PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 3
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,405,961 words · 1366 reading sections
Section 1081
But even where this spirit, foreign to the genius of the Church, had acquired the most commanding influ- ence, the traditional hal>it of thought and life was not extinct. The conditions of a strong counter reaction ■were always present. It was onl}' necessary that some one assert clearh' and forcibly the latent faith o…
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During the same year the Church celebrated the three hundredth anniversary of the formation and adoption of the Heidelberg Catechism. This celebra- tion was originall}' suggested by the Rev. Dr. Har- baugh, and the preparatory arrangements made by a committee of which he was chairman. ISIinisters, el- ders, and members…
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The Creed also determines the order in which the facts of supernatural revelation arc developed. As the Creed, on the one hand, presupposes the fall and misery of man, and, on the other, involves and implies holy living as a necessarj' consequence of the new life, whilst it embraces only those facts which belong to the…
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4. " It is a matter of congratulation that our grow- ing S3'mpathy with the Apostles' Creed is attended witii a growing power of appreciation among us also for that christological way of looking at the doctrines of Christianitv which has come to characterize all the evangelical theology of Germany in our time, and by w…
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ing the grace of baptism, they believe from the heart on Christ, die unto sin daily, and lead a holj' life, and thus realize the full virtue of the incarnation and atonement. 13. The sacrament of the holy supper is the abiding memorial of the sacrifice of our blessed Saviour Jesus Christ for our sins upon the cross ; …
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This liturgy is not simply a hand-book for the min- ister, or a pulpit liturgj', but it is an order in which the people take part with the minister in the worship of God. Less complicated and shorter in many of its offices than the Book of Common Prayer, it unites all the historic elements of liturgical worship on the …
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The first ministers in America brought with them GERMAN REF. CH. IN AMERICA 831 GERMANUS chosen by four or more adjacent classes. The sjmods are subject to the General Synod. This body consists of ministers and elders chosen by all the classes of the Church. It is the highest judicatory, and the last re- sort in all…
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German Theology. See Theology, Geujiax. Germanus, the name of three patriarchs of Con- stantinople. (I.) The first was transferred from the see of Cyzicus to that of Constantinople in 715, and was a zealous defender of image-worship, for which he was degraded, in a council held at Constantinople in 730. He died in 740…
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Baillet, Vies des Saints, May 28 ; Ceillier, A uteurs Sa- cres (Paris, 186-2), xi, 306. German Versions of the Holy Scriptdres. 1. E(U-lij Versions. — There is no certain trace of any at- tempt to translate the Scriptures into the vernacular dialects of the German people previous to the latter half of the 9th centurj'…
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3. Zurich Bible. — Tiiis is a combination of Luther's translatii)n of the other books with a new translation of the prophetical writings by Con. Pellican, Leo Judii, Theod. Bibliander, etc. It appeared in 1524, and was reprinted in 1527, and twice in 1530. In 1531 another edition appeared, with a new translation of the…
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Bible (172G, etc.), belong to the Lutheran Church ; those of Grj'noeus (3 vols. 8vo, Bcasle, 177C), and Voege- lin (Zurich, 17H1) to the Reformed. Belonging to the present century are the translations of Preiss (1811), Schiifer (ISKl)", Mever (ISl'SO. [Richter and Pleissncr] (1830), B.jckel (183-}), Alt (1837), Von der…
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11. Ilistoiij of Christianity in Germany. — As some of the German tribes were under the rule of the Romans at the beginning of the Christian ara, Christianity be- came known to the Germans at a very earh' date. Some of the episcopal sees, as Cologne, even claim to have had disciples of the apostles as their first bisho…
