PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 3
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,405,961 words · 1366 reading sections
Section 901
Fruytier, Jacobus, a Dutch divine, was born June 5, 1G.j9, at Middelburg. He was descended from Jan Fruytier, a courtier of AVilliam, prince of Orange, and a zealous advocate of the Reformation. Jacobus was educated at Utrecht. His first settlement was at Aar- denburg, where he remained seven years. In 1G8S he acicpted…
874 wordsSECTION 902Section 902
was the daughter of John Gurney, a rich banker near Korwich, and a member of the Societj^ of Friends. She -was born May 21, 1780, at Bramerton. " The benev- olence of her disposition disphiyed itself by her habit, ■while yet a girl, of visiting the poor on her father's property, and forming a school for the education o…
933 wordsSECTION 903Section 903
Frye, Joseph, a Methodist Episcopal minister of the Baltimore Conference, was born in AVinchester, Frederick Co.jYa., in 1786, of Lutheran parents; was converted under Methodist preaching, and began to ex- hort while young, and entered the itineranc}' in 1809. He retired from the niinistrj' in 1836, and died in Bal- ti…
1,025 wordsSECTION 904Section 904
Tugitive is the rendering in the A. V. of the fol- lowing Heb. terms: ^3, na {wavering), a rover (Gen. iv, 12, 1-1; elsewhere "'wander," etc.); '^"^hvi, imlit' (one that has escaped, as often rendered), a refugee (Judg. xii, 4) ; 5Sb, nnphel' {fcdling, as usually ren- dered, i. e. awaj' to the enemy), a deserter (2 Kin…
1,184 wordsSECTION 905Section 905
FulcheriiTS, Carnot-ensis (^Fozicher tie Chartres'), a mediajvul French priest and historian, was lorn at Chartres in 1059, and died in 1127 at Jerusalem, whith- er he had gone on the first Crusade (lOOC)) as chap- lain to Baldwin, whom he followed in all his expedi- tions. His Histoire de Jinisalem, continued to the y…
1,060 wordsSECTION 906Section 906
Fulda, Monastery of, a celebrated convent, es- tablished in 7-J4 b}' Boniface, and one of his pujiils named Sturm. The latter, a young man of good fam- FULDA MANUSCRIPT 689 FULGENTIUS ilv, having decided on becoming a hermit, was sent by Boniface to search out a spot in the forest of Buchonia, secure from the inroa…
1,021 wordsSECTION 907Section 907
Fulgentius, St., Fabius Claudius Gordi- anus, bishop of Ruspe, called "the Augustine of the 6th centur}'," was born at Telepta (Leptis), in the province of Bj'zacena, North Africa, A.D. 468. His father dying in his childhood, the care of Jiis education fell on his mother, who had him carefullj' instructed in the Greek …
994 wordsSECTION 908Section 908
Fnlke, William, D.D., a famous Puritan divine, was born in London, and went in 1555 to St. John's College, Cambridge, of which he became fellow in 1564. He spent six years at Clifford's Inn, studying law, but preferred letters, and especially theology. " He took orders, but, being suspected of Puritanism, as he was the…
956 wordsSECTION 909Section 909
cloth ; /. Jars of soap. mentioned in Scripture, fulling appears to have con- sisted chiefly in cleansing garments and whitening them (compare vElian, Var. Hist, v, 5). The use of white garments, and also the feeling respecting their use for festal and religious purposes, ma}' be gathered from various passages: Eccl. …
1,068 wordsSECTION 910Section 910
FULLER'S GATE (porta fullonis), one of the me- diaeval gates on the western side of Jerusalem (Adam- nanus, i, 1), thought by Dr. Robinson (Researches, i, 475) to be the Porta Judiciaria of Brocardus (ch. viii, fin.), in tlie wall of those days, somewhere over against FULLER'S MONUMENT 692 FULNESS the Church of the…
