PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 3
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,405,961 words · 1366 reading sections
Section 121
race between the Egyptians and the Chaldaeans, a race which in after times became a great nation. From this mixture of races it has been supposed the Arabs (3'n", "mixed people") had their name (Sharpe's Ear- ly Hist, of Egypt., i, 11). The evidence of the Egj'ptians as to the primeval history of their race and countr…
1,051 wordsSECTION 122Section 122
that, in the intei-val from his reign to that of Sethon, the solar risings of stars — that is to say, their manifes- tations— had twice fallen on those days of the Vague Year on wliich their settings fell in their time, and vice versa; and that tlie historian, by a natural mis- take, supposed they spoke of the sun itse…
1,238 wordsSECTION 123Section 123
3. Period of the Hebrew Snjourn. — In Gen. xxxix begins the interesting stor}- of Joseph's being carried down to Egypt, with all its important consequences for the great-grandchildren of Abraham. The produc- tiveness of the country is the allurement, famine the impulse. Attendant circumstances show that Egypt was then …
1,334 wordsSECTION 124Section 124
The "new king," "which knew not Joseph," is gen- erally thought bj' those who hold with us as to the previous history, to have been an Egyptian, and head of the 18th dj'nast)'. It seems at first sight extremely probable that the king who crushed, if he did not ex- pel the Shepherds, would be the first oppressor of the …
986 wordsSECTION 125Section 125
EGYPT 99 EGYPT sides that of the kingdom of Judali. The policy of the Pharaohs, as previoush' explained, is the key to their conduct towards the Israelites. At the same time, the character of the portions of the Bible relating to this period j)revents our being sure that the Egyp- tians maj-- not have passed through…
720 wordsSECTION 126Section 126
its own frontier. The Punt, a people of Arabia, the Sliiipha, supposed to be of Cyprus, and the Ruten, a people of the Euplirates or Tigris, thus confessed tlie power of Thothmes ; and the monuments at Thebes are rich in delineations of the elephants and bears, camelopards and asses, the eliony, ivory, gold, and sil- v…
724 wordsSECTION 127Section 127
far outshone them in the grandeur and beauty of the temples with which he adorned Egypt and Nul.ia. His eliief canijiaign, as recorded on his numerous monuments, was against the Kheia or Hittites, and a great confederacy they had formed. He defeated tlieir army, captured Ketesh, and forced them to con- clude a treat}' …
702 wordsSECTION 128Section 128
sculptured remains of the temples of Bubastis ; ther were prol>ably not of unmixed Egyptian origin, and may have been partly of Assyrian or Babylonian race. The first king was Sheshonk I (B.C. cir. 990), the con- temporary of Solomon, and in his reign it was that "Jeroboam arose and fied into Egypt unto Shishak, king o…
719 wordsSECTION 129Section 129
preceding centurj^ (Isa. xx). Psammetichns was suc- ceeded by his son Neku, tlae Pliaraoli-Xecho of Scrip- ture, B.C. 610. In his first year he advanced to Pal- estine, niarcliing along the sea-coast on his waj' to Carchcniish on the Euphrates, and was met bj' Josiah, khv of Judah, whom he slew at Megiddo, B.C. 609. Th…
963 wordsSECTION 130Section 130
Egypt was governed b}' a Persian satrap till Persia itself was conquered by Alexander the Great, B.C. 332. When Alexander's army occupied Memphis, the numerous Greeks who had settled in Lower Egypt found themselves the ruling class. Egypt became at once a Greek kingdom, and Alexander showed his wisdom in the regulation…
1,151 wordsSECTION 131Section 131
his dominions to a rank with civilized nations in arts, commerce, and industrj'. The works of internal im- provement which he undertook, the extensive manu- factories he established, and the encouragement he gave to literary institutions, have done much to change the political, if not the moral aspect of Egypt. His suc…
908 wordsSECTION 132Section 132
In the tract between the pyramids of Sakkarali and Abu-Sir are the remains of theSerapeum, and the burial- place of the bulls Apis, both discovered by M. Mariette. The}' are inclosed by a great wall, having been con- nected, for the Serapeum was the temple of Apis. The tomb is a great subterranean gallery, whence small…