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The old German empire was dissolved in 1806. In 1815 the German Confederation was established as a league of independent states. Another great change in the constitution of the German nation was effected by the war of 186G, which united most of the German states into the North-German Confederation, under the leadership…
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3. The son of one Manasseh (according to the text) and father of Jonathan, which last acted as priest to the Danites who captured Laish (Judg. xviii, 30) ; but, according to a more correct reading, he is not different from the son of Moses. See Jonathan'. The Tal- mud explains the substitution of "Manasseh" for "Moses"…
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GERSON 837 GERSON Mictions ; the Church was divided by the great papal schism which began in 1378, when Urban VI was elect- ed pope at Rome, and Clement VII at Avignon. Ger- son found so much opposition in his efforts to reform tlieology, and to bring peace to the Church, that he decided to retire from Paris to the …
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We now state brieflj' tlie relations of Gerson to the Church, to theolog}', and to philosophy. (1.) As to the Church, his whole life was spent in mourning over its abuses and corruptions, and in struggles for reforma- tion. Full of respect for the papacy, which he consid- ered necessary to the existence of the Church, …
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There are several editions of Gerson's collected works, but the most complete is Opera Omnia J. Gerso- nii, op. et stud. L. Ellies du Pin (Antwerp, 1706, 5 vols, fol.). Vol. i contains a life of Gerson, an essaj'' on the authorship of the Imitation of Christ, a critical cata- logue of bis writings, together with his do…
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GERZITE 839 GESHUR Jmiginntiones de discordiis inter monachos Canhmrienses et (ux/iiepiscopum B aide tcin, -written, perliaps, after Hu- bert became archlushop in 119;>, gives a full account of the dissensions between Baldwin and his monks. His next work, Vitce Dorohornensium archiejdscopoi-nm, contains lives of the…
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Ge'shur (Heb. Geshur', "isiaa; Sept. Ffcroi'p and reaovpi), the name of a district of Syria near Gilead (2 Sam. XV, 8 ; 1 Chron. ii, 23), which adjoined, on the east side of the Jordan, the northern border of the He- brew territory, and lay between Mount Hcrmon, Ma- achah, and Bashan (Deut. iii, 13, 14; Josh, xii, 5). …
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seems to have Iain in this direction in the most ancient times (Gen. xxxvii, 25), and hence the probability that there was even then a bridge over the river, which (in times when bridges were rare) gave its name to the adjacent district. The Jordan, however, is at a con- siderable distance from the region in question. …
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Gethseni'aue (re.&<T?;/(«j'J) v. r. reSr(j)]itapH, prob. for Aramtean ^""'JTii, oil-press, such being doubtless in the vicinity), the name of a small field (_\iopi(ii', plot, A.V. "place," Matt, xxvi, 36) or olive- yard (conip. /o/TToc-, John xviii, 1), just out of Jerusa- lem, over the brook Kedron, and at the foot of…
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by Wright, p. 471) and Quarcsmius (Ehidd. T. S. lib. iv, per. V, ch. 7) appear to have been the first to no- tice tliem, not more than three centuries ago ; the for- mer arguing against ami the latter in favor of their reputed antiquity, but nobody reading their accounts ■would imagine that there were tlien no more tha…
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Gezer must have been between the lower Beth-horon and the sea (Josh, xvi, 3; 1 Kings ix, 17), therefore on the edge of the great maritime ]ilain which lies be- neath the hills of which Beit-ur et-tahta is the last outpost, and forms tlie regular coast road of communi- cation with Egypt (1 Kings ix, IG). It is therefore…
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Ghibellins or Ghibellines. See Guelphs. Ghislain, or Guillain, St., called the apostle of Belgian Gaul, is said to have been a native of Athens. He came to Gaul in 633, and in 641, with the assist- ance of king Dagobert, he founded the convent of St. Ghislain (originally St. Peter's cell). The legend says that he was …
