PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 5
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,342,977 words · 1313 reading sections
Section 1021
Mother of God !' Oh, how many victories have not the faithful gained over hell by having recourse to Mary with this short but most po\verful prayer ! Thus it was that that great servant of God, sister Mary, the cruci- fied, of tlie Order of S. Benedict, always overcame the devils" (p. 2(J). " ' Since the very tigers,' …
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Lest the charge should be brought to our door that we have attributed to the Church of Rome the doctrines held by only a part of her communicants, or even only one of her priests, we continue our quotations from some of her most eminent writers, aflbrding amjile proof of the manner in which the Roman Catholic is taught…
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Son of God, have mercy on ns ! Holy Ghost, ha%'e mercy on us ! Jesus C'hrist, hear us ! Jesus Christ, graciously hear us ! God, the Father of heaven, have mercy on us ! Gofljthe Son, Redeemer of the world, have mercy on us ! God, the Holy Ghost, have mercy on us ! Holy Trinitj', one God, have mercy on us! Heart…
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MARIOLATRY 751 MARIOLATRY ings are supplicated as from one who is able to bestow them. Ill all devotions she has a share. The Ave Ala- lia accompanies the Pater iVoster. ' Evening, morning, and at noon,' said the Psalmist, ' will I pray unto thee, and cry aloud ;' the pious Koman Catholic transfers these services to…
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days of Christ that it reproduced itself even among the followers of Jesus, though it is true it appeared clothed in a Christian dress. '• The popular religious want," says Dr. Schalf, " had accustomed itself even to female deities, and very naturally betook itself first of all to Mary, the highly favored and blessed m…
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Indeed, down to the time of the Nestorian controver- sy of A.U. 430, the cultus of the Blessed Virgin, it would appear, was wholly external to the Church, and was re- garded as heretical. It was this controversy that first produced a great change of sentiment in men's minds. Nestorius had maintained, or at least it was…
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MARIOLATRY 753 MARIOLATRY tion, a sinless birth, resurrection and ascension to heav- en, and a participation of all power in heaven and earth. She became the centre of devotion, cultus, and art, and the popular symbol of power, of glor}', and of the final victory of Catholicism over all heresies" (ii, 424, 4'25). In…
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to the altar of sacrilege^ and made her offering in the person of the immortal Dante, who, " through the com- munion of mind, not less than through his writings, in- fused into religious art tliat mingled theology, poetry, and mysticism which ruled in the Giottesque school during the following century, and went hand in…
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own day. on Dec. 8, 1854, when this dogma, conceived in the silence of the cell by the brain of infatuated monks, was canonized by a helpless pontiff', and the doctrine es- tablished " that not only did the Virgin Mary imm.acu- lately conceive her son Jesus Christ (as Protestants hold), but was as immaculately conceive…
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Marion, Elie, a prophet of the Cevennes, was boni in 1678 at Barre. Being destined for the bar by his family, he studied for that profession till October, 1701, when he became possessed with the religious fanaticism of the Camisards, and returned to his native country in order to take part in the movement already began…
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roy. des iiiscript. (Paris, 1770) ; Herzog, Real- Ency Hop. ix, 108 sq. ; Wetzer undWelte, Kirc/ien-Lexikon, yi,8'J].. (G.M.) Marius Mercator, a layman in the Church of the 4th century, flourished at Constantinople after 421. Dr. Murdock, the editor ofMosheim, says that Marius Mercator " was undoubtedly a layman, a fr…
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When we desert Scripture we find the facts doubtful, and even inconsistent. If Papias be trusted (quoted in Eusebius, //. E. iii, 39), Marie never was a disciple of our Lord, which he probaiily infers from 1 Pet. v, 13. Epiphanius, on the other liand, willing to do honor to the evangelist, adopts tlie tradition that he…
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MARK, GOSPEL OF 757 MARK, GOSPEL OF cem (licitur ut sacerdotio reprobus haboretiir;" as if, by his desertion of the apostles (Acts xiii, 13), he had be- come tiguratively a " poUice trunciis" — a poltroon. II. /Source of this Gospel. — Tlie tradition of the early Church asserts that Mark wrote his Gospel under the'…
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But whUe we are unable to admit any considerable direct influence of Peter in the composition of the Gos- pel, it is by no means improbable that his oral commu- nications may have indirecllj/ influenced it, and that it is to him the minuteness of its details and the graphic coloring which specially distinguish it arc d…
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this opinion of the dependence, more or less complete, of IMark upon the other Gospels, was for a long time re- garded almost as an established fact, no very searching investigation is needed to show its baselessness. In- stead of Mark's narrative being an abridgment of that of Matthew or of Luke, it is often much fidl…