1,151 wordsSECTION 911Section 911
Fullerton, Hugh Stewart, a Presliyterian min- ister, was born near Greencastle, Penn., Feb. 6, 1805. Not long after, his parents removed to Orange Co., N. Y., and in 1815 to Fayette Co., Ohio. He studied one year at the Ohio LTniversity, and was licensed to preach in 1830. In 1832 ho accepted a call to the church at Ch…
1,001 wordsSECTION 912Section 912
Fundamentals. A distinction has been drawn, both in the Roman Catholic and Protestant Churches, between fundamental and non-fundamental articles of faith. I. Roman theologians understand by articuli funda- mentales those doctrines which everj"^ Christian is obliged to know, to believe, and to profess, on pain of damn…
958 wordsSECTION 913Section 913
all means to be considered as in a fundamental error. Therefore, as a man hath received of God greater or less natural abilities, so let the number of articles to which he shall give his assent be greater or smaller; and as revelation hath been made, or information hath been given, to a man more clearh' or obscurely, i…
966 wordsSECTION 914Section 914
Arioiiiit Kgvptiaii Kunpral l;itc:<: 1. Tli'> mummy in its slirine; 2. A priest pre- f^eiitins ati obl.ition before it ; 3, 4, 5, Female relatives present, and exiiibiting tlieir liomage and grief. FUNERAL 695 FUNERAL however, reaches a false result], De combusfione et hu- matione mortuoruvi ap. Hebrcsos, in his Sy…
1,148 wordsSECTION 915Section 915
Ancient Egyptian Funeral I'rocession (Caillaud). ruNi:RAL 696 FUNERAL DISCOURSES (if luxvirious display (Jose[)hu.s, War, ii, 1, 1). War- riors were buried with their arms (Ezek. xxxii, 27 ; 1 !Macc. xiii, 29; comp. Homer, OJi/ss. xi, 74; xii, 13; Virgil, y-En. vi, 233; Died. Sic. xviii, 2G ; Curtius, x, 1, 31 ; se…
972 wordsSECTION 916Section 916
II. Funeral Sermons. — These are generally delivered from the pulpit. The funeral sermon differs from the simple funeral address, inasmuch as instead of being, as the former originallj' was, a mere exhortation, or, as it afterwards became, a personal panegyric, it is a regular sennon, preached from a text, which, howev…
957 wordsSECTION 917Section 917
Ancient Itonuui I'uUei'ci Furnace. xxix, 22 ; 2 Mace, vii, 5 ; Hos. vii, 7 ; see Hoffmann, De flammafurni Bahyhnici, Jen, 1668). A parallel case is mentioned b}' Chardin ( Voyage en Perse, iv, 276), two ovens having been kept ready heated for a whole month to throw in any bakers who took advantage of the dearth. See P…
927 wordsSECTION 918Section 918
It appears that the furniture of Oriental dwellings, in tlie earliest ages, was generally very simple ; that of tlie poorer classes consisted of but few articles, and those such only as were absolutely necessary. See House. The interior of the niore common and useful apartments was furnished with sets of large nails wi…
901 wordsSECTION 919Section 919
Furseus. a missionarj' and abbot in the British Isles, and the founder of the convent of Lagn}', near Paris, was born in Ireland, where he founded also a convent, to which lie gave very strict rules. He then went to AVest Anglia, and erected the abbey of Knob- bersliurg, which he afterwards resigned to his brother Foil…
1,132 wordsSECTION 920Section 920
Ga'ash (Heb. id. ll.""|i, a shaking or enrtliquahe ; Sept. VaaQ or IViat,), a "hill" (rather mount, ^il) among the mountains of Ephraim, near Timnath-se- GABA ^00 GABBATIIA rah, on the north side of which Joshua was buried (Josh, xxiv, 30; Sept. r«\«c(t" ; Jiulf^. ii, 0). Hence "tlie brooks of Gaash," i. e. the val…