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2. In Gen. xiv, 5, we meet with a race termed Re- phaim (CXS"!), as settled on the other side of the Jordan, in Ashteroth-Karnaim, whom Cliedorlaomer defeated. Of this race was Og, king of Bashan, who alone remained, in the days of Moses (Dent, iii, 10), of the remnant of the Kephaim. A passage, which is ob- viously fr…
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4. Another race is mentioned in Deut. ii, 10, the Einim (D"'"a'^X), who dwelt in the country of the Moab- ites. The}' are described as a people "great and many, and tall as the Anakims, which were also ac- counted giants" (Gen. xiv, 5). See Emiji. 5. The Zamzummim also (D'^ST'CT) (Deut. xxi, 20), whose home was in the…
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Gib, Adam, one of the founders of the anti-burgher secession in Scotland, was born in Perthshire in 1713, and educated in Edinburgh. He was a bitter oppo- nent of private church patronage, and in 1733 was dis- missed from his pastoral charge. He was made pas- tor of a secession church in Edinburgh in 1711, and when the…
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GIBBONS 847 GIBBORIM works were published bj' liis friend Lord Sheffield. The best editions of the " Decline and Fall" are that of Mil- man (Lond. 1S46, G vols. 8vo, 2d edit.), and that by Dr. Wm. Smith (1855, 8 vols. 8vo). In a literarj' point of view, tlie merits of this history are very great ; its style has a lo…
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It was probablj' this very ancient view M'hich gave rise to the spurious book of Enoch, and the notion quoted from it by Jude (6), and alluded to by Peter (2 Pet. ii, 4 ; compare 1 Cor. xi, 10 ; Tertul. De Virg. Vel. 7). According to this book, certain angels, sent by God to guard the earth ('Eyp)';yopo(, (phXatcic), M…
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Biblical Chaldee, 1828 ; 2d edit, enlarged, New Haven, 1832, 8vo. In 1824 he was called to bo lecturer of sa- cred literature in the theological school of Yale Col- lege. In 1826 a professorship in that branch was founded, to which Mr. Gibbs was called. He remain- ed in this post until his death, March 25, 1861, at New…
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among the last group of the towns of Benjamin, next to Jerusalem). This last name (^^■;:?i^, which fre- quently appears elsewhere in the oi'iginal), being the form of GiBEAii in the construct state, has been joined bv some to the following name, i. e. " Gibeah of Kir- jath-jearim" (Sehwavz, P//?/s. Descrip. of Palestin…
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3. GiBEAii OF Phinehas, in Mount Ephraim, where the high-priest Eleazar, son of Aaron, was buried by his son Phinehas (Josh, xxiv, 33, where the name is rendered "hill of Phinehas"). Eusebius and Jerome (Onomast. s. v. ri]jiu>d, Gebin) probably mention this place by the name of Geha (although they incorrectly identify …
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Ishbosheth and David, and where that sharp conflict took place which ended in the death of Asahcl, and led, at a later period, to the treacherous murder of Ab- ner himself. Here or at the spring were the " great waters (or the many waters, C^ST D'^''?) of Gilieon" (both here and in 1 Kings iii, 4, Josephus substitutes …
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Then follows the poetic version of the story, taken from the ancient legendary "Book of Jasher." On the summit of the pass, where is now the hamlet of the Upper Beth-iioron, looking far down the deep descent of tlie western valleys, with the green vale of Ajalon stretched out in the distance, and the wide expanse of th…
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To this high place, wherever situated, the " taber- nacle of the congregation"' — the sacred tent which had accompanied the children of Israel through the whole of their wanderings — had been transferred from its last station at Nob. The exact date of the transfer is left in uncertaint}'. It was either before or at the…
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Individual Gilieonites named are (1) Ismai.mi, one of the Benjamites who joined David in his difficulties (1 Chron. xii, 4) ; (2) ]\Iei.atiaii, one of those who as- sisted Nehemiah in repairing the wall of Jerusalem (Xeh.iii,7); (3) Haxaniah, the son of Azur, a false ]irojihet from Gibeon, who opposed Jeremiah, and sho…
