PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 5
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,342,977 words · 1313 reading sections
Section 601
Lineage (Trarptd, paternal descent, "kindred," Acts iii, 25; "family," Eph. iii, 15), a family or race (Luke ii, 4). See Genealogy. Linen has been made in the A. Version or elsewhere the representative of a considerable number of Ileb. and Greek terms, to most of which it more or less nearly corresponds. The material …
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LINEN 440 LINEN 2. BPts (V12, from a root signifying u-hifeness) occurs in 1 Chron. iv, 21 ; xv, 27 ; 2 Chron. ii, 14 ; iii, 14 ; v, 12 ; Ksth. i, 6 ; viii, 15 ; Ezek. xxvii, 16, in all which passages the A.Y. renders it " tine linen," except in 2 Chron. v, 12, where it translates " white linen." The word is of Ara-…
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Cotton (Ui w, shesh, according to Rosenmtiller, ^4 Itert/i. TV, i, 175; comp. Tuch, Gen. p. 520 sq. ; later "/^3, buts, see Faber, in Harmar, ii, 383 ; comp. Gesenius, Thesaur. p. 190) was not only manufactured in Egypt into state apparel (Gen. xli, 42 ; comp. Pliny, xix, 2), and in Persia into cords (Esth. i, 6), but …
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5. Ciiuu ("lin, from its u-hiteness) occurs Esth. i, 6; viii, 15, where the Auth. Version renders "white," Sept, jivaaoc, besides other passages where it signifies a " hole" risa. xi, 8 ; xUi, 22, etc.) ; once I'lH, chor, plural poet, -inin, Isa. xLx, 9 (Auth. Vers, "net-works," Sept. /3t'r(T(Toc,Vidg. sH&^tVw, Kimchi …
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From this Heb. term many have thought is derived the Greek word oivcw, which occurs of linen or muslin cloth, e. g. a loose garment worn at night instead of the day-clothes, q. d. night-gown (IMark xiv, 51, 52, "linen cloth"); used also for wrapping around dead bodies, q. d. grave-clothes, cerements (" fine linen," JMa…
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9. Shaatnez' (TDipj."^), a kind of garments woven of two sorts of thread, linen and wool, like the (ireek v(ptt(Tpa aii<pi;.UTor, Eng. linsey-woolsey, which the He- brews were forbidden to use, as appears from the two passages in the Mosaic law where the word occurs: Lev. xix, 19, " Neither shall a garment mingled of l…
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of the French Revolution to return to England. The college was finally settled at Ushaw, near the city of Durham, and IMr. Lingard there performed the duties of some of its offices. He revisited France for a short time during the dangerous period of the Revolution, and on one occasion barely escaped being mobbed as a p…
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Link, "Wenceslaiis, a German theologian, noted for his eft'orts in behalf of Martin Luther and the cause of the reformatory movement, was born at Colditz, near ^Meissen, Saxony, about 1483. He was an Augustinian monk of the convent ^^'aldheim when he went to the "Wittenberg University to pursue theological studies, and…
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According to the Roman Breviarj-, Linus was born at Volterra, but an old papal catalogue represents him as an Etrurian. According to tradition, he went to Rome when 22 j'ears of age, made there the acquaintance of Peter, and was sent by him to Besan^on, in France, to preach the Gospel. After his retiurn to Rome Peter a…
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HUXGAUY. Lion (prop. I'^X, ari', or n."''1X, aryeh' ; Sept. and N. T. X'tiov), the most powerful, daring, and impressive of all carnivorous animals, the most magniticent in as- pect and awful in voice. Being very common in Syria in early times, the lion naturally supplied many forcible images to the poetical language …
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lae, hard as a rasp, so as to crush the frame of the victim and clean its bones of the tlesh, are all subservient to an otherwise immensely strong, muscular structure, capable -^^w^? African Lion. of prodigious exertion, and minister to the self-confi- dence which these means of attack inspire. In Asia the lion rare…
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■VSi#*%P^ Persian Lion. "Naturalists are disposed to consider the lion as a genus, consisting of some three or four species. Two of these are found in Asia, the one called, from the scanti- ness of its mane, the maneless lion (Leo Goozeratensis), found only in Western India, and the other furnished with that appendag…
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sion, he stiU remains so to his nature. Tluis nothing can be more graphic than the record of the man of (iod (1 Kings xiii, 28), disobedient to his charge, struck down from his ass, and lying dead, while the lion stands by him, without touching the lifeless body or attacking the living animal, usually a favorite prey. …
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Lip (nsb, saphah', usually in the dual; Gr. xctAo^), besides its literal sense (e. g. Isa. xxxvii, 29 ; Cant, iv, 3, 11 ; V, 13 ; Prov. xxiv, 28), and (in the original) met- aphorically for an edge or border, as of a cui) (1 Kings vii, 2G), of a garment (Exod. xxvii, 32), of a curtain (Exod. xxvi, 4; xxxvi, 11), of the…
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Lippe, sometimes also (but less properly) Lippk- Detmold, a small principality of Northern Germany, surrounded on the M''. and S. by WestphaUa, and on the E. and N. by Hanover, Brunswick, Waldeck, and a de- tached portion of Ilesse-Cassel, extends over an area of 432 square miles, and has a population (1871) of 111,153…
