PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 5
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,342,977 words · 1313 reading sections
Section 541
These provisions for abode, of course, did not apjily to the Levites in the time of Moses. While wandering in the wilderness, they were supported like the other Israelites, with but slight emoluments or perquisites, and at first with comparatively little honor, amid their considerable burdens in caring for the religiou…
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The ca])turc of the ark by the Philistines did not en- tirely interrupt the worship of the Israelites, and the ministrations of the Levites went on, first at Shiloh (1 Sam. xiv, o), then for a time at Nob (1 Sam. xxii, 11), afterwards at (Jilieon (1 Kings iii, 2; 1 Chron. x-vi, 39). The history <>f the return of the ar…
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1. Number of Levites and Aye for Service. — The Le- vites from thirty years of age and upwards were first of all numbered, when it was Ibund that they were 38,000 (1 Chron. xxiii, 2,3) ; this being about 29,500 more than at the first Mosaic census. It will be seen that, accord- ing to this statement, the Levites were t…
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(o.) The third class also consisted of 4000. They were the gate-keepers (D'^1"1^\ TTvXwpoi, 1 Chron. xxvi, 1- 10), and, as such, bore arms (ix, 19. 2 Chron. xxxi, 2). They had to open and shut the gates, to keep strangers and excommunicated or unclean persons from entering the courts, and to guard the storehouse, the T…
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This reorganization effected by David, we are told, was adojited by his son Solomon when the Temple was completed (2 Chron. viii, 14, etc.). The revolt of the ten tribes, and the policy pursued by Jeroboam, led to a great change in the position of the Levites. They were the witnesses of an appointed order and of a cent…
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The guidance of the O. T. fails us at this point, and the history of the Levites in relation to the national life becomes consequently a matter of inference and con- jecture. The synagogue worship, then originated, or receiving a new development, was organized irrespect- ively of them [see Synagogue], and thus througho…
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The Levites appear but seldom in tlie history of the X. T. Where we meet with their names it is as the type of a formal, heartless worship, without sympathy and without love (Luke x, 32). The same parable in- dicates Jericho as having become — what it bad not been originally (see Josh, xxi 1 Chron. vi) — on», of the gr…
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Levites, Military, a name given to such ministers in the time of the Commonwealth as filled the oflice of chaplain in the regiments of the ParUamentary army. — Muck, Theol. I )ict.\..x. Levit'icus, so called in the Vulgate from treating chiefly of the Levitical service ; in tlie Ileb. S"ip^1, and he called, being the …
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This decalogue is then completed by the three regu- lations respecting the guilt-offering (or trespass-offer- ing) : first, when any one sins " through ignorance in the holy things of Jehovah" (ver. 14, 16) ; next, when a person, without knowing it, "commits any of these thuigs which are forbidden to be done by the com…
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(III.) The laws concerning j)^'ritii and imjmriti/, and the appropriate sacrifices and ordinances for putting away impurity (chap, xi-xvi). The first seven deca- logues had reference to the putting away oC guilt. By the appointed sacrifices the separation between man and God was healed. The next seven concern themselve…
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5. G. The law of nncleanness by issue, etc., in two decalogues (xv, 1-15; xv, lG-31). The division is clearly marked, as Bertheau observes, by the form of cleansing, wliich is so exactly similar in the two princi- pal cases, and which closes each series: (1) ver. 13-15; (2) ver. 28-30. We again give his arrangement, th…
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goats ; (5) verses 9, 10, Aaron to offer the goat on which | two prevalent heathen practices, the eating of blood and the lot falls for Jehovah, and to send away the goat for j fornication. It is remarkable, as showing how inti- Azazel into the wilderness; (G) verses 11-19, Aaron to I mately moral and ritual observance…
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We have thus found five decalogues in this group. Bertheau completes the number seven by transposing, as we have seen, chap, xvii, and placing it immediately before ch. xx. He also transfers ver. 27 of ch. xx to what he considers its proper place, viz., after ver. 6. It must be confessed that the enactment in ver. 27 s…
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g. Chap, xxv, 39-xxvi, 2. (1) ver. 39 ; (2) ver. 40-42; (3) ver. 43 ; (4) ver. 44, 45 ; (5) ver. 46 : (6) ver. 47-49 ; (7) ver. 50; (8) ver. 51, 52; (9) ver. 53; (10) ver. 54. It will be observed that the above arrangement is only completed by omitting the latter part of ch. xxiii and the whole of ch. xxiv. But it is …
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With regard to the section ch. xvii-xx, Knobel does not consider the whole of it to have been borrowed from the same sources. Ch. xvii he believes was mtroduced here by the Jehovist from some ancient document, whUe he admits, nevertheless, that it contains certain Elohis- tic forms of expression, as "lb3 bis, "aU flesh…
