PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 3
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,405,961 words · 1366 reading sections
Section 661
who dare say to a Christian, 'You need not consider what M'as the meaning of our Lord and his apostles ; the law for you now is the meaning of Cyprian, or Ambrose, or Chrysostom ; that meaning has supersed- ed the meaning of Christ.' A Christian must find out Christ's meaning, and believe that he has found it, of else …
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5. But some of the opponents of an undue reverence for the fathers have not been wanting in just appre- ciation of their historical value. Dr. W. L. Alexan- der (^Anglo-Catholicism not Apostolical, Edinb. 1843, Svo) gives the following caution against under-esti- mating the importance and value of the fathers : " Tlier…
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FATHERS OF THE CHURCH 503 FATHERS OF THE CHURCH but never so powerfully pervading the foreign sub- stance it enters as to undergo no deflections itself, or to talvc no stains ; and as its influence varies, from age to age, in intensity, ;;s well as in the particular direc- tion it may take, so do;'s it exliil)it, from…
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Incomplete Collections and Translations. — Among these we cite, 1. A useful abridgment or analysis, in alphabetical order, viz. Bib. Max. Patrum in Epitomen redacta (Augsb. 1719, 2 vols, fol.); 2. Coinbelis, 6Vce- co-Lat. Patrum Bibliotheca} Novum Auctuarium ('.648); also his Bibliotheca? Grxcorum Patrum Avcuiarium No-…
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siastica (mentioned above) ; Fabricius, Bibliotheca La- tina (see Fabricius) ; 14. Walch, Bibliotheca Patris- trica (Jena, 1770 ; new ed. by Danz, Jena, 1834, 8vo) ; 15. (^Introductions to Patristics and Pdtro'.ogy'), Wilhelni (R. Cath.), Pairologia ad usus acadeni. (Froib. 1775) ; Engelhardt, Leitfaden zu Vvrk'sungen …
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esprifs abuseurs qui trouhlent les royaumes 'Ss/ (Nismes, 1626, sm. 8vo), and Zacftarie, ou la Sainii-te dii Maricuje et particulVere- ment du Manage des ecclesiustiques, contre Vusage des sons-introduites et autres impu- retes des consciences cautirizees (Nismes, 1627, sm. 8vo). — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Ge- nerule ; Haa…
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Faucheur, Michel le, a French Protestant di- vine of great talent as a preacher, was successively minister at Montpellier, Charenton, and Paris. He died in 1657. It is related of him that on one occasion he preached so forciblj' against duels that marechal De la Force, who heard him, remarked to some officers in the au…
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FAURE >07 FAUSTA successively to the Jesuits' College at Louvain, to Paris, Munich, and Kcms, where he was appointed di- vinit}' reader in the Eni^lish Jesuits' College. He wrote several theological treatises, for an account of ■which, see Watts, Bib. Brit. — Kose, New Gtn. Bior/. Diet. ; Allibonc, Diet, of Authors.…
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Fausta, Flavia Maximiana, daughter of tie em- peror Maximianus Ilerculius and Eutropia, was the second wife of Constantine the Great, to wdiom she bore three sons, Constantinus, Constantius, and Con- stans, and two daughters, Constantina and Helena. She was born about A.D. 289, was married in 307, and put to death in 3…
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Faustus, Dr. See Faust, Dr. Faustus Reiensis or Rhegiensis (of Ehe- gium, or Eeii, in Provence), so called from the diocese over which he presided, a pious and self-sacrificing prelate, although doctrinally he favored Semi-Pela- gianism. He was born in Britain about the liegin- ning of the fifth centurj', and became a…
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against Faustus his work De statu animai''' (Neander, Church History, Torrey, ii, 045). — Clarke, Succession of iSctc. Lit. ii, 255 ; Neander, History of Dorjmus, IJy- land, ii, 383; Moslieim, Ch. Hist. cent, v, pt. ii, ch. v, § 26, n. 55; Ceillier, Auteurs Sacres (Paris, 18(il), x, 420— iSG. See Seju-Pelagians ; Massi…
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FaAVCett, Joseph, minister of an Independent church at Waltlianistow, died 1804. He was a very )iopular preacher, and piililislied Sermons delivered at the Old Jewry (Lond. 1795, 2 vols. 8vo). Fawkes, Guy " (properly Gnii)n\ the head of the conspiracy known by the name of the (iunpowder Plot, was born of a Protestant …