764 wordsSECTION 133Section 133
edifices rises the mountain, which here attains a height of about I'iOO feet. It gradually recedes in a south- westerly direction, and is sejiarated from the cultiva- ted tract by a strip of desert in which are numerous tombs, partly excavated in two isolated hills, and two small temples. A tortuous valley, which comme…
1,005 wordsSECTION 134Section 134
XXIII. Prophecies. — It would not be within the province of this article to enter upon a general con- sideration of the projihecies relating to Egypt ; we must, however, draw the reader's attention to their remarkable fulfilment. The visitor to the country needs not to be reminded of them ; everywhere he is struck by t…
1,099 wordsSECTION 135Section 135
pollion, Pantheon egyplien (Paris, 1832) ; Haymann, Darstellung d. A.-n. M. (Bonn, 1837); Roth, Die tig. u. Zoroastrische Glaubenslehre (Manh. 1846) ; Beaure- gard, Les divinites E'gyptiennes (Paris, 1866) ; Sharpe, Egyptian Mythology (Lond. 1863) ; Lepsius, D. Todten- buch (Lpz. 1867); Rouge, Ritual des E'gyptiens (Pa…
1,105 wordsSECTION 136Section 136
An attempt to establish a Protestant mission in Egypt was made l)y the Jloravians in 17G9. A mis- sionary, Hockcr, wlio previously had sought to open communication with the Abyssinian Church, but had been compelled to return to Europe in 1761, was in 1768 commissioned, together with a young man named Danke, a carpenter…
903 wordsSECTION 137Section 137
EGYPT, CHRISTIAN" 107 EGYPTIAN VEPvSIONS sembly of the Church in the United States. A flour- ishing theolofiical school has been established at Osi- oot, for whicli the Kev. Mr. Hogg, in 18G6, raised in Great Britain about $2500. In 1867 the patriarch of the Coptic Church manifested the fiercest hostility to the mis…
977 wordsSECTION 138Section 138
Egyp'tian (properly ''"i^'?, Jfitsri', AlyvTrrioc ; but often in the plur. as a rendering in the A. V. of a"'^:i'2, Effy^if), a native of tlie land of Egypt (q. v.) ; found in the sing. masc. (Gen. xxxix, 1, etc. ; Acts xxi, 38, etc.), fem. ni"i:iri (Gen. xvi, 1), plur. masc. Qi'irj^ (Gen. xii, 12, i4 ; Acts vii, 22, e…
920 wordsSECTION 139Section 139
1. (Sept. "il^ V. r. 'Awo ; Vulg. Ahod.) A descend- ant of Benjamin, progenitor of one of the clans of Geba that removed to ISIanahath (1 Chron. xiii, 30). The name is there written ^'~iJ?, Echud', either for 'Tinx, as al)ove, or altogether erroneously for ^HN, Echi' , i. e. Em (<i. v.), the grandson of Benjamin, which…
975 wordsSECTION 140Section 140
After this desperate achievement Ehud repaired to Seirah (improp. Seirath ; see Gesen. Lex. s. v.), in the mountains of Ephraim (iii, 26, 27), or Mount Ephra- im (Josh, xix, 50). To this wild central region, com- manding, as it did, the plains east and west, he sum- moned the Israelites by sound of horn (a national cus…
1,188 wordsSECTION 141Section 141
EISENMEXGER 110 EKRON nations and languages, each bearing an inscription by which it is recognised. In 18G7 the convent had 75 priests, and 6 clerical and 17 lay brothers. The "Stiftsschule" ("Gymnasium" and Lj'ceum) number- ed about 200 pupils. Until 1852 the convent had a sec- ond "gymnasium" in Bellizona, in the …
794 wordsSECTION 142Section 142
Ek'ron (Heb. Ehron' , "i^pS?, eradication ; comp. Zeph. ii, 4, which apparently contains a plaj- upon the word; Sept. [usualh-] and Josephus j) 'A/c/capwv,Vulg. Accaron), one of the live towns belonging to the lords of the Philistines, and the most northerly' of the five (Josh, xiii, 3). Like the other Philistine citie…
921 wordsSECTION 143Section 143
E'lah (llQh.Elah', nbx, terebinth or oak [q. v.]), the name of a place, and also of five men. 1. The Valley of Elah (nbxn p-ZV, vale of the terebinth or oak; Sept. i) KoiXdc; 'HXci, but translates i) KoiKuQ Tijg opvug in 1 Sam. xvii, 2, 19 ; Vulg. likewise vall/s tereblnt/ii'), a valley in (not "by," as the A.V. has i…
900 wordsSECTION 144Section 144
5. (Sept. 'HXc'i, Josephns"HXrtroc-, Vulg. Ela.) The son and successor of Baasha, king of Israel (1 Kings xvi, 8-10) ; his reign lasted for little more than a year (comp. ver. 8 with 10), B.C. 928-7. He was killed while drunk by Zimri, in the house of his steward Ar- za, who was proliably a confederate in the plot. Thi…