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Gibson, Robert, a minister of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, was born at Ballymena, Ireland, Oct. 1, 1793. His parents migrated to the United States in 1797, and his father, the Rev. William Gib- son, settled as pastor of the Reformed Presbyterian Church at Ryegate, Vt. He received his theological training at the Re…
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(nisiTtip Tinin ''T\^'t'2 ^yj ^n^"2'"ii '••rhy^, i have dealt out fame and victorious help ; I have spoken oracles in fulness) an old prophetic saying with which an ora- cle began, whose words were applied to the five [as soubricpicts] ; the tone itself [as a name it would reg- ularly be Giddalti'2 pointing to this ex…
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GIDEOX 855 GIDEON" present, of a kid and some nnleavened cakes. These the angel touched with the tip of his staff, and a fire presently rose out of the rock and consumed them. Immediately the angel himself disappeared, though not till he had by a word of peace quieted the mind of Gideon, which had become agitated by…
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Finally, being encouraged by words fortuitously overheard (what the later Jews termed the Bath-Kol) (compare 1 Sam. xiv, 9. 10 ; Lightfoot, IJnr. Hebr. ad Matt, iii, 14), in the relation of a significant dream, Gideon framed his plans, which were admirably adapt- ed to strike a panic into the huge and undisciplined nom…
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3. After this there was a peace of 40 years, and we see Gideon in peaceful possession of his well-earned honors, and surrounded by the dignitj' of a numerous household (viii, 29-31). It is not improbable that, like Saul, he had owed a jjart of his popularity to his princely appearance (Judg. viii, 18). In this stage of…
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her brood. For the Arabian fables of the bird racham, see Bochart, Ilieroz. iii, 5G. The Percnopterus is some- what singularly' classed, both in Lev. and Deut., along with aquatic birds; and it may be questioned whether an}' animal will eat it, since, in the parallel case of Vul- tur aura, the turkey-buzzard or carrion…
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GifFen, David Flcd vax, was born at Sneek. He belonged to an honorable family. Following the bent of his own mind, though in opposition to the wishes of his relatives, he devoted himself to the study of theology, which he pursued at the University of Harderwvk. In 1674 he became pastor of the Ee- formed church at Wykel…
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5. In Greek tlie usual terms are some derivative from ii<!ijif.a, to give, namely tt')/.(o, a gift, simply, i. e. the thing given (Matt, vli, 11 ; Luke xi, 13 ; Eph. iv, 8 ; Phil, iv, 17), c^octr', the act oi giving (James i, 17) ; cwpov, a cmfa-ment in token of amity (Matt, ii, 11; Eph. ii, 8; Kev. xi, 10), or sacrifi…
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The refusal of a present was regarded as a high indig- nity, and this constituted the aggravated insult noticed in Matt, xxii, 11, the marriage robe having been offer- ed and refused (Trench, Parables'). No less an insult was it not to bring a present when the position of the parties demanded it (1 Sam. x, 27)" (Smith,…
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" It is the prevailing view that the charisms, some of them at least, as those of miracles and tongues, be- long not essentially and permanently to the Church, but were merely a temporary adventitious efflorescence of the apostolic period, an ornamental appendage, like the wedding-dress of a youthful bride, and afterwa…
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GIFTTHEIL 861 GIHON them, moreover, particularly of the mass of legends of the llomaii Church, which still lays claim to the per- petual possession of the gift of miracles, we must pro- ceed with the greatest caution and critical discrimina- tion. In view of the over-valuation of charisms by the Montanists and Irvin…
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Gi'lion (Heb. Gichon , I'lrT'^, in 1 Kings "inS, a stream, as breaking forth from a fountain ; Sept. in Gen. ii, 13 YtCov v. r. V^div, in 1 Kings i, 33, 38 ViSir, in 2 Chron. xxxii, 30 rtnov, undistinguishable in 2 Chron. xxxiii, 14; Vulg. Gihon"), the name of two wa- ter-courses. Gesenius compares Job xl, 23, and the …