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In 1871 the principality numbered about 2700 Roman Catholics, 6500 Lutherans, 1150 Israelites; the remain- der belonged to the Reformed Church. The latter is divided into three classes, at the head of each of which is a superintendent; at the head of the whfile clergy is a superintendent general at Detmold. The supreme…
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with funds, and Calvin, Bullinger, and Gesuer-in vain sought to obtain for Lismanini leave to return to Po- land. It was not until 1556 that he was permitted to return, but the king's favor he never regained, notwith- standing the efforts of a large number of the Polish nobility in his behalf. His Socinian views on the…
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The prevalence of litanies in the Western Church may be recognised after the beginning of the fifth century ; and during the time of Charlemagne we find allusion to large numbers of them, to be attended to as a matter of special appointment. The Council of Orleans, A.D. 511, expressly recognises litanies as peculiarly …
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LITAKY io'i LITERS FORMATS The three different forms now in use in the Eomish churches are called the '-litany of the saints" (which is the most ancient), the "litany of tlie name of Jesus," and the " litany of Our Lady of Loretto." Of these the first alone has a place in tlie public service-books of the Church, on …
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LICA. Literse Formatae, or simply Forjiat.e, are the epistles of bishops and churches to others of like char- acter, and are so called because they are framed after cer- tain prescribed canonical rules. There have been need- less discussions over the fitness of the expression for- mata, and some would have it to hefor…
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Lithuania, a grand-duchy in Eastern Europe, which fiirmerly constituted a y)art of the kingdom of I'olaud, and whicli at the partition of the kingdom was partly united with Russia (the governments of Vilna, Grodno, ]\Iohilev, Minsk, and A'itebsk ), jiartly with Prus- sia (the administrative district of (jombiimen). Tli…
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Govern- Roman Per Prot- 1 Per Israel- Per ment. Catholics. Cent. estHnts. ct. ites. Cent. a . Grodno . 265,506 29.7 7,339 0.8 99,473 11.1 ■ 958,852 Minsk. . . 1S.5,3S0 18.5 1,.360 0.1 97,830 9.8 l,135,58s Mohilev. 37,on3 4.0 525 . — 122,662 13.3 908,858 Vlhm . . . 568,890 61.0 1…
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their names. " Tliey have no priests, and hardly any . the public function or service performed by the minis- form of prayer. They keep no images, use no wafers, | trj-, became restricted in its meaning to the form it- and make no sacred "oil. Instead of the consecrated i self— the form of words in which such ser^-ice …
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was born about tlie opening of the last cent ur_v, and was | of the people (Numb. vi. 23-27), is -an instance of this educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge, enter- j class. The form of offering of the first-fruits (Deut. the latter in 1716. He early turned his attention to poetry, but he also studied philosop…
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social as of individual existence. " The first compila- tion of a liturgy is recorded of Amram Gaon (A.D. 870- 880) ; the first that has survived is that of Saadja Gaon (d. A.D. 942). These early collections of prayers gen- erally contained also compositions from the hand of the compiler, and minor additions, such as e…
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II. Early Christian Lititrfjies. — 1. Their Origin. — So far as regards the primitive or apostolic age, the only trace of anything of that kind is the Lord's Prayer, and the Amen alluded to in 1 Cor. xiv, IG ; this latter an un- doubted importation from the synagogue. As, more- over, \\Q tiud the Master, with the twelv…
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(a.) Liturgies of the Eastern Churches. — Chronologi- cally those of the Oriental Church first demand exami- nation. (1.) The earliest, perhaps, is that of Jerusalem or Antioch, ascribed to the apostle James ; the first word in it, 6 'itpivQ — a word never used by apostolic men in speaking of the Christian ministrj- — …
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to the alterations of the latter under Gregory. These differences, at the greatest, were not of an essential char- acter. The question of the independence of the Mi- lanese and the supremacy of the Romans was probably the great issue upon which these differences turned. As nothing less than apostolicity could enable th…
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i. There is invariably a division of the liturgy into three portions — the office of the Prothesis, the l*ro-An- aphora, and the Anaphora, the latter being the " Canon" of the Western Church, and the ofiice of the Prothesis being a preparatory part of the service corresponding to the " Pra^paratio" of the \Yestern Litu…
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III. ]\Iodern Greek amlEastern Lituy-gies. — Three litur- gies are in use in the modern Greek or Constantinopolitan Church, viz., those of Basil and of Chrysostom, and the liturgy of the Presanctificd. The liturgy bearing the name of Basil is used b\' the Constantinopolitan Church ten times in the year, viz., on the ev…
