PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 5
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,342,977 words · 1313 reading sections
Section 421
League and Covenant. See Covenant, Sol- emn LKAdTK AND. League, Holy. See Holy League. League of Smalcalde. See Smalcalde. Le'ah (Heb. Liah', TMiO, jceiu-y ; Sept. A£(a,yulg. Lia), the eldest daughter of the Aramajan Laban, and sister of Rachel (Gen. xxvi, IG). ' Instead of the latter, for whom he had served seven y…
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Leang-Oo-Tee, emperor of China, and founder of the Leang dynasty, usurped the throne about A.D. 502. Through devotion to the doctrines of Fo and mysticism of the bonzes (priests of Fo or Buddha), he neglected the care of the empire. He was dethroned by one of his officers, Heoo-King, and died soon after (549). — Thomas…
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We learn from the monuments [see cut on page 308] that the ancient Egyptians were well acquainted with the various processes of tanning and working in leather, and from them the Hebrews undoubtedly derived their knowledge of the art of preparmg leather for a variety of useful purposes. It appears that the Egyptian tan …
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The Greek word ^17(1;, rendered '•leaven,''^ is used with precisely the same latitude of meaning as the Hebrew seor'. It signifies leaven, sour dough (Matt, xiii, 33; xvi, 12; Luke xiii, 21). Another quality in leaven is noticed in the WWAq, viz., its secretly penetrating and dif- fusive power ; hence the proverbial sa…
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The eastei-^n runge, as well as the western, is fre- quently included under the general name T.ebanon in the Bible (Josh, i, 4; Judg. iii, 3) ; but in Josh, xiii, 5 it is correctly distinguished as ^^ Lebanon toward iJ e sun- 7-ising" (d'C^'fl rriTp ")":3^ri; Sept. Aijiavov airo avaToXCjv ifKiov ; and translated in the…
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can bo no doubt that the range of Lebanon, viewed in its physical formation, extends from the entrance of Ha- math to the plain of Acre ; but between the parallels of Tyre and Sidon it is cut through by the chasm of the Litany, which drains the valley of Coele-Syria. That river enters the range obliquely on the eastern…
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The western base of Lebanon does not correspond with the shore-line. In some cases bold spurs shoot out from the mountains, and dip perpendicularly into the sen. forming Ijluff promontories, such as the "Ladder of Tyre," Tromontorium Album, or " White Cape," the well- knowTi pass of the Dog River, and the Theoprosopon…
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minating point of Anti-Lebanon is Herjiox. Erom it a number of ranges radiate, like the ribs of a half-open fan. The rirst and loftiest runs north-east, parallel to Lebanon, and separated from it by the valley of Ccele- Syria, whose average breadth is about six miles. This ridge is the backbone of Anti-Lebanon. Where i…
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The main ridges of Lebanon and .Vnti-Lebanon are composed of Jura limestone, hard, partially crystallized, and containing few fossils. The strata have been great- ly disturbed. In some places they are almost perpen- dicular ; in others tilted over, laying bare veins and de- tached masses of trap. In the southern part o…
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y. Historical Notices. — Lebanon is first mentioned as a boundary of the country given by the Lord in cove- nant promise to Israel (Dent, i, 7; xi, 24). To the dwellers in the parched and thirsty south, or on the sul- try banks of the Nile, the snows, and streams, and ver- dant forests of Lebanon must have seemed an ea…
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The American missionaries have established several schools among the people of Lebanon, and for some years past pleasing success has attended their efforts in the mountain, winch, however, were almost wholly in- terrupted by the violent outbreak among the Druses in 18G0, ending in a wholesale massacre of the Christians…
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Lebetif, Jean, a French priest and antiquary, was born at Auxerre INIarch 6, 1687, and became a priest in the cathedral of his native place. Later he made an antiquarian visit through France, and in 1740 was cho- sen a member of the Academy of Inscriptions, for which he wrf)te many memoirs. He died in 1700. Lebeuf publ…
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Lebrun, Pierre, a French theologian, born at Brignolles in 1661, was professor in several colleges, and died in 1729. He wrote, among other works, a Critical History of superstitious Practices which have seduced the People (1702). — Thomas, Bior/. Dictionary, p. 1388. Lebuin or Liafv^in, a noted colleague of Gregory i…
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Leckey, Williaji, a Presbyterian minister in Ire- land, flourished in the second half of the 17th centurj'. He made himself conspicuous by the part he took in the Blood plot — an attempt, after the Restoration, to compli- cate the Nonconformists and the government by Avar- ring against Romanism, He was imprisoned i\Iay…
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T , . „ r,x. 1, which form the frame Lectern ui Ramsay Church, . , Huntingdonshire (about 1450). supportmg the volume. In Scotland, during the last centun,', the precentor's desk was commonly called by that name, and pronounced lettern. See Chambers, Cyclopadia, vol. vi, s. v. ; Walcott, Sac. A rchceol. p. 345. …
