PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 5
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,342,977 words · 1313 reading sections
Section 181
This lofty exemplar may have been rarely approached in the ages of chivalry. The Black Prince was guilty of sanguinary atrocities. The passions of men were brutal and untamed; temptations were great and fre- (pient; but continual failures would not furnish strange instances of the disproportion between concej^tion and …
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At the age of fourteen the young valet — the term is often extended to the second stage — received a sword, consecrated by religious benedictions, in exchange for his dagger, and entered on the degree of squire (esciiyer, scutifei; armir/er). His exercises were now mainly di- rected to the pursuits of war. He was train…
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KNIGHTHOOD 132 KNILL conquest of Rhodes, 1308. Driven out of Rhodes by the Turks, 15-22, they received Malta from the emperor Oharles V, 1530. The order expired with the surrender of the island to Napoleon in 1798, See Hospitallers. (III.) The Kiiif/hts of the Temple, or Red Cross Knights, founded in 1118 by two Fre…
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VII. Lite rat lire. — jMills, History of Chivalry (London, 1825) ; James, History of Chivalry and the Crusades (Lon- don, 1830), are well known to general readers. P'amiUar also are the notices in Blackstone's Commentaries, bk, ii, chap, v; Robertson, History of Charles V, Introduction; Hallam, Middle Ages, and Guizot,…
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Knipstro (also Kniepstroh or Knipstrow, Latin Knipstroviiis), John, a German reformer, Avas born at Sandow, near Lovelberg, Silesia, May 1, 1497. Educa- ted among the Franciscans, he was sent by the abbot of his convent to finish his studies at the University of Frankfort-on-the-Oder. Here he was a witness of the famou…
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Knobelsdorff, ErsxAcnius of, a German Roman Catholic theologian, was born of noble parentage in 1519, at Heilsberg, Prussia ; was educated at the universities of Frankfort-on-the-Oder, Lcipzig,Wittenberg, and Par- is, and upon the completion of his studies took orders in the Church. During a visit of the bishop and car…
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2, The second term, peka'im' (C^i'pB), is found only in 1 Kings vi,18. and vii, 24, It refers in the former to carvings executed in the cedar wainscot of the interior of the Temple, and, as in the preceding word, is associ- ated with flowers. In the latter case it denotes an or- KNORR 135 KNOW nament cast round the…
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Knott, John W., a Presbyterian minister, was born near BlairsviUe, Westmoreland County, Pa., Oct. 7, 1812. He was educated at Jefferson College, Pa., and studied theology at Western and Princeton theological semina- ries. After graduation he preached at Gilgal, Pa., for about a- year, when he removed to Ohio, and was i…
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Knowledge. By this, according to Sir William Hamilton," is understood the mere possession of truths," and tlie possession of those truths about which our fac- ulties have been previously employed, rather than any separate power of the understanding by which truth is perceived. " I know no authority," says Dr. Keid, "be…
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Knowles, James Davis, a Baptist minister, was born in Trovidence, R. I., July, 1798. He learned the printing business, and in 1819 became co-editor of the lihode Island American. Having joined the Bap- tist Church in ]\Iarch, 18-.'0, he was in the fall following licensed to preach. Shortly after he entered the soph- om…
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Knox, John (1), the Reformer of Scotland. I. Early Life. — He was born in GifFord, a vUlage in East Lothian, in 1505, of respectable parents, members of the Romish Chiu-ch, who were able to give their son a liberal education. After spending some time at the grammar-school of Haddington, he was sent by his fa- ther, in…
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was executed upon his effigj'. In Geneva he spent near- ly three years, the happiest and most tranquil of his life. He counted it " the most perfect school of Christ that ever was in the earth since the days of the apostles." He was surrounded by Ids family, and lived in the great- est harmony with his colleague, Goodm…