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2. The Missal, or volume employed in celebrating LITURGY 462 LITURGY mass. According to a tradition generally believed by members of the Romish Church, this liturgy owes its origin to St. Peter. The canon of the mass was com- mitted to -writing about the middle of tlie fifth century. Various additions were subseque…
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In Sweden, which, although Lutheran, retains the episcopate, and may seem to demand a more special no- tice, there was published in 1811 a new, revised edition of the Liturgy, prepared at the time of the Reformation. This is divided into chapters, and contains the usual parts of a Church service, with forms for bajitis…
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form of devotion. Private and lay baptism are forbid- den. The arrangement of the Lord's table is to be such that communicants may sit about it, and the dead are to be buried without prayer or religious ceremony. d. Intermediate between these two great families of liturgies, the Lutheran and Calvinistic, are those of …
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Among the curiosities of the subject we notice the following : («.) Liturgy of the P?-imitive Episcopal Church. — " The Hook of Common Prayer, and A dministration of the Sacraments and other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church, according to the Use of the Primitive Ejiiscopal Church, revived in England in the Year of o…
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Liutpraiid. Sec LuirrRAXD. Liver ("I^S, kdbed', so called as being the heaviest of the viscera) occurs in Exod. xxix, 13, 22 ; Lev. iii, 4, 10, 15; iv, 9; vii, 4; viii, 16, 25; Lx, 10, 19; Prov. vii, 23; Lam. ii, 11 ; Ezek. xxi, 21. In the Pentateuch it forms part of the phrase translated in the Authorized A'ersion '•…
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iVa? utility. The importance of these symbols is mani- fest, 1, in the very minute description of them ; 2, in the fact that they do in some way pervade the entire pe- riod of grace, from the expulsion of Adam till, in the apocalyptic vision, we arrive at the gates of the city, having a right to the tree of life in the…
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(II.) They seem to represent mercy in its dispensa- tion, so to speak — in its instrumentalities, with all their hiteresting and happy varieties. AVhile the swoj-d=the whole power of justice, deters man from entering the earthly paradise ; drives men away in their wickedness ; awakes against the Shepherd; torments enem…
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Livingston, John, a noted Scottish Presbyterian divine, was born in 1003, and was educated at Glasgow, where he took the degree of A.M. in 1021. He entered the ministry, and soon distinguished himself as an able preacher. A zealous Covenanter, he opposed the ejiis- copal government of the Church after the Restoration, …
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Livonia, the largest of the Baltic provinces of Russia ; area, 17,801 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 980,784. The Oermans, who chiefly live in the towns, number about 64,000 inhabitants; the remainder are mostly cither Letts (a branch of the Slavi, kindred to the Lithuanians) or Esthonians, who are of Finnish descent. Christi…
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Lizard appears in the Auth.Vers. in but one pas- sage (Lev. xi, 30) as the rendering of ilJ<I35, letadh'; but different species of the animal seem to be desig- nated by several Hebrew terms, variously rendered in the English translation. In the East numerous varie- ties of these reptiles are met with in great abundance…
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(9.) Liattathan' ("rrilb) sometimes stands for the largest of the lizard tribe, the crocodile. — "Winer. See Leviathan. Under the denomination of lizard the modern zoolo- gist places all the cold-blooded animals that have the conformation of seqients with the addition of four feet. Thus viewed as one great family, the…
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we place the Geckotians, among which comes Hpi N, ana- kah, in our versions denominated/e?7-e^, but which is with more propriety transferred to the noisy and venomous abu-hurs of the Arabs. There is no reason for admitting the verb p3X, anak, to groan, to cry out, as radical for the name of the ferret, an animal totall…
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Llorente, Don Juan Antonio, the noted author of a historj' of the Inquisition, etc., was borit at Eincon del Soto, near Calahorra, Spain, March 30, 1756. He studied at Tarascone with great success, and received the tonsure when but fourteen years of age. In 1779 he was ordained priest, and took his degree in canon law…
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Llorente's character and writings have been the object of as extravagant praise by some as of extravagant cen- sure by others. He lived in a time of great fermenta- tion, and in a country where the struggle between prog- ress and conservatism gave rise to innumerable par- ties: under these circumstances he remained tru…
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LOAF 472 LOAX Tnomj of the Gospels, etc., etc. See Allibone, Diet, of Brit, and Am. A uthors, vol. ii, s. v. ; Stoughton, Eccles. II 1st. {Restoi-ation), i, 500; ii, 5, 28, 141 sq., 14G; Strick- lainl. Lives of the Seven Bishojis. Loaf (properly ^35, Mkkar', a circle, in the phrase Cn5 "133, (I 1-ound of bread, i. …