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degree in the hierarchy. Y'et in some churches the or- dination of readers was a very solemn affair, especially among the Greeks, where it was accompanied by impo- sition of hands. In course of time the office of reader in the Komish Church came to be absorbed in the dea- con's, and identified with it. See C. Schone, G…
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Lectures, Moyer's, a course of eight sermons, preached annually, founded by the beneficence of lady Jloyer about 17"20, who left by \vi\\ a rich legacy as a foundation lor the same. A great number of English ■writers having endeavored in a varietj- of ways to in- validate the doctrine of the Trinity, this opulent and o…
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LEE 320 LEE duties of this society — by them termetl " religious ex- ercises"— was most singular ami painful. ()( a pious nature, she hesitated not to subject herself to all the torments of the tlesh. Often in her fits or paroxysms, as she clinched her hands, it is said, the blood would flow through the pores of her…
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Strange as must ever ajipear the fanatical excesses of Ann Lee, and her willingness to lead men to acts of depravity, to blasphemous religious pretensions, it must be conceded that she was certainly a wonderful woman. Deprived of all the advantages of education, she never- theless, by the power of a will wholly unyield…
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next year he was appointed a class-leader. He preach- ed his first sermon November 17, 1779, and for a time supplied the preacher's place. In the summer of 1780 he was drafted into the militia to meet the approach of the British army in South Carohna. Excused from bearing arms on account of his religious scruples, he r…
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In February, 1790, he received three helpers. Brush, Roberts, and Smith, and formed the New Haven Cir- cuit, He passed through Rhode Island, and appeared in Boston July 9. Boardman and Garrettson had before preached there, but no permanent fruit remained of their labors. Lee, finding no house opened, preached on the Co…
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LEE 323 LEEK divine, was born at Tweedmouth about 17%; was edu- cated at St. Andrew's University, and became a minis- ter of the Gospel. After occupying two other charges, he became, witli Chahners and others, minister of old (irayfriars, Edinburgh. He died in aiarch, 1868, at Tor- quay, Devonshire. Dr. Robert Lee p…
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Lee, Samtiel (2), a minister of the United Pres- byterian Church, born at Jericho, Yt., July 20, 1805, was converted at the age of nineteen, and educated at Ver- mont University. He studied theology at Auburn Seminary, and was licensed and ordained by Oneida Congregational Council Sept. 23, 1834. He spent one year of h…
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The Romans employed it much as a seasoning to their dishes (Horace, Ej). i, 12, 21 ; Martial, iii, 47, 8), and it is an ingredient in a number of recipes in Ajiicius re- ferred to by Celsius {Hierobot. ii, 2G3 ; comp. Pliny, IJist. Nat. xix, G ; HiUer, JJierophyi. pt. ii, p. 3G ; Diosc. ii, 4; Athen. iv, 137, 170). The…
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Le Fevre. See Faber Stapulexsis. Left (prop. PIN^b, semol', a primitive word ; Gr. evwi'vixog, lit. well-named, i. e. lucky, by euphemism for (\piarep6c, as opposed to 'p'3'^, ^t^ioc, the right). The left hand, like tlie Latin Iwrus, was esteemed of iU omen, hence the term sinister as equivalent to unfortunate. This w…
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LEGATES 326 LEGATES his own works. "We may further consider a legalist as one who has no proper conviction of the evil of sin; who, although he pretends to abide by the law, yet has not a just idea of its spirituality and demands, lie is ignonint of the grand scheme of salvation by free grace: proud of his own fanci…
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2. Legati missi or dati. These are divided into, (1) Delegati, appointed for one specific object. It was al- ready forbidden in the INIiddle Ages to appoint members of the clergy in their, place. (2) Xunrii (ipDStoIifi. \\\\o are empowered to enforce the commands contained in their mandates. In order to effect this obj…
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IMany of these legends, the production of monastics, were invented, especially in the Middle Ages, with a view to sers-c the interests of monasticism, particularly to exalt the character of the monastic orders, and to represent their voluntary austerities as purchasing the peculiar fjxvor of heaven. For this purpose th…
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Much of this legendary rubbish was cleared away by Tillcmont, Fleury, Baillet, Launoi, and Bollandus, but the faith in many of them still remains strong in the more ignorant minds of the Romish Church. The re- peated and still continued editions of the Acta /Sancto- rum (q. V.) afford sufficient evidence of this. The …
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LEGEND 329 LEGION On the origin of these legends there is a great diver- sity of opinion among the learned. Some trace it to the northern Skalds, who, accompanying the army of Kollo in his warlike migrations southward, carried with them the lays of their own mythology, but replaced their pa- gan heroes by Christian …