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This body met in August, 1560, and, carrying out what was undoubtedly the wish of the greater part of the people, established the Reformed religion, and interdict- ed by law any performance of lioman Catholic worship. In all this Knox was not only an active agent, but the agent above aU others. The Confession of Faith …
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IV. His Character. — Knox was a man of small stat- ure, and of a weakly habit of body, but he had a vigor- ous mind and an unconquerable will. Firmness and decision characterized his entire course. His piety was deep and fervent, and the zeal which consumed him never knew abatement. Yet it was not uninteUigent. He was …
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y. Works and IJferature. — Besides the Geneva Bible and occasional pamphlets, John Knox wrote. History of the Reformation of Religion tcit/iin the Reahn of Scot- land from 1422 to 15G7 (Lond. 1G44, folio; Edinb. 1732, folio). His ]Vo)-ks have been collected and edited by Duv. Laing (Edinb. 184G, 8vo). See M'Crie, Life …
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Knutzen, Matthias, a noted German atheist, was born at Oldensworth, in Schleswig-Holstein. in the early part of tlie 17th century, and was educated at Kcinigsberg and Jena Universities. He was the fomider of tlie Conscientiarians, advocating the doctrine that reason and conscience are sufficient to guide all men ; besi…
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Koburg. See S.vxony. Koch, Henry, a pioneer minister of the German Re- formed Church in Western Pennsylvania, was born in Northampton Co., Pa., in 1795 ; pursued his theological studies with Rev. Dr. Becker, of Baltimore, Md. ; was licensed and ordained in 1819, and settled in what is now Clarion Co., Pa. He died Augu…
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ICo'hath (Heb. Kohnth', rtip, assemUy, Numb, iii, 10,29; iv,2,4,15; vii,9; xvi, 1 Softener Kehath', rnp, Gen. xlvi, 11 ; Exod. vi, 10, 18 ; Numb, iii, 17, 27 ; xxv'i, 57, 58; Josh, xxi, 5, 20, 20; 1 Chron. vi, 1, 2, 16, 18, 22, 38, 01, 60, 70 : xv, 5 ; xxiii, 6, 12 ; Sept. KaoS, but Ko3- in Gen. xlvi, IH, the second so…
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KOHEN 143 KOHLREIF er of the law and a Cabalistic hicrophant, there occurred a frightful contiagratioii, iu -which all the Jewish quar- ter was burned to ashes. Iu this wofid calaraitj' Kohen, as a potent Cabalist, was called upon by the distracted people to bring into exercise those supernatural re- sources which h…
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Kohler, Johann Bernhard, a German philo- sophical writer, -was born at Liibeck Feb. 10, 1742, and was educated in the celebrated universities of Germany, France, and Holland. In 1781 he was appointed pro- fessor of the Greek and Oriental languages at the L'ni- versity of Kcinigsberg. He died April 3, 1802, at Basle, Sw…
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Kollenbusch (also Collenbusch), Samuel, M.D., an eminent (Jcrraan pietist, and the fomider of a theo- logical scliool, was born of pious parents in the town of Barmen (Rhenish Prussia), Sept, 1, 1724. He hesitated long between theology and medicine, but finally decided for the latter, and studied at Uuisburg and Strasb…
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Komander, Johanx (Dorfmann), a German theo- logian of the Reformation period, became interested in the cause of the Reformers while pursuing his studies at Ziirich, and was highly prized as a friend by Zwin- gle, anil after his secession from the Romish Church (in 1525), in whicli he had been priest, became the chief s…
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Konig, Christian Gottlieb, a German theolo- gian of note, was born at Altdorf March 26, 1711, and. was educated at the university of his native place. In 1734 he was appointed proiessor at Giessen Universitj', but resigned this position onlj' two years later. In 1742 KONIG 146 KONRAD he became pastor at Elberfeld, …
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Konigsdorfer, Colestin Bernhard, a German Roman Catholic monastic, was bom Aug. 18, 1756, at the village of Flotzhcim ; was educated at Augsburg from 1768 to 1776, and entered the Benedictine order in 1777, at Donauworth. He was ordained priest Dec. 23, 1780, and was sent to the university at Ingolstadt to continue his…