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The section in cha[i. viii-x is said to have a mj-thical coloring. This assertion is groimded on the miracle narrated in ch. ix, 24. But what could have been the inducement to forge this section? It is said that the priests invented it in order to support the authority of the sacerdotal caste by the solemn ceremony of …
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V. Commentaries. — The following are the special ex- egetical helps on the whole or major part of this book, to the most important of which we prefix an asterisk : Origen, Sekcta. (in 0pp. ii, 179) ; also Iloniilice (ibid, iv, 184); Ephrem ^yTu», £x2)laJiaiio (in Syriac, in 0pp. ii, 236) : Theodoret, Qucestiones (in Gr…
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LeTwis, Moses, a Jlethodist minister, was born in Koxbury, Vt., jNIaj' 1',), 1707, and early decided upon the ministry as his work of life. He entered the travelling connection in 1831 in the New Hampshire Conference. After five years of faitliful and successful labors as an itinerant, failing health compelled him to r…
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LEYDEN 408 LEYDEN, SCHOOL OF Especial mention among his IJiblical works is due to his archffiological treatise entitled Dt Repuhlka Htbneoi-um (Amst. 17U4, thick foh voh ), which is one of the largest repertories ever written on the wide snbject of Hebrew anticiuitics, and exhibits in an eminent degree vast stores o…
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tive criticism of the German Rationalists De Wettc, Ewald, and Ilitzig, and they dispose of the " historical" by asserting (e. g. Kuenen) that we cannot go further back than the middle of the 8th century before Christ, or the time of liosea and Amos; that "all the preced- ing times are enveloped in hopeless myth. Abrah…
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Leyser. See Lyskr. L'Hopital. See HorixAL. Liar. See Lie. Libanius, a celebrated sophist of the 4th centurj-, noted as a friend of the emperor Julian, was bom about A.D. 314 at Antioch, where he studied in early youth, devoting his attention to the purest classic models. Af- ter a stay of four years at Athens, where…
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LIBEL 410 LIBERALITY a measure, poured upon him : '• For I am ready to be of- feriMi, and the time of my departure is at liand" (2 Tim. iv, G ). Tlie same expressive sacrificial term occurs in I'hil. ii, 17, wliere the apostle represents the faith of the rhilippians as a sacrifice, and his own blood as a liba- tion …
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Liberalism. See Rationalism. Liberality is a term denoting a generous disposi- tion of mind, exerting itself in giving largely. It is thus distinguished from its synonymcs generosity and boiuity. Liberality implies acts of mere giving or spending ; generosit j', acts of greatness ; bounty, acts of kindness. Liberality…
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innocent policy. The bigot lives at home ; a reptile he crawled into existence, and there in his hole he lurks a reptile still. A generous Christian goes out of his own party, associates with others, and gains improvement by all. It is a Persian proverb, 'A liberal hand is bet- ter than a strong arm.' The dignity of Ch…
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abolished in that year; but, on the other hand, it must be ]iosterior to G85, for in caput ii, tit. ix, the emperor (Jonstantine (Pogonatus) is spoken of as being akeady (lead. It must also have been written under some suc- cessor of Agatho (f G82), as this Koman bishop is also mentioned as dead. Garnerius supposed it …
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'ihe constitution of Liberia, like that of the United States, establishes an entire separation of the Church from the State, and places all religious denominations on an equal footing, but all citizens of the republic must be- long to the negro race. In 1872 the total pojiulation of Liberia was estimated to number 720,…
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At the close of the year 1871 the churches among the Americo-Liberians and the missions among the natives were all more or less connected with the Protestant churches of the United States. The Methodist Episco- pal Churcli, which sent her first missionary to Liberia in 1832, has subsequently organized the Liberia INlis…
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Liber Pontificalis de vitis Romanorum Pontif- cum, Gksta Rojianorum Pontificum, Liber gesto- i:uM roxTiFicALirM, are the names of a history of the bishops of Rome from the apostle Peter down to Nicolas I (f 867), to which those of Adrian II and of Ste])hen VI (t 891) were subsequently added. On the author- ity of Onuph…
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LIBER PONTIFICALIS 415 LIBER PONTIFICALIS chapter of Verona, endinf; also with Conon, but to it was adilc<l afterwards a list of the names of the popes down to Paul I (t 7G7). Tliis 3IS. was published in the fourth volume of Bianchini's collection, but, unfortunately, we have no description of this codex; it was to …
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The investigations made on this subject permit us to distuiguish three continuations of the Liber Pontijica- lis. 1. From an unknown source have been composed three histories of the popes: («) one is contained in the Vatican Codex, 3764, extending from Laudo (912) to Gregory VII, and belonging to the end of the 11th ce…