914 wordsSECTION 145Section 145
greatness can only be regarded as the foremost of their feudatories. Like the other subject nations she re- tained her own monarchs, and from time to time, for a longer or a shorter space, asserted and maintained her independence. But generallj' she was content to acknowledge one or other of the two leading powers as h…
1,061 wordsSECTION 146Section 146
Tlie fullest account of Elam, its physical geography, rnins, and historj^, is given in Loftus's Chaldi'ci and Susiana (Lond. 1856; N. Y. 1857). The southern part of the country is flat, and towards the shore of the gulf marshy and desolate. In tlie north the mountain ranges of Backhtiari and Luristan rise gradually fro…
988 wordsSECTION 147Section 147
El'asah [some Ela'sah'] (Heb. Ela^ah' , Irr^'p?, whom God made ; Vulg. Elasa), the name of four men (variously Anglicized in the A. V.). See also Ei.easa. 1. (Sept. 'EXtaffa'.) The son of Helez, and father of Sisamai; one of the descendants of Judah, of the family of Hezron (1 Chron. ii, 39, A.V. "Eleasah"). B.C. post…
770 wordsSECTION 148Section 148
17), in such a manner as to show that Elath was more ancient than Ezion-geber, and was of so much repute as to be used for indicating the locality of other plr.ces : the passage also fixes the spot where Elath itself was to be found : " and king Solomon made a navy of ships in Ezion-geber, which is beside Elath, on the…
1,049 wordsSECTION 149Section 149
El-Beth'el (Ileb. El Beyth-El,' bN-r.-^a bx, God of Bethel; Sept. simply Brt(.5-//X, Vulg. Domus Dei), the name given by Jacob to the altar erected by him as a sanctuary (Gen. xxxv, 7), on the spot where he had formerly experienced the vision of the mj'stic ladder (chap, xxxi, 13; xxviii, 18). See Bethel. Elcesaites. S…
1,084 wordsSECTION 150Section 150
ELDER 116 ELDER serves that these seventy elders were not chosen to be judges of the people, who had already more than 60,000 judges. He also argues that the election of seventy additional judges would liave done Init little towards suppressing the rebellion which led Moses to adopt this proceeding ; hut that it see…
933 wordsSECTION 151Section 151
1. Origin of the Office. — No specific account of the origin of the eldersliip in the Christian Church is given in the N. T. " The demand for it arose, no doubt, very earl}'; as, notwithstanding the wider diffusion of gifts not restricted to office, provision was to be made plainly for the regular and fixed instruction…
1,305 wordsSECTION 152Section 152
analogy of the Jewish sj'nagogue leads here to no en- tirel}' sure result, since it is questionable whether a particular presidency belonged to its eldership as early as the time of Christ. Some sort of presidency, in- deed, would seem to be almost indispensable for any well-ordered government and the regular transacti…
1,275 wordsSECTION 153Section 153
2. The Form of Government of the Presbyterian Ciiurch in the United States (bk. i, ch. v) contains the following: " Ruling elders are properly the represent- atives of the people, chosen b}' tliem for the purpose of exercising government and discipline, In conjunc- tion with pastors or ministers. Tiiis office has been …
1,306 wordsSECTION 154Section 154
E'le'cid (Heb. Elud , 'l^'pN;, whom God has applaud- ed; Sept. ' KXeai), Vulg. Elad), a descendant of Ephra- im (1 Chron. vii, 21), but whether through Sliuthelah (q. v.), or a son of the patriarch (the second Sliuthelah being taken as a repetition of the first, and Ezer and Elead as his brothers), is not determined (s…
902 wordsSECTION 155Section 155
ELEATIC SCHOOL 120 ELEATIC SCHOOL renouncing it as unattainable. Its position may be appreciated by comparing it witli the modern schemes of Molesdiott, Herbert Spencer, and Comte. It took note only of the temporal and perishable side of the nniverse, and estaldished a foundation for its reason- ings by supposing ti…
1,039 wordsSECTION 156Section 156
Unquestionably there are contradictions involved in this scheme, but the acceptance of antinomies is one of the most striking characteristics of the doctrines of Xenophanes. Naturally and necessarily he is lirought to declare all things incomprehensible. Certain knowl- edge is thus impossible ; all truth evaporates int…
933 wordsSECTION 157Section 157