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FEAST 511 FEAST up to watchfulness and diligence in religion ; but God hath so ordered that, when love rises and is in vigor- ous exercise, then fear should vanish and be driven awav ; for then tliej- need it not, having a higlier and more excellent jirinciple in exercise to restrain them from sin, and stir them up …
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As among heathen nations, so also among the He- brews, feasting made a part of the observances which took place on occasion of animal sacrifices. In Deut. xii, 6, 7, after the Israelites are enjoined to bring to the place chosen of God their burnt offerings, tithes, heave offerings, vows, free-will offerings, and the f…
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the dangers which threatened Christianity from this practice, which had begun to gain ground (see Chrj-- sostom, Ilom. 1, G, 52, and elsewhere ; Cone. Laod. c. 29, 37, 89 ; Cone. Illiber. c. 49, 50). This perverse at- tachment to forms and ceremonies altogether foreign to the Christian religion appears to have been a l…
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B. C. D., Doc. 7; Anacletus, Pope, M., July 13; An- ilrew. Apostle, Nov. 30 ; Andrew Avellino, C, Nov. 10; Andrew Corsini, B. C, Feb. 4; Anicetus, Pope, M., April 17 ; Ann, Mother of B. V. M., July 26 ; An- helm, B. C. D., April 21 ; Anthonj^, Ab., Jan. 17; An- thony of Padua, C, June 13; Antoninus, B. C, May 10; Apoll…
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C, Jan. 15; Paulinus, B. C, June 22; Peter's Chains, Aug. 1 ; Peter's Chair at Antioch, Feb. 22 ; Peter's Chair at Rome, Jan. 18 ; Peter, Mart}'r, April 29 ; Pe- ter of Alcantara, C, Oct. 19; Peter Celestinus, P. C, May 19 ; Peter Chrysologus, B. C. D., Dec. 4 ; Peter Damian, B. C. D., Feb. 23 ; Peter Nolasco, C, Jan. …
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Feast of Charity, or Love. See Ag.4p.e; Love-feast. Feast of Fools, a festival celebrated during the Middle Ages in many countries of Europe, especiallj- in France, with grotesque ceremonies. It was an imi- tation of the Saturnalia, and, like that festival, was celebrated in December. The chief celebration fell on New…
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Febronius. See Hontheim. Fecht, JoHANN, a German theologian, was born at Salzburg December 26, 1636, and studied at several German universities, especially Tubingen and Heidel- berg. In 1666 he became pastor of Langendenzlingen, and court preacher at Durlach in 1668. He after- wards became professor of theology at Ros…
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FEDERAL THEOLOGY 516 FEDERAL THEOLOGY progenitor. All the essentials of a covenant, too, are discoverable in the constitution under which Adam was placed bj' his Jlaker. Not only was he, as a moral being, under obligation to conform to the law written upon his heart, and to obey the positive pre- cept given to test …
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2. The covenant of grace is that glorious scheme of wisdom and goodness by which eternal life and salva- tion have been provided for men in a way of free grace and mercy. It is sometimes distinguished from the covenant of redemption, inasmuch as the latter phrase may be confined to the arrangement in eternity be- tween…
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the law, and as such an obedience (at least in this spe- cial form of it) was not obligatory, but voluntary on his part, it became available for an infinite righteous- ness. Such was the covenant of grace as formed in eter- nity. To this must be added its actual administration in time. Of course the only administrator…
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II. History. — The words rendered covenant are fre- (juently used in the original Scriptures in application to God's dealings with his creatures. The Hebrew r^13 signifies undoubtedly in its primary meaning a mutual compact (Robinson's Gesenius's Lexicon), and vet it is not unfrequently applied to transactions in which…
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FEDERAL THEOLOGY 519 FEDERAL THEOLOGY omy of the covenant of grace to the several Persons of the sacred Trinit3-, by showing that the Father re- veals himself, especially in the Old Testament, as the universal Ruler maintaining the cause of justice ; the Son especiall}'^ during liis life on earth, as the Media- tor …