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Ancient Egyptian Bread. (Tlie tiist two fiffnres are from the Monuments, the others from epecimens in the Brit- isli Museum.) The word nsn, channh',"cake" (2 Sam. vi, 19), of- ten refers to a cake of oblation (Exod. xxix, 23; Lev. viii, 26 , Numb, vi, 15 ; etc.), from the root hhri, chalal, to pierce through, because…
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this light, so long as that polity retained its force, would it, as a matter of course, be regarded by the o^vners of property. Thus the execution of this particular law was secured by the entire force with which the consti- tution itself was recommended and sustained. But as human seltishness might in time endanger th…
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Loaysa, (iuAci a de, an eloquent Dominican preach- er and Spanish cardinal, was born in 1479 at Talavera, Castile ; entered the Dominican Order at St. Paul de renneliel in 141)5, and was made successively professor of philosophy, next of theology, director of studies, rec- tor at St.(iregory, prior of the convent of Av…
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Lobstein, Johanx jMichael, a German theologian, was born at Lampertheim, near Strasburg, May, 1740. In 1755 he entered the university of his native place, went to Paris in 1767, and at the expiration of nearly two years returned to Strasburg, and became pastor of the French Nicolai Church. In addition to this he be- ca…
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On large circuits, and on stations embracuig mission- ary work, and where the number of local preachers is considerable, it is customary to arrange and print a Plan covering all the appointments of a quarter, and designating the time and place of each individual's ser- vices. In the Wesleyan jNIethodlst Church of Great…
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LOCK 477 LOCKE they -were published in German by Spalatin (1521). af- I has small pins, made to correspond with the holes, into tenvards by J. Jonas (153G), and tiually by Melancthon himself (1542), and designated by them as the chief ar- ticles and principal point of Scripture (IhaqHartikel u. fiirnehmste Funkte d…
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Locke, John, the most notable of modem English philosophers, who has exercised the great- est influence on all subsequent speculation, in both psychology and politics, and whose doctrines, un- der various modifications or exaggerations, still contribute largely to mould the opmions of the civilized world. He has in gre…
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The Kevolution of 1688 restored Locke to his native land. He signalized his return by the publication of his great philosophical work. An attempt was made to prohibit its introduction into the University of Oxford. In 1690 he issued his two treatises On Government. They controverted the doctrine of the divine right of …
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An examination of the analysis usually prefixed to the " Essay" will show how small a portion of the work really belongs to the regular exposition of a metajihys- ical system ; how much is occupied with the anticipa- tion of objections, or the simplification of apprehended difficulties. The treatise is di\-ided into fo…
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Having got rid of innate ideas — tenues sine corpore ritce — the English philosopher proceeded to investigate the origin of human knowledge — the avowed object of his main inquiry. There was an inversion of logical order, as Morell has observed, in seeking the ratio es- sendi of the phenomena before ascertaining the ph…
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Locke, Nathaniel C, D.D., a Presbyterian min- ister, was born June 1, 1816, at Salem, N. J., graduated from Middlebury College, Vt., in 1838; from Union The- ological Seminary, New York, in 1844 ; was immediately licensed by the New York Third Presbytery, and soon after entered upon the duties of his first charge at Ea…
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these words denote merely the different states through which the locust passes after leaving the cs^g, viz. the larva, the pupa, ami the perfect insect — all which much resemble each other, except that the larva has no wings, and that the pupa possesses only the rudiments of those members, which are fully developed onl…
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The Hebrew word in question is usually derived from nS"!, "to multiply," op-"be numerous," because the lo- cust is remarkably prohfic ; which, as a general name, is certainly not inapplicable ; and it is thence also inferred that it denotes the G. migratorius, because that species often appears in large numbers. Howeve…
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LOCUST 483 LOCUST iii, 17 may easily have been the vymphm (which in all the A vietabula continue to Iced as in their larva condi- tion) encamping at night under the hedges, and, ob- taining their wings as the sun arose, are then represent- ed as hying away (so too Kitto, I'ict. Bible, note on Nah. iii, 17 ). It cert…
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(5.) Ciianamal' (^^il^I, occurs only in Psa. Ixxviii, 47 ; Sept. iraxviri ; Aq. iv Kpvei ; Vulg. in prui7ia ; Eng. "frost"). Notwithstanding this concurrence of Sept., Vulg., and Aquila, it is objected that "frost" is nowhere mentioned as having been employed in the plagues of Egypt, to which the Psalmist evidently all…
944 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.