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Koolhaas, Caspar, often named with Koomherfc, in Holland, as the predecessor of Arminius, was born at Cologne in 1536. He studied at Dtisseldorf, and in 1566 renounced many advantages to join the Reformation. He afterwards held some situations as pastor in the duchies of Zweibriick and Nassau. In 1574 he was called to …
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Koppen, Daniel Joachim, a German divine, was born at Lliheck in 1730. He was pasior at Zettemin for tliirty-nine years, and died .June 7, 1807. Koppen secured for himself, by earnest literary labors, the repu- tation of great scliolarsliip, and his works are all valua- ble. Ho wrote Ilauptzweck des Predigtamtes (Leipzi…
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KORAH 149 KORAH Lord himself, by some manifest token, might make known his will in this great matter. As this order was particularly addressed to the rebellious Levites, the Reu- benites left the place, and when afterwards called back by Moses, returned a very insolent refusal, charging him with having brought them …
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Korah is elsewhere referred to in Numb, xxvi, 9-11 ; xxvii, 3; 1 Chron. vi, 22, 87; ix, 19. See Joum. Sac. Lit. App. 1852, p. 195; Forster, Israel in the Wilderness (Lond. 1865). On the Korachida;. see Carpzov. Ivtro- duct. ii, 105 ; Van Iperen, De Jiliis Korachi psalmor. quorund. auctorib., in the Bihl. //af/an.ll,'i,…
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2. Others, again, of the sons of Korah were "por- ters," i. e. doorkeepers, in the Temple, an office of con- siderable dignity. In 1 Chron. ix, 17-19, we learn that Shallum, a Korahite of the line of Ebiasaph, was chief of the doorkeepers, and that he and his brethren were over the works of the service, keepers of the …
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Contents. — The matter of the Koran is exceedingly incoherent and sententious, the book evidently being without any logical order of thought either as a whole or in its parts. This agrees with the desultory and in- cidental manner in which it is said to have been deliv- ered. The following table of the suras (condensed…
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The Overwhelming [The Gloomy Veil] . 26 The Daybreak 30 The Territory [The City] 20 The Suu 15 The Night 21 The Brightness [The Sun in Meridian] . . 11 Have we not opened? [The Exposition]... 8 TheJ?ig-[ti-ee] 8 The Congealed Blood [The Union of the Se.res] 19 Al-Kadir [The Cele- brated Night] 5 The Evid…
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2. Some suppose that the Koran contains (iccounts of miracles worked by Mohammed. The 2-l:th sura cf)n- tains what some ^Mohammedans interpret as an account of Mohammed's spliltin// the moon. The jMohammedan critics are not agreed themselves as to whether the prophet there speaks in the future or past tense. Wheth- er …
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There are various correspondences with these Scrip- tures, as in the accounts of the fall of Ad.am and Eve, the narratives of Noah and the deluge, of Abraham, Sarah, Lot, Isaac, Moses, Joseph, Zacharias, John the Baptist, etc. The contradictions are, however, innumer- able : e. g. one of Noah's sons was drowned in the …
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Of concordances to the Koran may be mentioned tliat of Flligel (Leipz. 1842), and the Niijiim al-FCirkan (Cal- cutta, 1811). The Koran has been commented upon so often that the names of the commentators alone would fill volumes. Thus, the library of Tripoli, in Syria, is reported to liave once contained no less than 2…
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as they are sometimes called, after their principal place of residence, the city of Mecca), he was denounced by all the Koreish tribe. Many of his people were stiU devoted to Sabaism (q. v.), a somewhat refined worship of the planetary bodies (in aU probability the belief of the Koreish in the century preceding the est…
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Kor'hite (Exod. vi, 24; xxvi, 1; 1 Chron. xii, G; 2 Chron. xx, 19). See Kokaii. Kormczai ICniga, the Russian "corpus juris ca- nonici," or canonical lair, is supposed to have become the possession of the llussians in the days of Vladimir the Great. The oldest Codex of the Kormczai Kniga dates from 1280, and was found …