1,305 wordsSECTION 921Section 921
GABDES 701 GABRIAS etc. running along one side of the preetorium, and overloolving the area where the Jews were assembled, or upon a landing-place of the stairs, immediately be- fore tlie grand entrance ? It has been conjectured that the pavement in ques- tion was no other than the one referred to in 2 Chron. vii 3…
928 wordsSECTION 922Section 922
Gabiiol. See Gebirol. Gabish. See Pearl. Gabler, Georg Andreas, son of Johanii Phi- lipp, was born in Altorf in 1786. He was for several years (from 1807) tutor in the family of Schiller at Weimar, became in 1811 teacher of the gymnasium of Ansbach, in 1817 professor, and in 1821 rector of the g3'innasiuin in Baj'reu…
964 wordsSECTION 923Section 923
By the Mohammedans Gabriel is regarded with pro- found veneration. To him, it is affirmed, a copy of the whole Koran was committed, which he imparted in successive portions to jVIohammed. He is styled in the Koran the Spirit of Truth and the H0I3' Spirit. In his hands will be placed the scales in which the ac- tions of…
980 wordsSECTION 924Section 924
Gad (Heb. id. ^?., fortune, Gen. xxx, 11, although another signification is alluded to in Gen. xlix, 11) ; Sept. and N. T. Tae}, the name of two men, and of the descendants of one of them ; also of a heathen deity and of a plant. See also Baal-Gad ; Migdal-Gad. 1. (.Josephus PacVtf.) Jacob's seventh son, the first-born…
1,173 wordsSECTION 925Section 925
The country allotted to Gad appears, speaking roughly, to have lain chiefly aliout the centre of the land east of Jordan. The south of that district — from the Arnon (wady ]Mojelj), about half WAy down the Der.d Sea, to Heshbon, nearly due east of Jerusalem — GAD 704 GAD was occupied by Reuben, and at or about Hesh…
900 wordsSECTION 926Section 926
{Ucn-fjkkch^i? Atirf-shittira. do. [On Wady Sai]? Ait,'ob. Piptrict. Jliijih. Arorr. Town. Aireh. Atiiroth-?hoplinn. do. [K. of Merj-Ekkeh] ? Ikthbaiah (Bjtli-) any). / Ford. ( [Opposite Beth-barali (in \ Jlanasseh)] ? B( tli-aram, or) Itetli-haran j Town. Heit-IIaraii. Mfth-nimrah. do. yimrin. He…
941 wordsSECTION 927Section 927
2. (Josephus rdcog, A7it.yn, 13, 4.) "The seer" (ITthin), or "the king's seer," i. e. David's — such ap- pears to have been his official title (1 Chron. xxix, 29 ; 2 Chron. xxix, 25; 2 Sam. xxiv, 11; 1 Chron. xxi, 9) — was a " prophet" (N'^SS), who appears to have joined David when in "the hold," and at whose advico he…
1,223 wordsSECTION 928Section 928
4. For the jAdnt gad, see Coriander. Gadara (rd Va^ana in Josephus, prob. from ""13, a wall [sec Gederah] ; only'in N. T. in the Gentile rncopj/i^of), a strong city (Josephus, Ant. xiii, 13, 3), situated near the river Hieromax (Pliny, JI. J\'. v, IG), east of the Sea of Galilee, over against Scythopolis and Tiberias…
1,374 wordsSECTION 929Section 929
Gadara derives its greatest interest from having been the scene of our Lord's miracle in healing the dicmoiiiacs (Matt, viil, 28-3-i ; ]\Iark v, 1-21; Luke viii, 2G-40). "They ware no clothes, neither abode in any house, but in the tombs." Christ came across the lake from Capernaum, and landed at the south- east ru cor…
924 wordsSECTION 930Section 930
Gaetanus. See Cajetan. GafTarel, Jacques, a French mj'stic, was born at JIannes, in Provence, in IGOl, and studied at Valence. He showed special ajititude for Oriental and cabalistic studies, and was made librarian at Paris to cardinal Richelieu. In lG2o he published Abdita divinm Ca- bals Mysteria (4to) ; a!! J got i…
1,000 wordsSECTION 931Section 931