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The arrangement of the narrative, especially of our Lord's earlier GaliliBan ministry, agrees- with Luke in opposition to that of Matthew, which appears rather to have been according to similarity of subject than order of time. According to Norton (Genuineness of Gospels), there are not more than twenty-four verses in…
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MARK, GOSPEL OF 760 MARK, GOSPEL OF But while the element of divine power is that which specially arrests our attention in reading his Gospel, there is none in which the human personality is more conspicuous. The single word o TtKriov (vi, 3) throws a tlood of light on our Lord's early life as man in his native vill…
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V. Style and Diction. — The style of Jlark may be characterized as vigorous and abrupt. His tenns of connection and transition are terse and lively ; he is fond of employing the direct for the indirect (iv, 39 ; v, 8, 9, 12; vi, 23, 31, 37; ix, 25, 33; xii, 6), the present for the past (i, 25, 40, 44 ; ii, 3, 4, 5 ; ii…
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VII. Citations from Scripture. — The following are the only direct citations : Mai. iii, 1 i, 2. Isa. xl, 3 i, 3. Isa. vi, 9, 11 iv, 12. Isa. xxix, 13 vii, 6. Exod. XX, 12 ; xxi, IT vii, 10. (a) Isa. Ixvi, 24 ix, 44, 4G, 48. Gen. i, 27 x, 0. Geu. ii, 24 x, T, 8. Exod. XX, 12-1.5... x,l!). Psa. cxviii, 25, 26…
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As regards the intefjrHy of the Gospel, Ewald, Reuss, and others have called in question the genuineness of the opening verses (i, 1-13). But the external evidence for them is as great as that for the authenticity of any part of the Gospels. Internal evidence is too subtle a thing, and varies too much with the subjecti…
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Mark on the Person (in this sense 1S^, ^«r, Ezck. ix, 4, 6 ; x^pwyi""! Kev. xiii sq.), a brand or other char- acter fixed upon the forehead (q. v.), hand, etc., usually of slaves, for the purpose of identifying them. See Slave. In the case of Cain (Gen. iv, 15), a special token (n'lK, sign, as elsewhere rendered) was …
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ers, of the fruit-dealers, the copper-ware sellers, the jew- ellers, and so on ; each consisting of a row of shops on each side of the street devoted to that particular kind of trade (Hackett, Illustra. oj' /Script, p, 61). See B^vr- GAIN ; BaZ.VAU ; COMJIERCK ; MeKCIIANT. Marklin, Joiiann Friedricii, a German theolo…
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Marlorat(us), Augustine, a French Protestant theologian, was born at Bar-le-Duc in 1506. At an early age he was put in an Augustine convent, and took the vows in 1524. He soon accpiired great reputation as a preacher. Having been ap])ointed prior of a convent of his order at Bourges, he commenced to entertain Prot- est…
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Marmontel, Jean Fkan^ois, a celebrated French critic, and a leader in the French school of infidelity which flourished under the guidance of Diderot, Holbach, and Voltaire, was born at Bort, in Limousin, in 1723, of humble parentage. He was educated at the Jcsidts' college at Mauriac, but, not inclining towards asceti-…
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MARON TGG MARONITES sented the Netherlands at the Diet of Worms, and pre- vailed on the German states to remain neutral in the contest with Spain. In the mean time religious intol- erance had led to gross outrages among his countrymen, and the bitter feeling bctAvccn the jiartics threatened ruin to the union that ha…
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tasius II, in the early part of the 8th centurj', settled on the slo])es of the Lebanon, and gradually yielded their distinctive Monothelite views. According to Moshcim (Eccles. Hist, i, 457 ; iii, 127), many Monothelites, after the Council of Constantinople, found a refuge among the Mardaites, signifying in Syriac reb…
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brought back to the communion of Rome by the influ- ence of the Crusaders. Even in our day the Maronites, " warranted, indeed, both by historical and traditional records, allude in terms of pride and satisfaction to the service done by their ancestors to the armies of tlie Cru- saders, and estimate in round numbers 50,…
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On Sept. 14, 1841, a first affray took place between the Druses and tlie Christians at I)eir cl-Kamar ; it was re- pressed by the efforts of colonel Rose. The Druses rose again, however, on Oct. 13, 14, and 15, and the entire destruction of the town was only prevented by the arri- val from Beirut of colonel Rose and Ay…
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jewelry, and gold coin taken from these sanctuaries " were not allowed to be yilundered by the rabble, but were removed by soldiersv" These are the words of the British consul, Mr. Brant. The consulates of France, Russia, Austria, Belgium, Holland, and the United States were all burned. Those of luigland and Prussia es…
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obtained by personal superiority of character. . . . The income of the patriarch may amount to about £5000 a year, derived principally from lands set apart exclusive- ly for the ofiSce. He obtains likewise a sixth of the revenue of the bishops." " The patriarch of the Maro- nites," says Madden {Turkish Empire, ii, 160)…
