PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 5
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,342,977 words · 1313 reading sections
Section 661
KEK-WORil. (9.) Salam' (C"bO), only in Lev. xi, 22, arra;«j, at- facus, " the bald locust." A Chaldee quadriliteral root is given l)y Bochart, C^fba, to devour. Another has been proposed, vh'D, a rock or stone, and fib", to go up; licnce the locust, which climbs up stones or rocks ; but, as Bochart observes, no locust…
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e '<<, Acridium Lineola. which is a species commonly sold for food in the mar- kets of Bagdad (Ser\'. Orthop. G57), A. semifasciatum, A.jxregrinum, one of the most destructive of the spe- cies, and A . morbosum, occur either in Egypt or Arabia. Culliptamus sei'opis and Chrotof/onus lugiihris are found in Egypt, and …
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LOCUST 486 LOCUST salt, and adding butter : he found tliem excellent. How strange, then, nay, " how idle," to quote the words of Kirby and Spence {Entom. i, 305), " was the controversy concerning the locusts which formed part of the sus- tenance of John the Baptist, . . . and how apt even learned men are to per- ple…
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From the Scriptures it appears that Egypt, Palestine, and the adjacent countries were frequently laid waste by vast bodies of migrating locusts, which are especial- ly represented as a scourge in the hand of divine Prov- idence for the punishment of national sins; and the brief notices of the inspired writers as to the…
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Lodensteiii, Jonocis von, a noted Dutch theo- logian, was born at Delft in 1620. He studied under Voetius at Utrecht, and under Cocceius and Amesius at Franeker, and became preacher atZoetemer in 1644; at Sluys, in Flanders, in 1650, and at Utrecht in 1652— in all of which places he used every exertion to revive the sp…
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IiOft (jTrO'J, aliguh', vTTipiiiov), the upper chamber, e. g. of a private house (1 Kings xvii, 19; Acts xx, 9). Such rooms were either over the gate (2 Sam. xix, 1) or built on the fiat roof (2 Kings xxiii, 12), and were especially used for prayer, conference, or public meet- ings. See CiiAMBEu; House; Roof. Loftus. …
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Thus we are taken back to the early Greek philoso- phers for the first formal discussions of what is now uni- versally denominated Logic. They, in successive gen- erations, developed with more or less clearness its prin- LOGIC 489 LOGIC cipal elements. Socrates illustrated induction ; Euclid, deduction. Plato treat…
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About the middle of the 16th century a formidable opposition to the authority of Aristotle sprang up at the University of Paris, under the leadership of Peter Ra- mus, a scholar of great natural acutenoss, and of an in- trepid, though somewhat arrogant spirit. He jmblished his Ins/if titumes Lialectica: in 1543. His sy…
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to develop the idea of the absolute by antagonisms through all its successive stadia. With him the pri- mary element of logic consisted in the oneness of the subjective and objective. Instinctive knowledge oidy regards the object without considering itself. But con- sciousness, besides the former, contains a perception…
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Thus the fundamental thought of this introduction is, that the original, all-creating, all-quickening, and all-en- lighteiiiiig Logos, ox piersonal dirine icord, became man in Jesus Christ. See Incaunation. 2. Origin and History of the Idea. — (1.) John uses the terra Logos without explanation, assuming that his reade…
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(6.) Liicke concludes that, such being the develop- ment of the doctrine of the Logos when John wrote, al- though there is no evidence that he borrowed his views from Philo, yet it is impossible to doubt the direct his- torical connection of his doctrine with the Alexandrian. jMeyer thinks that if we suppose John's doc…
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4. Literature. — 'I'he following are the princijial mono- graphs on this subject: Sandius, De Aoyi^ (in his In- terp. Paradox, Amsterd. 1G70) ; Saubert, De voce Aoyog (Altdorf, 1687) ; Carpzov, De A6yi[> Philonis (Helmstadt, 1749); Bryant, P/;i7o's Adyoc (1797); Upham, Letters on the L^ogos (Boston, 1828) ; Bucher, JoA…
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Lo'is (Awic, perh. agi-eeable), the grandmother of Timothy, not by the side of his father, who was a Greek, but by that of his mother. Hence the Syriac has ''thy mother's mother." She is commended by the apostle I'aul for her faith (2 Tim. i, 5 ) ; for, although she might not have known that the Christ had come, and th…
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LOLLARDS 494 LOLLARDS Langelaml. The real meaning of loller is one who lolls about, a vagabond; and it was equally applied, at fir^f, to the \\'ickliffites and to the lier/f/iiir/ //-{a rs .... [Beg- hiiins ((|. V. )]. But, before long, lulkr was purposelj confused with the Latin lolium, by a kind of pun. The deriva…
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In the early months of 1382 the king had favored the persecution of heretics. On the petition of the archbishop, he had allowed him and his suffragans " to arrest and imprison, either in their own prisons, or any other if they please, all and every such person and per- sons as shall either privily or openly preach or m…
