrnhiith (Herrnhut unmasked, Wittenberg, 1743, Ito, and 1749, 8vo) ; Eni- dcckte herrnhuthche Sutirercy (174!t, 8vo), in which he seeks to prove that Zinzen…
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FABRICIUS 447 FACE of ftither Colomios, of the works of St. Hippolytus, and many others. For an account of his life and writings, see lieimar, De vita ct Script. J. A. Fabiicii comment. (1737, 8vo). — Biofjraphie Uidverselie, xiv, 5-i sq. ; Eii[/- lish Cyclujxedia, s. v. Fabricius, Johann Ludwig, a Swiss divine, wa…
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Face (usually ti'"^^,paniin', Trpoff^ffor), whatever of a thing is most exposed to view; hence the face of the country, ground, waters, sky, etc. In Scripture, this term is often used to denote presence in the general sense; and, when applied to the Almighty, denotes such a complete manifestation- of the divine presenc…
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Hop. iv, 315 ; Wetzer und Welte, Kirch.-Lex. iv, 879. (A. J. S.) Faculty, in England, is a special jjrivilege or dis- pensation granted by favor and indulgence to enable a person to do that which he is not permitted to do without it. There is a court of the Faculties, the chief officer of which is master of the Facult…
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Padus, Cuspius (Graecized Kovottioq ^cwoc, Jo- sephus, Ant. xv, 11, 4), a Roman kniglit of the time of the emperor Claudius. After the death of king Agrip- pa, in A.D. 44, he was appointed by Claudius procura- tor of Juda;a. During his administration peace was restored in the country, and the onlj'^ disturbance was cre…
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Fair (properly MS'^, yaphch', KaXuc). Travellers inform us that in hot countries the greatest difference imaginable subsists 1)etween the complexions of the women. Those of high condition seldom go abroad, and are ever accustomed to be shaded from the sun with the greatest attention, and their skin is conse- quentlj' f…
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Fair Ha'vens (KaXoi Aiiiiver), a harbor in the islan<l of Crete (Acts xxvii, 8), not mentioned in any other ancient writing. There seems no pro^Jability that it is, as most carh' conynentators thought (sec Biscoe, On the Acts, p. 347, ed. 1829), the KaXi) 'Aktii, or Fair Beach, of Steph. Byz. (see Kuinol, Comment. in …
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Fairs, however, although not directly referred to hy the above Heb. term, were doubtless ancientl}' com- mon, as now, in the East. Dr. Thomson (^Land and Book, ii, 152 sq.) thus describes the scene at these Ori- ental mercantile gatherings : " On Monday of each week a great fair is held at the khans, when, for a few ho…
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FAITH 452 FAITH much to say that, apart from this principle and prac- tice of belief, man, even in the full exercise of all his other intellectual powers, would be enveloped in such a cloud of ignorance on even the most ordinarj' sub- jects, that an arrest would lie laid upon all the affairs of civilized life, and t…
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(I.) Use of the words Faith and, believe in Scripture. — JTio-nc- 1. In profane Greek, Trtunc means pri- marily trust or confidence, such as one man can have in another; more seldom fideliti/ or faithfidness which one pledges or keeps ; and also the pledge of fidelity, e. g. Sophocles, 0. C. 1632; ooq pov x^poQ ni'ic —…
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self, but to the quality of the relation, as the Talmiidic !lD"w"'il, Nri2"2"'il denotes the confiding faith (com- pare Levy, Chald. Worterbuch). Paul, in citing Hab. ii, 4, changes the order of the words from that in the Sept. to 6 di liKaioQ Ik TricrTHOQ i^ijaerai (Rom. i, 17 ; comp. Delitzsch, IlabaJc. j). 50-53 ; K…
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1 iini. ii, 15; 2 Tim. iv, 7; 2 Cor. viii, 7; x, 15; 2 Thess. i, 3 ; Colos. ii, 7 ; 1 Tim. i, 19 ; Jas. ii, 1, 14, 18 ; Tit. i, 13 ; ii, 2 ; 2 Cor. v, 7 ; Rom. i, 17 ; Gal. iii, 11 ; Heb. X, 38 (comp. Gal. ii, 20) ; Acts xiii, 8 ; 2 Tim. ii, 18 ; 1 Tim. i, 19 ; iv, 1 ; v, 8, 12 ; vi, 10, 21 ; 2 Tim. iii, 8. Then the P…
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(1.) We find —lartuuv in the signification to believe, to take for true, and hence to be convinced, to recognise (accept^ ; (a) with the ace. following, John xi, 26, —laTtv- HQ TovTo ; comp. 25, 20 ; 1 John iv, 10 ; Acts xiii, 41 ; 1 Cor. xi, IS; 1 Tim. iii, 16 (comp. Matt, xxiv, 23, 26; Luke xxii, 67) ; John x, 25 ; (…
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It is plain, now, that John's idea of faith includes the element c 'cleaving to Christ as well as of accepting him ; and this cleaving to him includes the idea of fall trust in Christ as Saviour, as illustrated in the important passage, John iii, 15: 'iva ttuq 6 iriaTiviov iv aiiTiji (tliat whosoever helieveth in him, …
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FAITH 456 FAITH and on vcr. 28, "Faith both justifies and sanctifies without human worlvS, seeinj;; that it contains within itself the noblest energy, and is not slotliful or inac- tive" (Dorner, Person ofChrid, Edinli. transl., div. i, vol. ii, p. 38[t). Hilary (f SGS) : "By faitli we become, not merely in a moral …
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Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.