Ga'ham (Heb. Gach'am, CnS, "in pause" Ga'- cham,'CT\'\; ^ev\mp», having faming eyes; otherwise, sirarihy ; Sept. Vaan v. r. Taa^i), one of the sons of Nahor liy his concubine Ecumah (Gen. xxii, 24), B.C. cir. 2200*. Ga'har (Ileb. Gach'ar, "^X^^, " in pause" Ga'char, "Iij'i, a lurking-place ; Sept. Vac'tp), one of the …
1,149 wordsSECTION 932Section 932
Galante, Abraham ben-Mordecai, a Cabal- ist and Jewish commentator of the 16th century. He was a disciple of the new-school Cabalist, Moses Cor- dovero, and is best known by his mystical commen- tary on the Lamentations (3"'"irp TS'^p), published, with additions, by Ibn-Shoeb under the title D"^2i3 bip (Venice, 1589; 2…
966 wordsSECTION 933Section 933
consul Cn. Manlius (Livy, xxxviii; Polyb. xsii, 24), though still governed by their own princes. Their goverument was originally republican (Pliny, v, 42), but at lengtli regal (Strabo, xii, 390), Deiotarus being their first king (Cicero, pro Deiot. 13), and the last Amj'ntas (Dio Cass, xlix, 32), at whose death, in th…
978 wordsSECTION 934Section 934
Tiie Epistle to the Galatians was prol)al}ly written very soon after Paul's second visit to them. Its ab- ruptness and severitj', and the sadness of its tone, are caused liy their sudden perversion from the doctrine which tli3 apostle had taught them, and which at first they had received so willingly. It is no fanc}^ i…
1,070 wordsSECTION 935Section 935
GALATIANS ■12 GALATIANS 9 ; V, 8). From some passages in this epistle (e. g. i, 11-24 ; ii, 1-'21) it would appear also that insinuations had been disseminated among the Galatian churches to the effect that Paul was not a divinely-commission- ed apostle, but only a messenger of the church at Jeru- salem ; tliat Pete…
967 wordsSECTION 936Section 936
The question, however, still remains, which of the two visits of Paul to Galatia mentioned in the Acts was it after wliich this epistle was written? In reply to this, Michaelis and some others maintain that it was the fi7-st; but in coming to this conclusion they appear to have unaccountably overlooked the apostle's ph…
1,071 wordsSECTION 937Section 937
IV'. dontenU. — The epistle consists of three parts. In the^Jird part (i, ii), which is apologetic, Paul vindi- cates his own apostolic authoiity and ii. dependence as a directlj'-conmiissioned ambassador of Christ to men, and especially to the Gentile portion of the race. After an address and salutation, in which his …
901 wordsSECTION 938Section 938
GALATIA^^S 714 GALBANUM (Lips. iniO, 4to) ; Betuleius, Paraphrasis (Halle, 1G12, ICilT, Svo) ; Battiis, Commeninrii (Giypliisen. 1613, 4to) ; Lyscr, Analysis (Lips. 101 0, 4to); Parens, Commenta- rius (Heidell). 1G21, 4to; also in 0pp. iii); Crell, Cum- mintiirins (Kaconigi, 1()28, 8vo; also in 0pp. i, 373); Coutzen…
1,306 wordsSECTION 939Section 939
GALE 715 GALEED was called by tlie natives Khassuch, and bore a ven' cloje resemblance to the Ferula eruhescens, but belong- ed neither to the genus Gall)anum nor to Opoidea. It is believed that the Persian galbanum and that brought from the Levant are the produce of different plants. See Akomatics. Galbanum is in …
1,295 wordsSECTION 940Section 940
Druidical Caiin and Kist-Vaens. GALEN" •16 GALICHO «ie,« ; Sept. /3owoe fu'tprvc and jiovvcc /JianTvpti ; Vulg. Acerviis tes/imonii and Galudd), the name given by Jacob to the pile of stones [sec Gilgal] erected by him and La ban to attest their league of friendship [see Gilead], but called by Laban (Gen. xx.xi, 47…
1,022 wordsSECTION 941Section 941