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IV. Peculiar Religious Usages. — Like the Bohemians and the Greek Christians, the Maronites administer the sacraments in both kinds, dipping the bread in wine be- fore its distribution. " The host is a small round loaf, unleavened, of the thickness of a finger, and about the size of a crown-piece. On the top is the imp…
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MAROTH the spring of 1534, prohibited books being found in his dwelling, Marot was compelled to flee to Beam, whence he afterwards jiroceeded to Fcrrara, the residence of the duchess Kenata of Este. In 1536 Francis I recalled him to his court. It is said that he had recanted, but this is not proved. In 1538 he commenc…
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The inhabitants are of the same race as those of the Society and Sandwich islands. They are well propor- tioned and handsome, but degraded in their reUgion and in many of their customs. They exhibit some confused notion of a divine being, whom they call Etooa; but they give the same name to the spirit of a priest, of a…
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Marquis, Thomas, a Presbyterian minister, was born near Winchester, Va., in 1753. His early life was subjected to many deprivations. He received an ordi- nary common-school education, prosecuted his classical studies, amid painful vicissitudes, at Buffalo and Can- onsburg, and in April, 1793, was licensed to preach ; l…
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2. The introduction of sin into the world modified to a certain extent the mutual relations of man and wife. As the blame of seduction to sin lay on the latter, the condition of subordination was turned into subjection, and it was said to her of her husband, " he shall rule over thee" (Gen. iii, 16) — a sentence which,…
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MARRIAGE MARRIAGE 2. The Iilosaic enactments introchiced no changes into these usages. The father's power over the child in matters of marriage continued paramount, and he could iiive his children to any one he pleased without asking their consent. Thus Caleb offers his daughter Achsah (Josh. XV, Iti, 17) as wife to …
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gracefuhiess is deceit, and beauty is vanity, but the woman that fears the Lord, she is worthy of praise" {Mc'ffilla, iv, 8). Having made his choice, the young man or his father informed the maiden's father of it, whereupon the young people were legally betrothed. The betrothal was celebrated by a feast made in the hou…
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III. Marriage Ceremonies. — 1. In the pre-Mosaic pe- riod, when the proposals were accepted, and the mar- riage-price ("lira), as well as the sundry other gifts ("n'S), were duly distributed, the bridegroom driri) could at once remove the bride (n^iS) from her father's house to his own liouse, and this removal of the m…
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MARRIAGE 776 MARRIAGE bah {t^'Z'^,T'2)= donatio propter or ante nuptlas, or the marriauf-sottlement, alluded to in the book of Tobit (vii, \h ), ;vas then written, which in the case of a maid- en always promises 200, and in the case of a widow 100 denar (each denar being equal to 90 grains of pure gold), whether the…
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the marriage-feast was enlivened by the guests, who sang various songs and asked each other amusing rid- dles (Berachoth, 31 a; Nedarim, 51 a), parched corn was distributed among the guests if the bride was a virgin (Keth. ii), and when the meal was concluded with cus- tomary prayer of thanksgiving, the bridegroom supp…
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IV. Polygamy ami Concubinage. — 1. Though the his- tory of the protoplasts — in which we are told that God in the beginning created a single pair, one of each sex — seems to exhibit a standard for monogamy, j-et the Scriptures record that from the remotest periods men had simultaneously several wives, occujiying either…
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MARRIAGE IIS MARRIAGE the motive, and entered into, not only without offence to, l)Ut actually at the suggestion of those who, accord- ing to our notions, woidd feci most deeply injured by it, is a very different thing from what polygamy would be in our own state of society. 2. In the case of polj-gamy, as in that …
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3. As nothing is said in the post-exilian portions of the Bible to discourage polj'gamj^, this ancient practice also continued among the Jews during this period. During the second Temple, we find that Herod the Great had nine wives (Josephus, Ant. xvii, 1, 3); his two sons, Archelaus the Ethnarch, and Antipas the Te- t…
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Y. Proscribed DegTces and Lmcs of Intermarriage. — 1. There were no prescribed degrees within which a man was forbidden to marry in the pre-Mosaic period. Oq Table of Degrees of Marriage prohibited by the Mosaic Law, in the asccudiug and descending scales. MARRIAGE ISO MARRIAGE the contrary, the fact that Adam mar…
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Different penalties are attached to the infringement of these prohibitions. The punishment of death is to be inflicted for marrying a father's wife (Lev. xviii, 8 ; XX, 11), or a daughter-in-law (Lev. xviii, 15; xx, 12); of death by fire for marrying a woman and her daugh- ter at the same time (xviii, 17 ; xx, 14) ; of…