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Inasmuch as the sacred narrative makes it evident that all the rivers in question took their origin from the head waters of the Eui>hrates and the Tigris, we must refer the Gihon to one of the streams of the same region, namely, the lake system of Central Armenia, in the vicinity of Lake Van. As the Euphrates and Tigri…
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a new bore to the Pool of Siloam, which Mr. Wil- liams thinks was the Lower Pool of Isa. xxii, 9, 11. Schvvarz (Palest, p. "iGG) likewise confounds the lower spring of Gihon with Siloam. This latter, he says, has the same peculiar qualities as the water of a cis- tern found between the castle of David and the Tem- ple …
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Gil, Juan, commonly called Dr. Egidius, was one of the earl}' converts to the P»eformation in Spain. He was born at Olivera, in Aragon, and was educa- ted at the Universitj' of Alcala, where he devoted him- self especially to the Scholastic theology. After his ordination he became canon-preacher at the cathedral of Sev…
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Gilbert, Joseph, an English Independent minis- ter, was born in 1778, and was for many years pastor at Nottingham ; died in 1852. He wrote Tlie Christian Atonement (Cong. Lecture, London, 1836, 8vo ; 2d edit. 1852). Sec British Critic, xxi, 450 ; Life of Gilbert, by his widow (Lond. 1853, 12mo) ; Darling, Cyclop. Bibli…
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brave men from Jabesh-Gilead, on the opposite side of the Jordan (Stanley, Jewish Church, ii, 30 sq.). See Saul. The ridge of Gilboa is bleak and bare (Wilson, Lands of Bible, ii, 85 ; Flirst derives from this fact the name of the mountain, q. d. have land, from pS^i ^^^6. Lex. s. v.). The soil is scanty, and the gray…
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1. A mountainous region east of the Jordan ; bound- ed on the north by Bashan, on the east bj' the Arabian plateau, and on the south liy Moab and Ammon (Gen. xxxi, 21 ; Deut. iii, 12-17), pioperlj- extending from the parallel of Rabboth-Ammon on the south to tlie river Hieromax on the north. The same name, hoM- ever, w…
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GILEAD 867 GILEAD in Gilead ; and when speaking of the cities of refuge, Moses describes Bezer, whieli was given out of the tribe of Reuben, as being "in tlie wilderness, in the 2)lain country" (\. &. "in the country of the Mishor," "i'ji53ri 'j''^^?), while Ramoth is said to bo in Gilead (Deut. iv, 43). This southe…
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Gilead was a frontier land, exposed to the first at- tacks of the Syrian and Assj'rian invaders, and to the unceasing raids of the desert tribes — "Because ISIachir, the first-born of Manasseh, was a man of war, there- fore he had Bashan and Gilead" (Josh, xvii, 1). Un- der the wild and wayward Jephthah, Mizpeh of Gile…
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GILE.\D, Balm of. Our English word halm, and its French equivalent baume, are the contracted forms of balsam, a word QidXaafiui') which the Greeks have adopted from the Hebrew words ?"3 and "i^"^, lord or chief of oils. In ordinarv language the word is used very loosely, but here we are only concerned with the substanc…
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In the region of Gilaad, the only production now which lias any affinitj' to balm or balsam is a species of Elaeagnus, from the kernels of whicli a balsamic oil is extracted (Jounuil of Deputation of Malta Protestant Coller/e, p. 40G) ; and even the balsam gardens of Jeri- cho liave perished and left no trace. There is…
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6. The son of Jaroah, and father of Michael, of the tribe of Gad (1 Chron. v, 14). B.C. considerably ante 781. Gil'eadite (Hebrew prop. Giladi% "^'^"^j'.^ ; Sept. Va\aaei or Va\aaviTi\Q : but often the same as Gilead simply), a descendant of one of the men, or an inhabi- tant of the region called Gilead (Numb, xxvi, 2…
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The place is not mentioned in the Apocryi)ha nor the N. T. Later authorities are more precise, but un- fortunately discordant among themselves. By Josc- phus (Ant. V, 1, 4) the encampment is given as fiftj' stadia, rather under six miles, from the river, and ten from Jericho. In the time of Jerome the site of the camp …
966 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.