thought. Being is limited, but limited only by itself, and embodied in a perfect sphere. It is independent of time, space, and motion, all of which are denied to have any absolute existence. It is a state of ever- lasting repose. All changes and motions are apparent onl}' ; they are mere semblances. On this system be- …
934 wordsSECTION 158Section 158
There is a most profound significance in the obser- vation made !>}• Aristotle in regard to Parmenides, that, " looking up to the whole heavens, he declared the one only Being to be God." This seems to have been the distinctive purport of the Eleatic School, though it was soon obscured, and ultimately discarded ; but i…
925 wordsSECTION 159Section 159
5. Son of Phinehas, and associated with the priests and Levites in taking charge of the sacred vessels re- stored to Jerusalem after the Exile (Ezra viii, 33). B.C. 459. He is probably the same with one of those who encompassed the Avails of Jerusalem on their com- pletion (Neh. xii,42). B.C. 440. It docs not appear fr…
931 wordsSECTION 160Section 160
19. A Jewish conjuror whom Josephus speaks of having seen exorcise demons in the presence of Ves- pasian and his officers by means of a magical ring {Ant. viii, 2, 5). 20. A son of Sameas, and born in Saab in Galilee, who performed a heroic act of valor and self-devotion during the final siege of Jerusalem (Josephus, …
1,117 wordsSECTION 161Section 161
Election of Clergy. How far the people had a right in the election of ministers in the early Church is a question that has been much disjuited. 1. The account in Acts i, 15 of the choice of an apos- tle in place of Judas is cited as proof that even the apostles would not elect without the voice of the Church at Jerusa…
1,104 wordsSECTION 162Section 162
Election of Grace. On the history of the doc- trine of Election, sec Arjiinianism ; Predestina- tion. We present here, I. A statement of the doc- trine from the Augustinian or Calvinistic point of view, by the Kev. C. Hodge, D.D., of Princeton ; II. A statement of the doctrine from the iSIethodist point of view; III. S…
1,193 wordsSECTION 163Section 163
ELECTION OF GRACE 126 ELECTION OF GRACE 15). Paul's experienoo, as well as the teaching of the Hoh'' Spirit, impressed upon liis mind a deep convic- tion of the sovereignty of God in tlie salvation of men. He knew he had been chosen not for, but notwith- standing, his previous character and conduct. And he knew that…
996 wordsSECTION 164Section 164
To the objection that it is unjust thus to dispense or withhold mercy at his own good pleasure, Paul's an- swer is, tliat any attribute which the Scriptures ascribe to God, and an}' prerogative which he actually exei*- cises, we must admit rightfullj' to belong to him. If God, in liis Word, claims this prerogative of h…
1,283 wordsSECTION 165Section 165
5. The doctrines of the Bible are so related that one of necessity implies others. If the Scriptures teach that men, since the Fall, are born in a state of sin and condemnation, and are spiritually dead until renewed by the Holy Ghost; if this death in sin involves en- tire helplessness, or inability to any spirituall…
1,075 wordsSECTION 166Section 166
8. As there is this correspondence between the truths of the Bible and religious experience, there is a like analogy between the providence of God and the dispensations of his grace. He is not more sovereign in the one than in the other. It is of him that we ■were born in a Christian land and not heathendom ; among Pro…
1,259 wordsSECTION 167Section 167
ELECTION OF GRACE 129 ELECTION" OF GRACE or, as St. Peter expresses it, ' elect according to the foreknowledge of God, through sanctification of the Spirit.' Tliis election I as hrmly believe as I believe the Scripture to bo of God. But unconditional elec- tion I cannot believe ; not only because I cannot lind it in…
990 wordsSECTION 168Section 168
Now what were the effects of this election ? (1.) Plainly the ancient election of the Jews to be God's peculiar people did not secure the salvation of every Jew individually, nor did it exclude the non-elect Gen- tiles from adequate means of salvation ; nay, the elec- tion of the Jews was intended for the benefit of th…
1,177 wordsSECTION 169Section 169