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male iKiltin to an Israelite; or, vice versa, if a Jewess is married to a bastard or nethiii — the child goes after the inferior party; where the woman cannot be betrothed to the man, but might legally be betrothed to another person — e. g., i. if a man married within any one of the degrees proscribed by the law — the …
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3. In the post-exilian period, besides the fifteen pro- scribed degrees enumerated in Lev. xviii, 7-17; xx, 11, etc., the Sopliei-ini, or scribes (B.C. 322-221), prohibited marriage with other relations (IMishna, Jehamoth, ii, 4), and those prohibitions were afterwards extended still fur- ther by I!. Chija ben- Abba th…
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MARRIAGE (83 MARRIAGE ted, and who had to explain and administer the law in practical life, knew nothing about it. The Palestinian doctors regarded the proscribed degrees as a positire law, the cause of which cannot be divined by human reason (^Sifra Kedoshim, i.x, 12 ; Talmud, Sahhath, 130 a; Joma, 75 a). The only …
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VI. Sanctity of Marriage, anel Mutual Rights of Hus- band and Wife. — 1. Though at the creation the wife oc- cupied an equal position with the husband, being a part of him, yet, as she became the cause of his sin, God or- dained it as part of her punishment that the wife should be in subjection to the will of her husba…
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3. The notions about sanctity of marriage were loftier diu-ing the post-exilian period than in the preceding epochs, as maybe judged from the fact that unfaithful- ness to a wife is denounced by the prophet INIalachi as \iolatmg a sacred covenant, to the transaction of which God himself was a witness (ii, 14). And thou…
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MARRIAGE 785 MARRIAGE and acted upon by those who were cliarged with the administration of the law from time immemorial. The only exception which the sages made was when a man divorced his wife because of an evil report which he maliciously circulated about her; then he was not al- lowed to remarry her (Mishna, Gitt…
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During the post-exilian period the abuse of divorce continued unabated (Josephus, Life, 76) ; and under the Asmonaian dynasty the right was assumed by the wife as agamst her husband, an innovation which is attribu- ted to Salome by Josephus (Ant. xv, 7, 10), but which appears to have been prevalent in the apostolic age…
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In fulfilling the duty of the lAvir in the patriarchal age the surviving brother had to make great sacrifices. He had not only to renounce the perpetuating of his own name through the first-born son ((Jen. xxxviii, 9), and mar his own inheritance (Ruth iv, 6)^but, what was most galling, he was obliged to take the widow…
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IX. In considering the social and domestic conditions of married life among the Hebrews, we must, in the tirst place, take into account the position assigned to Avomen generally in their social scale. The seclusion of the ha- 7-em, and the habits consequent upon it, were utterly un- known in early times, and the condit…
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The legal rights of the wife are noticed in Exod. xxi, 10, imdcr the three heads of food, raiment, and duty of marriage or conjugal right. These were defined with great precision by the Jewish doctors, for thus only could one of the most cruel effects of polygamy be avert- ed, viz. the sacrifice of the rights of the ma…
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MARRIAGE, Christian. The word is derived through the French mari, from the Latin maritiis, " a husband." Malrimomj, a synonyme, comes from the Latin mater, " a mother," as testimonium from testis, " a witness." Wedlock, a beautiful word, is of Anglo-Saxon origin, from weddian, "to pledge," "to covenant;" or wedd, " a p…
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If the Christian Church had stopped at admiring the continence and rare self-restraint of men who for Christ's sake led unmarried lives, much evil woidd have been avoided. As it was, the Christian mind passed on from such admiration to an undervaluation of the married life; celibacy was a sign of greater virtue; second…
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The Continental Eeformcrs from the first denied the sacramental character of marriage. They acknowledged, indeed, matrimony as holy and instituted of God, yet considered it as partaking more of a civil than of an ec- clesiastical character — as an institution which received only a higher consecration by the blessing of…
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II. These things being premised, we proceed to a brief discussion of some of those points relating to marriage which may be reasonably made the subjects of legisla- tion without violating the feelings of Christians or op- posing the authority of the Scriptures. 1. The State may decide who shall be capable of con- trac…
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plants themselves, it is now known, are benefited by the pollen of one fiower being conveyed to another, and it is the office of insects, such as bees and files, to medi- ate in this keeping up the "breeds" of the vegetable kingdom, (c) Besides enacting laws against the mar- riage of blood-relations, states have someti…
987 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.