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FEEJEE 520 FEELINCt a compliance with the terms of salvation. And yet, so certain are all men to use their powers, and the best external means of grace, to their perdition, that no reason can be assigned for the repentance and faith of any but the covenant of grace formed in Christ be- fore the world was (Dwight's T…
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The mj'stical writers of Germany in the Middle Ages, writing on practical more than speculative sub- jects, spoke of feeling in particular as a subjective con- sciousness, and demanded its renunciation. The spir- itual man, they urged, should emancipate hiu.self from all emotion, and sever his connection with every- th…
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Glasius, Godgeleerd Nederland, biz. 4G0 en verv, ; (7e- schiedenis dtr Christelijke Kerk in Nederland door B. ter Haar, W. Moll, E. P. Sh-ciIuc, etc., ii Deel, biz. 593 en verv. (Amsterd. 1800) ; Evangelische Gezanr/en, in- troduced in 1807. (J. P. W.) Felgenhauer, Paul, a Protestant theosophist ana mj-stic, was the s…
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Pelicitas, a saint of the Roman calendar, supposed to have suffered mart3'rdom A.D. 164. According to the legend, she was a woman of high birth, who em- braced Cliristianitj' and brought up her seven sons in the foith. She was denounced to Marcus Aurelius, who ordered an inquirj'. The prefect ordered her to sacrifice t…
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The character which the ancients have left of Felix is of a verj' dark complexion. Suetonius speaks of the military honors which the emperor loaded him FELIX 523 FELIX with, and specifies his appointment as governor of the province of Jud;ca {Claudius, 28), adding an innuendo, which loses nothing by its brevity, na…
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Paul, being apprehended in Jerusalem, was sent b}' a letter from Claudius L3'sias to Felix at Cffisarea, where he was at first confined in Herod's judgment- hall till his accusers came. They arrived. TertuUus appeared as their spokesman, and had the audacity, in order to conciliate the good-will of Felix, to express gr…
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about the controversy (Alcuin, Opera, ii, 760 sq.). Neander gives the following statement: "Felix dis- tinguished l)etween how far Christ was the Son of God and God according to nature (tiatura, genere), and how far he was so by virtue of grace, by an act of the divine will (^gratia, voluntatt), by the divine choice an…
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Felix I, bishop of Rome. According to the Acta Sanctorum, he succeeded Dionysius in 2G9, and died in 274. He was declared a "martyr" bv the Council of Ephesus on "account of his sufferings for Christ," but he did not die by violence. There is extant a letter of his against the Sabellians and Paul of Samosata. C)ther wr…
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FeH, John, an English Independent minister, was born at Cockermouth, 1735, and became pastor at Thaxted, Essex. His earh' opportunities were not great, but by his talents and industry he became a very respectable scholar. He was made tutor in the ancient languages in the Dissenters' seminary at Horaerton. He is said to…
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Fello'wsllip in a college, a station of privilege and emolument enjoyed by one who is elected a mem- ber of an}' of those endowed societies which in the English universities are called colleges. The person so elected shares the benefits of the foundation in com- mon with the otlier members, and from such partici- patio…
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the south-western coast of Spain, which the Greeks from them called TaOtipa, the Romans Gades, and tlie modems Cadiz. See Gederah. In Ezek. xiii, 5 ; xxii, 30, gader appears to denote the fortifications of a city ; and in Psa. Ixii, 3, the wicked are compared to a tottering fence and bowing wall ; i. e. their destruc- …
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T.is =0 called Gnldm ti itc ef Jpiu^ilem 'howing supposed Itcniiiius ot the old Jewish Wall. But the fortified places of Palestine served only in a few instances to check effectually the progress of an invading force, though many instances of determined and protracted resistance are on record, as of Samaria for three …