Galfrid, Galfridus. See Geoffrey of Mon- mouth. Gal'gala (r«'Xy«Xrt ; Vulg. G/iIgala), the ordinarj' equivalent in the Sept. for Gilgal. In the A.V, it is named only in 1 Mace, ix, 2, as designating the direc- tion of the road taken bj' the army of Demetrius, when they attacked Masaloth in Arbela — "the way to Gal- ga…
991 wordsSECTION 942Section 942
Gal'ilee {TaXikaia, often in the N. T. and Apoc- rj'pha, as well as Josephus), the rendering also in a few passages (.losh. xx, 7 ; xxi, 32 ; 1 Kings ix, 11 ; 1 Chron. vi, 70 ; Isa. ix, 1) of the Heb. bibs, fjalil' (fern. M^"'bi;, geUlah\ 2 Kings xv, 29), which prop, signifies a circle (e. g. a ring, Esth. i, G ; Cant,…
876 wordsSECTION 943Section 943
Galilee was divided into two sections (Cyrill, c. Jul. ii), "Lower" (?) kutu) and "Upper" (// (ii'oi VaXiXaia, Josephus, War, ii, 20, G ; Ant. v, 1, 22). The Talmud has ii threefold division, with reference to the Sabbati- cal year (Shebiilh, ix, 2; "Upper Galilee ["|*^^"n] embraces all above Capharananias, and does no…
1,154 wordsSECTION 944Section 944
Galilee was the scene of the greater part of our Lord's private life and public acts (see AViehmanns- hausen, De Galil(ea,Yitch. 1711 ; Buddeus, De Galila;a rehns rjesfis Clirhti clara, Jen. 1718 [_Miscell. Sacr. iii, 115G sq.]; Less, />c Gal. Serrat. miracc. Iheatro, Gott. 1775 [0pp. 1781, ii, 3('9 sq.]). His early ye…
1,139 wordsSECTION 945Section 945
a lower section of the great Jordan val- ley. The utter loneliness and absolute stillness of the scene are exceedingly impressive. It seems as if all nature had gone to rest, languishing un- der that scorching heat. How diff"erent it was in the days of our Lord ! Then all was life and bustle along the shores ; the citi…
913 wordsSECTION 946Section 946
Galilee, a porch or chapel, usually at the west end of a church, where the monks collected on returning from processions, and where females were permitted to visit their relatives among the monks ; also a por- tion of the church, usually a step lower than the rest of the church, deemed less sacred than the remainder of…
964 wordsSECTION 947Section 947
Galitzin. See Galhtzin. Gall, the representative in the A.V. of two Hebrew words and one Greek. 1. Mei-erah' or merorah' (iTTn'2 or riTTO ; Sept. XoX)'/, KUKu, ciaira ; YnX^.fel, amantudo, viscera mea) denotes etj'mologically bitterness: see Job xiii, 26, " Thou writest bitter things against me." Hence the term is ap…
1,032 wordsSECTION 948Section 948
GALL 722 GALLAS that neither of these two drugs in question, both of ] break of ;he Reformation in 1525 they threw off their which are the produce of the same natural order of , subjection, and embraced the new doctrines. At the jilauts I^Amyridaceo''), is ranlied among the h3'pnopoie- \ close, hoAvever, of the reli…
905 wordsSECTION 949Section 949
have been written by Latin (perhaps Irish) monks in the 9th century. — Scrivener, Introd. p. 122 sq. ; Tre- gelles in Home's Introduction, iv, 19G sq. See Manu- scripts, Biblical. held, the monastic domain, which comprised a great part of northern Switzerland, became a distinct juris- diction, within which the abbot, …
1,129 wordsSECTION 950Section 950
formall}'' opened. Mr. Gallaudet remained head of the asj'lum until 1830, when he resigned from ftiiling health. The system which he established was found- ed on that of Sicard, with modifications. " It is known as the American system. The main principle with Jlr. Gallaudet was to call out the intelligence of the pupil…
1,187 wordsSECTION 951Section 951
