PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 5
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,342,977 words · 1313 reading sections
Section 1081
3. The . State, as the guardian of the family, as the protector of the wife's and the children's rights even against the husband and father, is bound, and has in no civilized country refused, to make laws touching the pat7-ia postestas — the husband's rights over and obliga- tions towards the wife : his obUgations espe…
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j written after he became a Montanist (comp. esp. cap. x) ; while in the treatise A d uxorem, -mitten before he left the- CathoUc Church, he does not condemn remarriage, although he praises widowhood. Most of the fathers, while, from the times of Hennas and of Clement of Al- exandria, they regard remarriage as no sin, …
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And so, if oiu- Christianity is destined to decay, the loss will be soon shown in the family relations. Even now a race of women is springing up who seem to have caught their inspiration from some of the high dames — the Fulvias and Julias — of the expiring IJoman republic. The neglect to look at the religious and mo…
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What we thus are enabled to conclude from the Old Testament, ^vill be still more distinctly exemplified from the Xew. Tlie evangelical writings do not, indeed, fre- quently offer directions expressly on the subject of mar- riage, the point appearing rather to be assumed than ar- gued, that in Christian marriage the hus…
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MARRIAGE 795 MARRIAGE 33 one to be condemned by the Judge, and banished with everlasting destruction from liis presence and the glory of his power! Oh the infatuation of the folly which leads to unite, where evils like these are created, rather than where God will sanction, and where time and eternity will both comb…
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For a considerable time the observance of a marriage- ceremony fell into desuetude among the Christians, to remedy which certain laws enforcing it were enacted in the 8th century. The ceremony now differs in different places. In Scotland, like all other religious services of that country, it is extremely simple, and is…
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IMARKIAGE, Heathen, Under this head, as being most akin to the ancient Hebrew, and perhaps best rep- resenting the general type of Oriental matrimony, we begin with — I. Mohammedan, — The following description of this (condensed from Lane's Modern Egyptians) applies es- pecially to Cairo, but wiU serve for a general i…
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MAKRIAGE f97 MARRIAGE -^Wimr^^Zi^mm V~M Mohammedan Bridal Proccssiou. ures ; amen :" after which all present repeat the same chapter. It is not always the same form that is recited on these occasions : any form may be used, and it may be repeated by any person ; it is not even necessarj', and is often altogether …
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MARRIAGE 798 MARRIAGE contributed to the festivity in the bath, they also return with the bride to renew their concert. Their songs are always on tlie subject of love, and of the joyous event which occasions their presence. It is on this night, and sometimes also during the latter half of the preceding day, that the…
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II. Ancient Parjan, i.e. 1. Greek. — The ancient Greek legislators considered the relation of marriage as a mat- ter not merely of private, but also of public or general interest. This was particularly the case at Sparta, where proceedmgs might be taken against those who married too late or imsuitably, as well as again…
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The above account refers to Athenian customs. At Sparta the betrothal of the bride by her father or guar- dian (Ki'iptoc) was requisite as a preliminary of marriage, as well as at Athens. Another custoin peculiar to the Spartans, and a relic of ancient times, was the seizure of the bride by her intended husband, but of…
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Sponsalia were not an unusual preliminary of mar- riage, but they were not necessary. The sponsalia were an agreement to marry, made in such form as to give each party a right of action in case of non-performance, and the offending party was condemned in such dam- ages as to the judex seemed just. The woman wlio ■was p…
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The position of a Roman woman after marriage was ver^' different from that of a Greek woman. The Ro- man presided over the whole household ; she educated her children, watched over and preserved the honor of tlie house, and, as the materfamilias, she shared the honors and respect shown to her husband. Far from being co…
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trothed (Butler, p. 497). And yet what is the fate of the poor girl after she has actually found her mate? Marriage to the Hindu female means slaverj' in its most abject form. " The Hindu," says Massie (ii, 154), " does not marry to secure a companion who will aid him in enduring the ills of life, or in obtaining the m…
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The marriage is usually solemnized in the house of the bride's father. Thither the bridegroom proceeds, attended by his friends, and from thence conducts the bride to his home in a grand procession, usually by night, with torches and great rejoicings. On both occa- sions considerable expenditure is incurred in feasting…