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1. The other names being local, this also has been re- ferred to a town called Libertum, in the proconsular province of Africa. This, it is said, would explain the close juxtaposition with CjTene. Suidas recognises AifiipTivoi as wo(.ia i^vovc, and in the CouncU of Car- thage in 411 (Mansi, iv, 265-274, quoted in Wilts…
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We have said above that the system of the Libertines was pantheistic ; it was, in fact, pure pantheism. They held that there is one universal spirit, which is found in every creature, and is the Spirit of God. This one spirit and God is distinguished from itself according as it is considered in heaven or on earth. '' D…
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LIBERTY 418 LIBERTY riage, such as satisfie^both body and mind, being a union of each to each ; communion of saints extended not merely to the worldly possessions, but also to the very bodies of the saints. In short, spiritualism soon degenerated into open and avowed sensualism and ma- terialism. But this is the ver…
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of the man, which every one finds in himself, arise tha ideas of liberty and necessity." These definitions, how- ever, merely extend to the ability of the individual to execute his own purposes without obstruction ; where- as Locke, in order to do justice to his own decided opinion on the subject, ought to have include…
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It is unquestionable that the source of most of the confusion on the subject is in the ambiguity lurking un- der the term necessit;/, which includes both kinds of ne- cessity, moral and physical. The double meaning of the word has been the chief reason why persons who were guided more by their own feelings and the cust…
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The ground assumed on this vexed question by Sir William Hamilton and Mansell is that liberty and ne- cessity are both incomprehensible, both being beyond the limits of legitimate thought ; that they are among those questions which admit of no certain answer, the very inabiUty to answer them proving that dogmatic decis…
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Lib'iiah (Heb. Libnah', n32?, transparency, as in Exod. xxiv, 10), the name of two places. See also SlIIIIOR-LIBXATlI. 1. (Sept. Aifiiuva v. r. Atjibjva.') The twenty-first station of the Israelites in the desert, between Ilimmon- parez and Eissah (Numb, xxxiii, 20, 21) ; probably identical with Laban (Deut. i, 1), a…
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Libri Carolini. See Caroline Books. Lib'ya (At/3i'a or AijSin]), a name which, in its largest acceptation, was used by the (ireeks to denote the whole of Africa (Strabo, ii, 131); but Lihi/a Proper, whicli is the Libya of the New Testament (Acts ii, 10), and the country of the Liibiia in the Old, was a large tract lyi…
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the Sept. translators of Exodus, mentions the ki'itteq (the (T/cj'T0s(." of the Sept.) among insects able to distin- guish the smell of honey ( //^V. A nimal. iv, 8), and refers to species of birds which he calls (jKimropuya, that live by hunting (jKin-mg (viii, G). His pupil Theophrastus savs, '• The Kvling are born i…
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Egyptian Gnat mngnitied. LICENSE 423 LIE Harenbcrg, Ohserr. Crit. de Insectis JErjypt. infest ariHbus, ill MisccU. Lips. Nov. ii, 4, 617-20 ; Geddes, Crit. Rem. on Exod. viii, 17 ; Montanus, Critic. Sac. on Exod. viii, 12 ; Kitto, Daily Bible Illust. ad loc. ; Bochart, Ilieroz. ii, 572. — Kitto. See Gnat. " The ad…
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See Staunton's Ecclesiastical Dictionary, s. v. ; Eadie, Ecclesiastical Dictionary, s. v. See Preachinc;. Licentiate (from Lat. licet, it is lawful), one of the four ancient university degrees. It is no longer in use in England, except at Cambridge as a degree of medi- cine. In France and Germany, however, where it is…
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Tliere are various kinds of lies. 1. The pernicious lie. uttered for the hurt or disadvantage of our neighbor. 2. Tlie olUcious lie, uttered for our own or our neigh- bor's advantage. 3. Tlie ludicrous and jocose lie, utter- ed by way of jest, and only for mirth's sake in common converse. 4. Pious frauds, as they are i…
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existence, as opposed to death and non-existence (Gen. ii, 7 ; XXV, 7 ; Luke xvi, "25 ; Acts xvii, 25; 1 Cur. iii, 22; XV, 19; Heb. vii, 3; James iv, 14; l{ev\xi, 11; xvi, 3). See Longevity, The ancients generally enter- tained the idea that the vital principle (which they ap- pear to have denoted by the term qnrit, in…
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Besides its phj-sical sense (Matt, xvii, 2 ; Acts ix, 3 ; xii, 7 ; 2 Cor. iv, 6), the term light is used by metonj'my for a fire giving light (iNIark xiv, 54; Luke xxii, 56); for a torch, candle, or lamp (Acts xvi, 29) ; for the ma- terial light of heaven, as the sun, moon, or stars (Psa, cxxxvi, 7 ; James i, 17), In f…
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establishment of the Commonwealth, and the tempa- rary subversion of the Church of England. During the civil war he was identified with the Presbyterians, and became a member of the Assembly of Divines at Westminster, where he dis]jlayed great courage and learning in opposing many of those tenets which the divines were…