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The Constitution of the community seeks to realize rather the union of the religious and civil orders than their separation. Truly patriarchal imder the presi- dency of" Father" Hoffmann, who died in 1846, it is real- ly based on the idea of the universal priesthood of Chris- tians. Not the clerg}-, but the community, …
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Kosegarten, Lud-wig Theobald, a German di- vine and ])oet, was born at Grevismiihlen, in Mecklen- burg, Feb. 1, 1758: became rector at Wolgast in 1785; pastor at Altenkirchen in 1792, and in 1808 professor of history at the university in (Jreifswald ; later also pro- fessor of theology, and pastor at St. James's Church…
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1. A descendant of Judah, concerning whose genealo- gy we have only the confused statement that he " begat Anul) and Zolx'bah, and the families of Aharhel, the son of Ilarum" (1 Chron. iv, 8). B.C. prob. cir. 1612. 2. The head of the seventh division of priests as ar- ranged by David (1 Chron. xxiv, 10). B.C. 1014. He…
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Kraft, Johann Melchior, a German theologian, ■was born at Wetzlar June 11, 1673. He pursued his the- ological studies at Wittenberg University, where he ob- tained the master's degree in 1G93. In lG9o he began lectures at the University of Kiel, and in 1098 he be- came pastor at SUderstapel ; in 1705 pastor at Sandes- …
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Krama or Krasis, the practice of mixing water with the sacramental wine (the mixture bearing the name Koafia, and the act ofmixinq icpuaii;), was adopt- ed very early in the Church, on the assumption that the wine used at the Passover was mixed with water; but Lightfoot shows that this was not necessarily the case. In …
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vols. 8vo) : — Lectures on the Religious History of the P,la~ vonic Nations (London, 1849, 8vo) : — Sketch of the Rdiy- ious History of the Slavonian Nations (Edinb. 1851, 8vo) : — Treatise on Relics, by J. Calvin, newly translated from the French original, with an Introductory Dissertation on tlie Miraculous Images of…
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Krauth, Charles Philip, D.D., an eminent divine in tlie Lutheran Chiu-ch, born in jNIontgomery Co., Pa., jNIay 7, 1797. Originally designed for the medical pro- fession, he commenced its study under the direction of Dr. Selden, of Norfolk,Ya., and subsequently attended a course of lectures in the University of Maryland…
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Krebs, Winiam, a IMethodist Episcopal minister, was born in lialtiniore, Md., Sept. 2, 1819; joined the Church in bsl 1 , and wa,s iumiediately licensed to exhort ; and the year following joined the Baltimore Conference as pastor of Wesley Chapel, Baltimore. He died Sept. KRECHLING 161 KRISHNA 26, 1870. "Brother Kr…
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One object of this incarnation was " the destruction of Kansa, an oppressive monarch, and, in fact, an incar- nate Daitya or Titan, the natural enemy of the gods" (H. H.Wilson, Eeliyion of the Hindus, ii, G6). A more satisfactory object is disclosed by Krishna in the Bha- ghavat Gita : " Even though I am unborn, of cha…
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II. Life of Krishna. — "The king of the Daityas or aljorigines, Ahuka, had two sons, Devaka and Ugrasena. The former had a daughter named Devaki, the latter a son called Kansa. Devaki (the divine) was married to a nobleman of the ^Vryan race named Vasudeva, the son of Sura, a descendant of Yadu, and by him had eight so…
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KRISHNA 163 KRISHNA posed by some to illustrate the prophecy of the Garden, Divrvasa had once warned him, " Oh, Krishna, take care of the sole oft/ii//oot ; for if any evil come upon thee it will happen in tliat place" (as is related in the Jlaha- bharata in Maurice, ibid, ii, 472). As he sat one day in the forest m…
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The Hindu sects are distinguished from each other by various fantastical streaks, in different colors, upon their faces, breasts, and arms. The followers of Krishna bear upon their forehead two white marks perpendicular to the e3-ebrows, between which a red spot is percepti- ble, in token, says Vollmer, that Krishna bo…