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Bet7-othal. — This among the Chinese is considered as binding as marriage, if the rites and observances have been carefiUly looked after. The final act in betroth- ment is the exchange of cards (for description, see Doo- little, i, 67). The time intervening between betrothal and marriage varies from a month or two to e…
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and her parents, it is considered unpropitious that those of her female relatives and friends who are in mourning should be present. " The bridal chair is selected by the family of the bridegroom, and sent to the residence of the bride gen- erally on the afternoon preceding the wedding-day, at- tended by a band of mus…
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before she sets out on her journey, and, if so, it ac- companies tlie procession all the way. About midway between the homes of the bride and the groom the pro- cession stops in the street, while the important cere- mony of 7-eceicin(j the bride is formally transacted. The friends of the bride stand near each other, an…
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" The wedding festivities generally last at least two days. The first day the male friends and relatives of the groom are invited to 'shed their light'' on the occasion. On the second day the female friends and relatives of the family of the groom are invited to the wedding feast ; this is often called the ' women's da…
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V. Among Savages. — Perhaps in no other way can the great advantages of Christian civilization be more conclusively shown than by the improvement which it has effected in the relations between the two sexes. The best students of the primitive condition of man have come to the conclusion that where divine revela- tion d…
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"2. Communal Marriage. — Bachofen and M'Lennan, two of the most devoted students of marriage among the savages, will have it that the primitive condition of man was one of jiure Iletuirism, or, as it might \>qy- haps be conveniently Englished, "communal marriage," where every man and Avoman in a small community were re…
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'I will be master of what is mine own. 8he is my goods, my chattels ; she is my house, My household stuff, my tield, my barn, My horse, my ox, my ass, my aiiythiug.' '' Still more peculiar and odd are tbo ceremonies of courtship and marriage in the mountainous districts of Eastern Hungary, In the fall of the year a fa…
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the Rio Negro to resemble the Oens in habits. The Caribbees were found by Humboldt to form family groups, often numbering only forty or fifty, which were at constant enmity with each other. Capture prevailed among thetn to such an extent that the women of any tribe belonged so much to distinct tribes that in no group w…
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ble friends go on horseback to her house to carry her I. if. Her friends mal^e a sham resistance, but she is al- ways carried off, on a richly-caparisoned horse, with loud shouts and/eux dejoie (Xavier de Hell, Travels in S/eppes of Caspian Sea, p. 25!)). Dr. Clarke {Travels, etc., i, 433) describes a different ceremon…
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6. Exogamy and Endogamy. — Marriage by capture, it is held b\^ Lubbock and others of his class, led to the practice of exogamous marriages. We are, however, of the opinion that the great prevalence of infanticide (q. V.) among savages, especially the destruction of female infants, caused a paucity of women, and made it…
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8. Famihj Relations amonr/ Savages. — That the mar- riage system in such imperfect stages of development as we find it to be among savage races cannot furnish any of the advantages guaranteed by the Biblical mar- riage system, will appear to all a matter hardly neces- sary to be dwelt upon. Yet there are some faint ide…
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MARRIAGE 810 MARROW origin, aggregate into tribes and nations. Tribes are numerous vvhicri make this claim to common descent. Eut, upon inquiry, the ancestor of the race is always a legendary hero or god — a being invented to explain the origin of the tribe. In some cases the time of the in- vention is known, as wit…
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Marrow (H^, mo' ach, fatness, Job xxi, 24; kin- dred is the verb i^n^, machah', Isa. xxv, C, '-fatness unmarrowed," i. e. drawn out from the marrow-bones, and therefore the most delicate; /(VfXoc, Hel). iv. 12), the soft, oleaginous substance contained in the hollow of the bones of animals (Job xxi, 23); used figurativ…
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Mars, a contraction of Afavers or Marors, in the Oscan or Sabine language Mamers, Greek A z'ers, is the name of the Boman and Greek god of war, or, better, of battles. (1) With the Eomans this divinity is surnamed Gra- divus {=ffrandis dims, the great god), also Silramts, and appears to have been originally an agricul…
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Marsden, Samuel, one of the noblest missionary workers the Church of England ever sent out to bat- tle for Christ, the noted Australian chaplain and friend of the Jlaori, was born of humble parentage in 1764, and was educated at the free grammar-school at Hull, by the celebrated English divine Dr. Joseph Milner. Samuel…