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This interesting history deserves to be recounted somewhat in detail. For the special history of Quiet- III.— L L ism, see the article under that title. Suffice it here to say, that the particular form of it tauglit bj^ Ma- dame Guyon began to spread widely, and to alarm the leading clergy of the Church of France. Bos…
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The controversy had been going on in France dur- ing the time occupied bj- the investigation at Eome. " Bossuet published a succession of pamphlets. Sev- eral of the bishops who had espoused the side of Bos- suet issued pastorals in the same sense. Fenelon de- fended himself vigorously against them all in several publi…
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In the Jansenisit disputes F'enelon wrote against Jan- senius, and expressed himself verj' strongly, though at first charitably, against Quesnel and Pascal. See Jansexis:m ; Port Royal. He wrote a Mtmnire de- manding a judgment frcm the pcpe to settle the con- troversy by a dogmatic decision, to which all must submit. …
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(abridged from Bausset, Lond. 1810, 8vo) ; Tabarcud, Suppl. aux histoires de Bossuet et de Fenelon (Paris, 1^22, 8vu). See also Mackintosh, Ethical Philosophij (Phila- delph. 1832, 8vo), p. 9G sq. ; Quarterly Revietv (Lond.), X, 409 ; Princeton Review, April, 1853, art. i ; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Gmirale, xvii, 319 sq. ; …
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Ferme (or Fairhohne'), Charles, a Scotch divine, was born in Edinburgh, and was educated at the uni- versity there, where he became M.A. in 1587. In 1533 he was made one of the regents of the university. He afterwards became minister at Fraserburgh, and (1600) principal of the college there ; he died at Fraserburgh in …
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FERRAR 533 FERRARA Huntingdonshire, and organized in the mansion a re- ligious community of some forty persons, male and female, including his mother. In 1&2G he was or- dained deacon by Laud (then bishop of St. David's). He now "signed a vow, that since God had heard his most humble petitions, and delivered him out…
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Ferrara, Council of {Concilium Ferrariense), falsely styled oecumenical. Eugene VI having pub- lished a bull Sept. IS, 1437, for the transfer of the Coun- cil of Basle (q. v.) to Ferrara, a few bishops and abbots assembled Jan. 8, 1-138, viz. cardinal Julian, who pre- sided, five archbishops, eighteen bishops, ten abbo…
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Ferrer, Rafael, a Spanish missionary, was born at Valencia. Having entered the order of the Jesu- its, he devoted himself to the preaching of the Gospel in the deserts bordering on the Amazon'lliver. It was, in particular, tlie ferocious and numerous nation of the Cofanps, whicli had never yet seen a missionary, and wh…
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Under furface of the Feet ot the Gecko. Ferrier, Jeremy, a French Protestant minister, •was born about 1560, became professor of theology at Nismes, and is remarkable for having become a Fajjist, even after having maintained in a public disputation in 1002 that '-pope Clement the Vlllth was properly the Antichrist." T…
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Ancient Fgyptian Feriy-boat for Funerals. kinils, buoyed up by inflated bladders, calabashes, wicker-work, and even earthen or metallic vessels, have been used from the earliest ages on the Nile (Isa. xviii, 2) and Tigris, for transporting passengers or goods; and modern travellers frequently allude to similar modes o…
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ied at the College of Aix, in Provence, entered the community at Saratof, and in 1833 general superin- FESTIVAL 537 FESTIVAL tentlent of the Lutheran congregation at Petersburg, where he died Dec. 15, 1839. His principal works are, Marc-Aurel, a liistorical novel (Bresl.l7U0-92, 3 vols.): ^^Matthias Corvinus (Bresl…
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On each of these occasions eA'ery male Israelite was commanded "to appear before the Lord," that is, to attend in the court of the tabernacle or the Temple, and to make his offering Avith a joyful heart (Deut. xxvii, 7; Neh. viii, 9-12; comp. Josephus, ^w?. xi, 5, 5). The attendance of women was A'oluntary, but the zea…