the Arminian doctrine is that it "subverts grace!" How .' Because " it is not an act of grace for the Most High to do justice!" Does this mean that God can- not be at once gracious and just? Grace, in this dis- cussion, is not oi)posed to God's justice, but to man's desert. If, indeed, human merit alone had entered int…
798 wordsSECTION 170Section 170
1. Dr. Nevin (^Mercersburgh Review, April, 1857, not writing from the Arminian point of view) compares the New-Testament idea of election with the Calvin- istic as follows: "Are the references to the idea of election in the New Testament such, as a general thing, that they may be fairlj^ construed in the known and esta…
1,182 wordsSECTION 171Section 171
Election of Pope. See Cardinals ; Con- clave ; Pope. El-elo'he-Is'Tael (Hebrew El Elohy' Yisrael', bx^b'i "'ribx h^ — Mighty One, God of Israel ; Sept. 6 S-tof '\apaij\ ; Vulg. Fortissimus Dens Israel), the name bestowed by Jacob on the altar which he erect- ed facing the city of Shechem, in the piece of culti- vated …
1,336 wordsSECTION 172Section 172
Elephant {tXkpag) does not occur in the text of the canonical Scriptures of the A. V., except in the adj. tXf^ojTti'Of,, "of ivory," Rev. xviii, 12. But tlie an- imal is believed to be referred to in the Heb. C^^H'^'Z; elephant's tooth, i. e. " ivorj'," 1 Kings x, 22; 2 Chron. ix, 21. See Ivory. Some have also regarded…
1,033 wordsSECTION 173Section 173
xxvii, 15), carried luxury so far as to make the row- ers' benches of their ships of boxwood inlaid with ivory. For the estimation in which ivory was an- ciently held, and its various uses among the Greeks and Romans, see Hej'ne, Antiquar. Aufs. ii, 149 sq. (also in the Nov. commentatt. Soc. Goetting. I, ii, 96 sq.); S…
983 wordsSECTION 174Section 174
The Asiatic species, carrying the head higher, has more dignitj' of appearance, and is believed to have more sagacity and courage than the African, which, however, is not inferior in weight or bulk, and has never been in the hands of such experienced managers as the Indian mohauts are, who have acquired such deep knowl…
979 wordsSECTION 175Section 175
ELEUSINIAN MYSTERIES 135 ELEUTHEROPOLIS acles came to Athens to be initiated into the mysteries it was not j^et permitted to admit any foreign Greek. In order not to violate the traditional laws, and at the same time not to oftund the great hero, who was not less feared than venerated, the lesser mysteries were trans…
720 wordsSECTION 176Section 176
destroying distinctions of class, forbade any woman to ride to the Eleusinia in a chariot, under a penalty of GOOO drachmae. The mysteries were celebrated with the most scrupulous secrecy. No initiated person might reveal what he had seen under pain of death, and no uninitiated person could take part in the cere- monie…
917 wordsSECTION 177Section 177
The modern village of Beit Jibrin is about twenty- five miles from Jerusalem, on tlic road to Gaza. It contains between two and three hundred inhabitants, and is situated in a little nook or glen in the side of a long green valley, which is shut in by low ridges of limestone partially covered with dark copse. The ancie…
926 wordsSECTION 178Section 178
Eleutherus or Eleutherius, a native of Nicop- ; olis, elected bishop of Rome after the death of Soter, May 3, 177. He is previously (168) mentioned as a ; deacon of bishop Anicetus of Rome. He opposed with much zeal the errors of the Yalentinians during his : tenure of office. Two events are reported to liave rendered …
902 wordsSECTION 179Section 179
Jerome, in his Qiiatst. Ilehr. on both passages — he does not state whether from ancient tradition or not — translates Elhanan mio A \l'0-d: this, and adds fliussal- it'is Pofi/tnifat-ius Bctklehemites — "the son of a wood, a weaver, a Bethlehemite." Adeodatus, he says, is Da- vid, which he argues not only by considera…
1,253 wordsSECTION 180Section 180
E'li (;}X(', for Ileb. '^bx [Psa. xxii, 2], eW , my God, as it is immediately rendered), an exclamation used by our Saviour on the cross, in appeal to his heavenly Father (Matt, xxvii, 46). See Agony. In the par- allel passage (Mark xv, 34) it is written 'EXwt, Eloi (q. v.). Eli- (■'^X, an old form of the "construct s…
1,004 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
Project Gutenberg source record →
Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.