turcs, dignities, and other ecclesiastical benefices and offices, whatsoever they may be, shall lie made accord- ing to the institutions of common law, of tlic councils, and of our ancient fathers. (5.) We renew and ap- prove of the liberties, franchises, prerogatives, and privileges granted by the kings our predecesso…
1,267 wordsSECTION 952Section 952
As Pithou was the legal pillar of Gallicanism, so Bossuet became its ecclesiastical champion. Under his guidance, the Assemblee du clerge of 1682 asserted the Galilean liberties, in the celebrated Declaration du clerge de France, which was upheld by the monarch and b}' all the state authorities. It runs as follows : " …
1,163 wordsSECTION 953Section 953
The principles of 1GS2 are recognised as fundament- al in the present French empire, but tha majority of the French bishops are at jjresent ultramontane. Po- litical ultraniontanism, however, is extinct, in spite of the reassertion of its antiquated formulas by papal writers. The old system of taxation at the will of t…
999 wordsSECTION 954Section 954
! this does not necessarily point to the direction of Gal- lim, because Phalti may have been at the time with Ishbosheth at Mahanaim, the road from which would i naturally lead past Bahurim. (2.) The name occurs GALLIC 727 \ GALLUS again in the catalogue of places terrified at the ap- proach of Sennacherib (Isa. …
1,219 wordsSECTION 955Section 955
Gallus, Cestius (Gnecized Ksorioc PfiXXof), son of C. Cestius Gallus Camerinus, a Roman senator of consular rank, was president ("legatus," Suetonius, Vesp. 4) of Syria, A.D. 64, 65, at the time of the final Jewisli war (Tacitus, Hist, v, 10). I\Iaddened by th© tyranny of Gessius Florus (q. v.), the Jews applied to Gal…
1,057 wordsSECTION 956Section 956
Gania'liel(Heb. Gamliet, htf.'^izl, reward of God; Sept. and N. T. rapaXiijX), the name of two men iu Scripture. 1. Son of Pedahzur, and chief (N"^ w3) of the tribe of Manasseh at the census at Sinai (Numb, i, 10; ii, 20 ; vii, 54, 59), and at starting on the march through the wilderness (x, 23). B.C. 1G57. 2. A Phar…
1,207 wordsSECTION 957Section 957
Gamba, Francis, a native of Como, one of the Protestant martyrs of the 16th century. He was ap^ preliended and condemned to death by the senate of Milan. At the place of execution a monk presented a cross to him, to whom he said, "My mind is so full of the real merits and goodness of Christ, that I want not a piece of…
1,217 wordsSECTION 958Section 958
ity. This may indicate the practice among the an- cient Israelites of games somewhat similar to the jousts and tournaments of the Middle Ages. On the subject of dancing, see Michaelis, Mosuhche Eecht, article 197. No trace is found in Hebrew antiq- uity of any of the ordinary' games of skill or hazard which are so nume…
929 wordsSECTION 959Section 959
Ancient Roman Beast-fighter. demned persons, who were mostly exposed to the furj' of the animals unclothed, unarmed, and sometimes bound (Cicero, Pro Sext. G4 ; Ep. ad Quint. Frat. ii, G ; Seneca, De Benef. ii, 19; Tertull. AjtoK 9). Political offenders especially were so treated, and Josephus {War, vii, 3, 1) records…
1,084 wordsSECTION 960Section 960
2. Grecian Prize or Gymnastic Contests. — The scrip- tural allusions (Gal. ii, 2; v, 7 ; Phil.ii, IG; iii, 14; 1 Tim. vi, 12; 2 Tim. ii, 5; Heb. xii, 1, 4, 12) are the more appropriate, because the Grecian games were in their origin and in their best days intimately connected with religion. Games in Greece were verj' n…
1,212 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
Project Gutenberg source record →
Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.