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Lights. L The use of artificial light in baptism was practiced in the Church at an early day, although it was opposed in this instance as in its use for communion service, etc. But where it was used it was the practice, in addition to the ceremony of putting on white gar- ments at baptism, to place lighted tapers in th…
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LIGN-ALOE 428 LIGN-ALOE Bartholin (in Vyacarana, p. 205) likewise distinsyuishes three sorts. '"one common, very odorous, and of j^reat priee, called ayhil; the black, which is termed kdr-aghhil or kal-uf/am ; the third, producing a Hower, named nw- f/ariiii, properly marKjahjam or maU'KjandMijaL" There i.s conside…
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Aquilaria Agallochum. same species. The former is described as a magnificent tree, growing to the height of 120 feet, being 12 feet in girth. " The bark of the trunk is smooth and ash-col- ored, that of the branches gray and lightly striped with brown. The wood is white, and very light and soft. It is totally without …
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Liguori, Alfonzo jMaria de, a Roman Catholic bishop, and founder of the Order of Eedemptorists, was born Sept. 27, 1G90, at Naples. He was descended from a noble family, and the son of a royal officer; from his mother, who was a fervid Catholic, he imbibed in early childhood a glowing devotedness to the Church of Rome.…
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wood, but fragments of iron and brass. Now there is no peculiar attractive power in the hyacinth; nor is Beck- niann's explanation of this point sufficient. He savs: 'If we consider its (the lyncyrium's) attracting of small bodies in the same light which our hyacinth has in com- mon with all stones of the glassy specie…
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Lilith. See Screech-owl. Lillie, John, D.D., a minister originally of the Re- formed (Uutcli), but afterwards of the Presbyterian Church, was born in Kelso, Scotland, Dec. 16, 1812; graduated with the highest honors at the University of Edinburgh at the age of twenty-one years, prosecuted his theological studies for t…
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LILY 432 LILY work" spoken of in 1 Kings vii, 19, 22, was an ornament in tlic form of the Egyptian lotus. There were formerly three descriptions of \vater-lily in Egypt, but one (the ved-tiowered lotus) has disappeared. '• The flower," says IJurckhardt, speaking of the white variety, or Ni/mji/iua lotus, "generaily …
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LILY 433 LILY tlfies the plant in question with tlie Lilhtm cmididum of Linn:i?iis, It is probably the same as that called in the IMishna • king's lily' (Kitaim, v. 8). Pliny (xxi, 5) de- fines KQivov as 'rubens lilium;' and Dioscorides, in an- other passage, mentions the fact that there are lilies with purple flowe…
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LIMBO 434 LIMBO strongly excited my attention.' On this Dr. Lindley observes, 'It is clear that neitlier the white lily, nor the Oponiiitlius luteus, nor Ixiullrion, will answer to Dr. Ik)wring's ilescription, which seems to point to the Chal- cedonian or scarlet marttigon lily, formerly called the lily of Byzantium…
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From the authorities of the Church, we find that the admission of tlie belief in a purgatory had in the West great influence on the ideas concerning the future. The scholastics, in the course of time, erected these views into a system. Besides the above-named three plac ;s of abode for departed spirits deprived of hea\…
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inal sin went down to the infemus, but that their pun- ishments were different. In this respect the damnation of unbaptized children became defidc, as it had to be in some way distinguished from that of adults. Carrying out this view, the most distinguished scholastics, such as Peter Lombard (^SenU 2, d. 33), Thomas Bo…
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Limborch, Philip van, an eminent Dutch theolo- gian, was born at Amsterdam Jmie 19, 1633. He first studied ethics, history, and philosophj' at his native place, and then applied himself to divinity under the Remon- strants. From Amsterdam he went to Utrecht, and at- tended the lectures of Yoetius, and other divines of …
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LIMINA MARTYRUM 437 ~ LINDSEY sid does not here mean a " plaister," but indicates that the stones, after they had been engraved, were covered ■with a coat of tenacious hme white-wash, employed for similar purposes by the Egyptians, who, when the face of a rock had been sculptured in relievo, covered the whole with a…
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Lindsay, John (1), a learned English divine, who flourished about the middle of the 17th century, was ed- ucated at St. Mary's Hall, Oxford, and for many years officiated as a minister of the nonjuring society in Trin- ity Chapel, Aldersgate Street, and is said to have been their last minister. He was also for some tim…
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Conversations on the Divine Government, showing that everything is from God and for good to all. He died on the 3d of November, 1808. Besides copious bio- graphical notices of Lindsey, which were published in the Monthly Repository and Monthly Magazine of Dec, 1808, the Kev. Thomas Belsham published, in 1812, a thick o…
1,105 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.