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WYN. Mar'sena (Heb. Marsena', XJp'^'p, according to Benfey, the Sanscrit viarsluu noble, with the Zend ending n<t,>nan; Sept. Mapo-fva, but most copies omit; Vulg. Marsana), one of the seven Medo-Persian satraps or viziers of Xerxes (Esth.i, 14). B.C. 483. Joscphus un- derstands that they had the office of interpreter…
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Marsh, James, D.D., a Congregational minister, was born July 19, 1794, at Hartford, Vt. He graduated at Dartmouth College in 1817; spent some years in An- dover Theological Seminary; was ordained Oct. 12, 1824, and during the same month entered upon the duties of a professorship in Hampden Sydney College, Va. In 1826 h…
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Marsh, 'Williani (1),D.D., an English divine, was incumbent of St. Mary's, Leamington : later rector of Bedduigton, and died in 1866. He published Catechism on the Collects (3d ed. 1824, 2\mo):— Plain Thoughts on P?-opkecy (3d ed. 1843, 8vo) : — Occasional Sermons, etc. (1821, etc.). See Memoirs of the late Rev. Wm. Ma…
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Marshall, Joseph D., a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was born at Stamford, Conn., in Nov., 1804, of Congregational parentage. His early years were spent in mercantile life ; he was converted Avhen about twenty years old ; felt a call for the ministry, and in 1827 entered the New York Conference, and was f…
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Marshall, 'William, a Presbyterian minister, was born in Perthshire, Scotland, in 1789 ; was educated and studied divinity at Glasgow ; was licensed by the Pres- bytery of Dysart, Scotland ; preached a number of years at Calinshow, Fifeshire, and in 1832 came to America, and was installed pastor of the Church at Peeksk…
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Had the government of the mission been in the hands of a body acquainted, by personal experience, with the needs of the Serampore Brethren, any misimderstanding s]jringing up could easily have been allayed ; but, man- aged by the class of men we have just spoken of, the disagreement between the Baptist Missionary Socie…
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Marsile, a Dutch philosopher and theologian, was born at Inghen, in the diocese of Utrecht. He was can- on and treasurer of the Church of Saint-Andrew, at Co- logne, and when Rupert, the duke of Bavaria, founded the academj^ of Heidelberg in 1386, he called jMarsUe to a professorship of philosophy. He died there Aug. 2…
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ander, Christian Dogm. ii, 599 sq. ; Milman, Hist, of Latin Christianity, vii, 89 sq. ; Herzog, Real-Enajklop. xx, 109 sq. ; Wetzer und Welte, Kirc/ten-Lex. vi, 896 sq. ; Fried- berg, Zeitsch.f. Kirchenrecht (Tubing. 1809), viii, 09 sq. (G.M.) Mart (~nO, sackar', Isa. xxiii, 3 ; also spoken of what is gained from traf…
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Mar'tha {Map^u, of unknown signification, but a Syriac prop, name [xn"i^] according to Plutarch, 17/. Mar. 17), a Jewess, the sister of Lazarus and INIary, who resided in the same house with them at Bethany (Luke x, 38, 40, 41; John xi, 1-39; xii, 2). See Lazarus. From the house at Bethany being called " her house," in…
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Martien, William Stockton, a ruling elder of the Presbyterian Church, was born June 20, 1798. He was of Huguenot descent, and received an early Chris- tian education. In 1828 he commenced business, and in 1830, in connection with others, engaged in the es- tablishment of The Presbyterian, of which he continued to be th…
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MARTIN 821 MARTIN ed, the cliildren of such unions were demanded for the Church of Kome. Poland had conceded this point to tlie Itoman pontiff', but tlie Prussian government in 1837 declared that in its territorj^ no such dispensation was needed, nor any understanding in regard to the re- ligious education of any ch…
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Martin of Tkkves, a Capuchin monk, was born about 1630, in the archbishopric of Treves. He took the cowl at an early age, and a little later became a lec- tor of theology ; but in consequence of a pestilence, whose ravages broke up his school in 1666, he devoted himself to literature. A catechism issued by him was rece…
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Charles of Sicily, Martin came to the support of his royal friend Avitli all his influence, and even by the spir- itual censures he had at his command sought to main- tain French domination in Sicily. He excommunicated Peter of Aragon, whom the Sicilians had elected king ; but his excommunication was of no more avail t…
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But scarcely was Martin securely seated on the pon- tifical throne when the whole face of affairs at Con- stance changed, and it soon became evident that all intentions of reform, for which mainly the council had been called and John XXIII deposed, had been put away from the mind of Martin, JNIild, but sagacious aaid r…
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Martin, Andre, a French ecclesiastic and philoso- pher, was born in Poitou in 1621 ; was admitted to the oratory in 1641, and instructed in philosophy. In 1679 he became a professor of theology at Saumur, but was suspended some time after, because accused of Jansen- ism. He died at Poitiers, Sept. 26, 1695. He was one …