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Ancient Legionary Soldiers. (From Titus's Cuhnnu at Komc.) LEGION 530 LEHABIM the remainder of his army. Another account, fciving substantially the same version of this event, embellishes it bv what seems to have taken place about the year 28G, although it mentions a pope Marcelliuus as having advised them rather t…
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Legists and DecretistSj the interpreters and ed- itors {(jlossatores) of the Roman law. See Glosses and Decretals. Legrand, Antoine, a French wTiter and monk, born at Douay, lived aliout 1650-80. He was professor of philosophy and theology in Douay, and was a disci- ple of the Cartesian philosophy, on which he wrote s…
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Le'hi (Heb. Lechi', "^nb, in pause Le'chi, ^tfs, a cheek or jaw-bone [usually with the art. '^riSil]; Sept. Afyi V. r. Aivi), a place in the tribe of Judah where Samson achieved one of his single-handed victories over the Philistines(Judg.xv,9, 14, 19, in which last passages the Sept. translates (ndyioi',Yu\g. mnxillu)…
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LEIBNITZ 332 LEIBNITZ hierarchy; it deplores the heresy of the former house of Ih-aiitleiiburi,' in the ascendant house of Hohenzollern (the latter family adhering to Frotestanti-sm), and proijh- esies the downfall of the now nding' family, to be followed bv the restoration of the unity of Germany and the re- establ…
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LEIBNITZ 333 LEIBNITZ turned to Paris, hnd remained there fifteen months. In l(i7G he revisited England, and thence proceeded to Hanover by way of Holland. Here he entered upon his duties as counsellor, and — strange duties for a minister of state ! — employed himself in arranging and enlarging the library of his pr…
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The conception of dynamical science continually oc- cupied the mind of Leibnitz, and was the natural tend- ency of his philosophical method. The A eta Erudito- rum for 1695 contained his Specimen Dynamicum ; and in the same year he gave to the world, through the Journal des Sgavans, his Systema de Natura et Commu- nica…
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fered from acute rheumatism and other painful disor- ders. Having much acquaintance with medicine, he tried novel remedies iipon himself, with no good result. He prolonged his studies almost to his last days, and died tranquilly, with scarcely a word, on Nov. 14, 171(5, having reached the age of " threescore and ten ye…
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From such lirokcn and dispersed lights his philosophy must be divined. Leibnitz was essentially a Cartesian. He was Carte- sian in his method, and Cartesian in his fundamental principles. He never revolted from his great teacher. He pursued the Cartesian mode of analysis and abstrac- tion, he employed the Cartesian pr…
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Here presents itself the ancient insoluble enigma. How can bodies act upon each other ? How can matter be moulded or modified by vital action? How can it be subdued or directed by the inteUigent volition of man ? How can it be conjoined with spirit in any form of animate existence ? Des Cartes so completely con- tradis…
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LEIBNITZ 337 LEIDRADT conceptions, the ingenious arguments, the various illus- trations, the abundant analogies by which this thesis is maintained and adorned, can receive here only their merited tribute of admiration. When (iod looked upon the work of each of the six days of creation, " He saw that it was good." Mo…
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Leidradt, a noted Roman Catholic prelate, proba- bly a Bavarian, flourished in the 8th centurj'. He was librarian to Charlemagne until 798, when he was made archbishop of Lyons. He was sent soon after by Char- lemagne, together with the bishop of Orleans and other prelates, into the southern provinces of France, to sup…
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Leigh, Hezekiah G., D.D., an eminent minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, was born in Perquimas County, N. C, Nov. 23, 1795, was converted in 1817, joined the Virginia Conference in 1818, was set off with the N. C. Conference in 1836, was a delegate to every (ieneral Conference from 1824 to his death, and …
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accepted the bishopric of Dunblane, a small and poor diocese, and was consecrated at Westminster Dec. 15, 1661. Unfortunately for his peace, the men with whom he was now allied were even more intolerant and un- scrupulous than the Presbyterians. The despotic meas- ures of Sharpe and Lauderdale sickened him. Twice he pr…
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now used their utmost eiforts to secure, if not unity, yet at least peace and liarmony between tlie two cluirches. In tlie early part of 1G31, after Gustavus Ailoljdius, the champion of evangelical liberty, had al- ready come to Germany, the landgrave William of Hesse and the elector Christian William of Brandenburg jo…
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Leipsic, Discussion of. See Ecic; Carl- STADT, etc. Leipsic, Interim of. See Interim (III). Leitch, William, D.D., a Scotch divine, was born in 1814 in the town of Rothesay, a famous ^vatering- place on the island of Bute, Scotland, and Avas educated at the University of Glasgow, which he entered at the age of eight…