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forded bj' friends, or found in tents erected for the pur. pose in and around Jerusalem. See Hospit.vlity. Besides their religious purpose, the great festivals must have had an important bearing on the mainte- nance of a feeling of national unity. This may be traced in the apprehensions of Jeroboam (1 Kings xii, 2G, 2…
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OF. 3. The tenth day of the seventh month was the Day of Atonempnt — a daj' of abstinence, a day of holj' con- vocation, in which all were to afflict themselves. Spe- cial offerings were made (Lev. xxiii, 26-S2 ; xvi, 1, 34 ; Numb, xxix, 7-11; Exod.xxx.lO). See Atonement, Day of. II. Addifional Post-exilian Festivals…
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FESTIVALS IN THE CHRIST. CH. 540 FETTER 1670) ; Meyer, De tempor. eifestis dieb. Hehrmor. (Amst. 1724 ; also in Ugolini Tfiesanr. i) ; Creilncr, Joel, p. 213 sq. ; Haur, in the Tubing. Zn(sckr. 1832, iii, 125 sq. ; Georgi', Die iilte jud. Feste (Berlin, 1835) ; I'airbairn, Typolof/ij, ii, 403 sq. ; INIeusel, Biblioth…
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Substantial!}', fetichism is a rude form of pantheism. Its root is to be found in the fear generated in the rude nature of the savage by the unknown forces of the universe. — Herzog, Real-Encyhlop. iv, 395 ; Scholten, Geschichte der ReUg. und Philosojihie (Elberfeld, 1868); Lecky, Rationalism, i, 208 sq. ; Hardwick, Ch…
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A member of the French Con- Member of tlie Italian Conp;re- grtgal ion of Feuillants. gation of ]-\uillants or Ke formed Bernardines. which were called reformed Bernardines. At the head of each was henceforth a general. Subsequently con- siderable alterations were made in the statutes of each (of the French in 1634, …
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of New York, and after prosecuting his studies there a short time he returned to Georgia. He commenced the study of law, but after his marriage, which took place in 1811, he gave up his legal pursuits, and settled down into the life of a planter, from which he was only aroused by an appointment as colonel of a regiment…
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the charge of his education. At thirteen he was placad in the gymnasium of Scliulpforte, and whik' tliere he imbibed (_from reading Lessing) a spirit of free inquiry whicli animated his whole intellectual life. At eighteen he entered the University of Jena as a student of theolog}', and while there he seems to have ado…
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We can give only a summary view of the attempts of Fichte to found a complete philosophy. Histori- cally he stands between Kant and Hegel, and forms the point of transition from the one to the other. " The end which F'ichte proposes to himself in his Wis- senschaftsk'kre is to give to science a true, that is to say, an…
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On the relations of Fichte's life and works to theol- ogy and to the Christian Church, we make the follow- ing extracts from Hagenbach, (lerman Rdtionalisni (transl. b)' Gage and Stuckenberg, N. Y. 18G5): "It would certainly be doing Fichte injustice to .interpret his sj'stem to mean that he wished to make himself, J. …
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Literature. — Besides the works already mentioned, see J. H. Fichte, ./. G. Fichte' s Lehen (Sulzbach, 1830); J. II. Fii'hte, Karakteristlk d. neueUon Philosnphie (Sulz- bach, 1841) ; Erdnrann, Entuickelung d, deutschen Spe- cidiition seit Kant (vol. i) ; W. Smith, Memoir of J. G. Fichte (Lond. 18-18, 2d ed. 12mo) ; Ch…
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Ficinus was liberally maintained throughout his life by his generous patrons of the house of the Medici, re- taining their favor for three generations— /isra ci rpi- TUTOKJiv uva<7(yiv. He was equally countenanced by Cosmo, Pietro, and Lorenzo. He took holy orders in the forty-third year of his age, having, according t…
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Fideles. See Faithful. Fidelis, St., properly Marcus Roy, was born at Sigmaringen in 1577. He studied law, and in 1604-10 visited the principal cities of Europe, but on his return he quitted his profession, and entered the order of the Capuchins under the name of Fidelis. After studj'ing theology in the convents of Co…
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Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.