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Martin, Enoch R., a Presbyterian minister, was born in Washington Co., Ind., about the year 1811. He receivetl a good common-scliool education ; studied the- ology privately ; was licensed by Cincinnati Presbytery, and ordained by Salem Presbytery in 1836. He preach- ed for several years to the JIt. Yernon and Utica ch…
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825 MARTIN he incessantly painted pictures in a style whicli was considered " sublime" by the same sort of people who thought Montgomery's Satan and Pollok's Course of Time equal to Paradise Lost. The principal of these productions are Bels/iazzar's Feast (1821) ; Creation (1824) ; The Deluge (182G) ; The Fall of Nin…
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Martin, Saint-, I\farquis Louis Claude de, called "the Unknown Philosoiilicr," a noted French mystic, was born at Amboise (Touraine) Jan. 18, 1743; was educated for the bar; preferred a military Ufc, and, through the influence of M. de Choiseul, obtained a commission. The regiment to which he was assigned contained sev…
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(April), p. 177; 3fethodist Quarterly Revieic,l8&S (ApTiY). p. 339. (J. H. W.) Martin, Sarah, an English philanthropist, was bom near Yarmouth in 1791, and died in 1843. She was distinguished for her labors in the cause of prison reform. See Brief Biographies, by Samuel Smiles; Rev. Erskine Neale, Christianity and Inf…
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Martini, Antonio, an Italian prelate, was born at Prato in 1720. Having chosen an ecclesiastical career, and possessing a good knowledge of the ancient lan- guages, he occupied his time in translating the sacred writings into Italian. Pius YI, informed of his merits, appointed him bishop of Bobio (1778); afterwards the…
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Martinique, or Martinico, called by the natives Jifadiaiui, one of the Lesser Antilles, lying between lat- itude 14^ 23' 43" and l-l^ 52' 47" north, and longitude (30^ 5ft' and 61° 19' west, is forty miles long, about tv/elve miles broad, and has an area of about 380 square miles, and 137,455 inhabitants, of whom upwar…
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Henrj' Martyn reached Madras April 21, 1806. He stopped for a while at Calcutta, where he continued the study of Hindostanee, which he had commenced in Eng- land, and applied himself also to Sanscrit, as the key to most of the Eastern languages, and to Persian. He then removed to the station of Dinapore, where he was a…
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Lond. Quart. Rev. 1857 (Julv), art. ii, p. 329 ; Princeton Rev. 1853, p. 409 ; 1855, p. 327. (,J. H. W.) Martyr (/.idprvQ and jidpnip, so rendered only in Acts xxii, 20 ; Rev. ii, 13 ; xviii, 6) is properly a witness, and is applied in the New Testament (</) to judicial witnesses (Matt, xviii, 16; xxvi,65; Markxiv,63;…
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secured him a large auditory, many Romanists among the iiiiinlier ; " and though they had much envying and licart-buniing about liiin, as may easily be imagined, yet they bore him pretty patiently till he came to han- dle the doctrine of the Lord's Supper. Then they be- gan to break forth into outrages, to disturb him …
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"Fraudati non sunt sacro baptismate Christi, Fons quibus ipsa sui sanj^uinis uuda fuit; Et quicquid sacri fert mystica forma lavacri, Id totuni iniplevit gloria martyrii." '• They are not deprived of the sacred baptism of Christ who, mstead of a ioni, are washed in their own blood ; for whatever benefit accrues to any…
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Perhaps the admiration and veneration which Chris- tian martyrdom secures has had a great tendency to excite many to court martyrdom. "We must not lose sight of the fact, however, that martyrdom in itself is no proof of the goodness of our cause, but only that we our- selves are persuaded that it is so. '• It is not th…
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The number of martyrs who suifered death during the first ages of Christianity has been a subject of great controversy. The early ecclesiastical writers, with the natural pride of partisanship, have, it can hardly be doubted, leaned to the side of exaggeration. Some of their statements are palpably excessive ; and Gibb…
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Martyrs, Festivals of the. These commemo- rations of Christian sufferers for the cause of their Mas- ter are of very ancient date, and may be carried as high as the time of Polycarp, who suffered death about A.D. 168. In the days of Chrysostom and Theodoret these festivals had become so frequent that, so they tell us, …
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v.— G G G and the very existence of such a council is now consid- ered doubtful. Maruthas, however, took part in the Council of Antioch against the Jlessalians (q. v.), in 383 or 390. He wrote a number of works in Syriac, de- scribed by Assemani {id infr.^. Among them the fol- lowing deserve special notice : A liturgi…
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The angel left Mary, and she set off to visit Elisabeth either at Hebron or Juttah (whichever way we under- stand the ti'c T)]v 6peipi]v ili; ttoXiv 'lovSa, Luke i, 39), where the latter lived with her husband Zacharias, about twenty miles to the south of Jerusalem, and there- fore at a very considerable distance from …
1,138 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.