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semblance existing between the Egyptian and Hindu mythologies, which has been unfolded by many writers, illustrates the fact of an interchange of religious light; and that these extremes of the known world should thus have met remarkably confirms the views of lleeren just adduced (see further, I'richard, Fyyptian MythA…
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4. It was the fashion earlj' in the present century to search out astronomical allusions in Krishna, and resem- blances to Apollo, the mythological counterpart to the sun, but these have given place to sounder criticism. Recent researches favor the view that no great antiq- uity is to be attributed to Krishna as an olr…
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From considerations like these, not to speak of others that might be urged, we are led to conclude that Krish- naism proper was post-Christian, an outcropping of hu- man and possibly of diabolic nature, that was illustra- ted at tlie foot of Sinai, but which no more resembled its divine original than the lifeless golde…
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KROCtlMAL 167 KRUDENER o(]y of the Hindus (1832), art. Krishna; Edward Moor, iliiviu Pantheon (1«10) ; H. T. Colebrooke, Religion of the Hindus (London, 1858); WmAYarA, Account of the Writings, Religion, etc., of the Hindus (4 vols., 1817-20) ; G. Haslam, The Cross and the Serpent (London, 1849) ; G.W. F. Hegel, in …
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Kriidener, Barbara Juliana ^•ON, a religious vis- ionary and enthusiast, was a granddaughter of the Rus- sian field-marshal Von Munich, and daughter of the states councillor baron Von Wletinghoff, and was born at Riga in 1764 according to some authorities, or in 1766 according to others. In 1782 she married baron Von K…
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differs (Schaffhausen,1843); Berl. Zeitschrift fur chrktl, Wissetisdiaft v.christl.Lehen (1857, No. 0) ; Zeit;/enossen (Leipz. 1838), iii ; Adele du Thou, Notice sur Mine. Ju- lienne de Kriidener (Geneva, 1827, 8vo) ; Mahul, .4 miM- uire Neerulor/ique, anno 1825 ; Eynard, Vie de Jhne. de Kriidener (Paris, 1849, 2 vols.…
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Kriiger, Oswald, a German Jesuit, was l)orn in 1598 in Prussia, and made for himself a name by his thorough study of Hebrew, which he taught in the schools of the Jesuits; later he devoted himself to mathematics, and became professor at the L^niversity in Wihia. He died May IG, 1GG5. — Allgem. Hist. Lex. iii, 65. Krum…
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KRUMMACHER 170 KUFIC WRITING (Berl. 1866, 8vo; traiisl. into English and published by- Clark of Edinb. and Harpers of N. Y. 1S70, ll'mo). Like his father and uncle, Dr. Kriunmacher was one of the few liold and uncompromising witnesses of evangelical truth of which (Jcrmany can boast. Dr. Schatt'. who of all men thi…
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Kiichlein, Johann, a German Protestant theolo- gian, was bom at Wetterau, in Hesse, in 1546. He studied at Heidelberg, entered the Church, and became pastor at Tackenheim. When, in 1576, elector Louis expelled the Calvinistic preachers, Kiichlein went to Holland, and for eighteen years held a professorship in theology …
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Kuhn, Jean Gaspard, a French Protestant preach- er, was born at Saarbruck in the latter part of the 17th century, and flourished as professor of history and elo- quence at the University of Strasburg, and as canon of the Church of St. Thomas, in that city. He died in 1720. He wrote De Sociabilitate secundum Stoicorum …
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Kunigimde, St. See Cuxigunda. Kihinetll, Johaxx Theodor, a German theolo- gian, was born at Creusen, in Bajieuth, Sept. 22, 1735; in 1753 he went to the University of Erlangen, and in 1759 became assistant preacher in his native place. He died Aug. 28, 1800, as superintendent of BajTCuth. Run- neth was a very popular …
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The majority of the inhabitants are fanatical Sunnite IMohammedans, who hate the Shiites even more than they do the Christians. But the number of Armenian, Jacobite, and Nestorian Christians is also considerable. The Armenians chiefly live in the northern part of the country. One section of the Jacobites has its centre…
904 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.