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Lejbowicz. See Frank. Lejuive, Paul, a French Jesuit missionary, was horn in 1592, entered the Jesuitical order, and labored in Canada for seventeen vears. He returned to France in 1 G.02, and died Aug. 7. 1GG4. He published a descriptive work on Canada and its native tribes (7 vols., 1640). — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Gen…
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Leland, John (2), a Baptist minister, distantly related to Aaron Leland (see above), was born in Graf- ton, ]\Iassacluisetts, May 14, 1754. About the age of eighteen he had strong and painful religious impres- sions; he emerged into light and peace gradually, and, after the lapse of several months, was baptized in June…
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Iieloug, Jacques, an eminent French bibliographer, was born at Paris April 19, 1665. In 1677 he was sent by his father to Malta, to be educated as a member of the order of Knights, but not liking the severity with which he was treated, he obtained permission to return to Paris. Here he continued his studies, and, as he…
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Lempriere, .Joiix, a distinguished English biogra- pher, was b(irn in Jersey about 1760. He was educated at Winchester and at Pembroke College, Oxford, and subsc(iueii(ly became first head master of Abmgdon Grammar-school, and later of the school at Exeter. In 1810 he resigned the latter, and the following year was pre…
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Lenfant, Alexandre-Charles-Anne, a French priest of note, was born at Lyons Sept. 6, 172G, and was educated bj^ the Jesuits of his native place. In 1741 he entered the order, and became professor of rhetoric at jMarseilles. Endowed with great talent as a speaker, he became one of the most popular pulpit orators of his …
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LENG 545 LENT Among the most important of his other productions are Pogijiana, or the Life, Chai-acter, and Maxims of the celtbi-aied Floi-entine Wfiter Poggio (Amsterdam, 1720) : — A Preventive against Reunion with the *SVe of Rome, and Reasons for Sejiaration from that See (Am- sterdam, 1723), a work which continu…
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I. Practice of the Early Church. — In the age immedi- atelj^ succeeding that of the aposf les, it does not appear that much value was attached to the practice of fasting. In the Shephe7-d of llcrmas it is spoken of in disparaging terms. Verj- little notice was taken of fasting Ijy the writers of the first centuries, wh…
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son. Daily instruction formed a part of the service, and holy communion was celei)rated at least every Lord's day. The last week, the Holy or Great 'Week, was kept with still greater strictness and solemnitj'" (Blunt, Diet, of Doctrinal and Historical Theoloijy, p. 408 j. II. Practice of later Times. — Fasting, after …
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III. Practice in Modem Times. — The Christians of the Greelc Church observe/bwr regular fasts. The first commences on the loth day of November, or forty days before Christmas. The second is the one which imme- diately precedes Easter. The third begins the week af- ter Whitsunday, and continues till the festival of St. …
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Ancient Kyj pt.ai LENTILES 348 LENTULUS lentiles for a soup or porridge; liis companion brings a j bundle of fagots for the fire, and the lentiles themselves are seen standing near him in wicker baskets." The lentiles of Palestine have been little noticed by travel- j lers (e. g. Burckhardt, .1 rah. p. 51 ). Nau ( …
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LENTULUS 349 LENTULUS Lord's personal appearance was very unprepossessing. But as the Church grew in prosperity and power this idea underwent a complete change. Eusebius and Au- gustine are heard to complain that nothing is known as to the Lord's personal appearance. In the INIiddle Ages a directly opposite opinion …
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The very contents of the letter are sufficient evidence of its spiu-iousness. Had it really been written by a Ro- man, it would not have been addressed to the senate, but to the emperor, who was the immediate master of the Syrian provinces. It appears that this objection was already noticed in former times, for in the …
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Having thus seen how this epistle carries within it- self the proofs of its spuriousness, the question arises. When was it written? If it were included in the works of Anselm, we would have to consider it as having been composed in the Uth centur3^ Yet it is simply append- ed to the works of this author, and was never …
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LEO 351 LEO had been committed to writing by himself; and Tertul- lian (Z>e Corona, Q.l) directs his readers "to unroll the writings of Leo the Egyptian." Hj'ginus (Poeticoti A s- ironomicon, c. 20) refers to Leon as though he wrote a history of Egypt (" Qui res iEgj'ptiacus scripsit") ; and the scholiast on ApoUoni…
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1. Early History. — He was born in or on the borders of the rude province of Isauria, and his original name was Conon. He emigrated with his father, a wealthy farmer or grazier of that country, to Tlirace. Young Conon obtained the place of spatharius, or broadswords- man, in the army of .Justinian II, and soon, by his …
971 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.