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to the diocesan or his commissarj', and the eher'ff, may- or, and bailiff" were, after sentence promulgated, to re- ceive them, and in a high yilace, before the people, to cause them to be burnt. The law did not remain a dead letter. It was not long before a victim was found. The ecclesiastics were only too zealous for…
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The terror inspired bj' such executions and enact- ments drove man}'' into exile. They fled, says Fox, '■ into Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, and into the wilds of Scotland, Wales, and Ireland, working there many marvels against their fiilse kingdom too long to write." It was, of course, the most distinguished mem- …
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With the closing years of the century, however, to judge from the energy of the papists, it must have been apparent again in a more prominent manner, and from this period dates one of the severest of religious perse ■ LOMBARD (US) 497 LOMENIE cutions. In 1494, Robert Blacater, the first archbishop of Glasgow, sough…
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Lombards. See Loxgobardi. Lombardy is the name given to that part of North- ern Italy which formed the " nucleus" of the kingdom of the I^ongobardi (q. v.). Incorporated in 774 into the Carlovingian possessions, it became an independent kingdom again in 843, though it was not entirely sev- ered from the Frankish monar…
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Lon, JoHANN Michael, a Ciorman Protestant jurist and theologian, was born at Frankfort-on-the-JIain in 1695. He studied jurisprudence at Marburg, became soon known as an essayist on questions of morals, phi- losophy, and theology, which he treated with great ease and brilliancy, although occasionally inaccurate in his …
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LONGEVITY 499 LONGEVITY months, of thirty days each, to the year. "Nor is there," obsfirves St. Augustine {T)e Civ. Dei, xv, 12), " any care to be giv'en unto those who think that one of our ordinary years would make ten of the years of these times, being so sliort ; and therefore, say they, 900 years of theirs are …
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terval." To this he adds the testimony of many cele- brated profane historians, who affirm that the ancients lived 1000 years. In the above passage Josephus enu- merates/oMr causes of the longevity of the earlier patri- archs. 1. As to the first, viz., their being dearer to God than other men, it is plain that it canno…
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That the common age of man has been the same in all times since the world was generally repeopled is manifest from profane as well as sacred histor}'. Plato lived to the age of 81, and was accounted an old man ; and those whom Pliny reckons up (vii, 48) as rare ex- amples of long life may for the most part be equalled …
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LOXGOBARDI 501 LOXGOBARDI davi? before his death as containing the faith in which he " wished to die" — words expressive of liis sense of guilt and his faith in Christ's blood to cleanse him from that guilt. See London Spectator, 1808, Oct. 31, p. 1272 ; N. Y. Tribune, Oct. 29, 18G8. (J. H. W.) Longobardi (otherwis…
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The Lombards were Arians. Unlike the Franks, who became by religious sympathy the natural defend- ers of the pope, they, with the Goths, Vandals, Bur- gundians, and Suevians, had been converted to Chris- tianity, about the end of the 5th century, by Arian mis- sionaries. Such was the case with the German tribes general…
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autumn of 773 Charlemagne invaded Italy, and in l\Iay of the following year Pavia was conquered, and the Lom- bard kingdom was overthrown. In 803 a treaty between Charlemagne, the western, and Nicephorus, the eastern emperor, confirmed the right of the former to the Lom- bard territorj-, with Rome, the Exarchate, Raven…
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Looking-glass. See Mirror. Loop (only in the plural 7^^V^h ,luladth' , windings ; Sept. rtyicuAof, Vulg. anhda>), an attachment or knotted "f^e," probably of cord, corresponding to the knobs or " taches" (D^plp) in the edges of the curtains of the tabernacle for joining them into a continuous circuit, fifty to a curta…
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LORDLY 504 LORD exhibits a pliiral termination without the affix is that of Gesc'iiius (Thesaur. s. v. "|"n), and seems just, though rather (iisapproved by professor Lee (^Lex. in "jI'lX). The latter adds that 'oiu: English Bibles generally translate riTI"' by LORD, in capitals; when preceded by "I'l'lXn; they trans…
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Lord, Eleazer, an American theological writer, was born in 1798. With an excellent preparatory edu- cation, improved by close study to such a degree that in 1821 Dartmouth College, and in 1827 Williams, con- ferred on him the honorary degree of A.M., he devoted a portion of his time during an active business life as a …
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Lord, Nathan L., a Baptist missionarj' and phy- sician, was born in Norwich, Conn., in December, 1821, was educated at the Western Eeserve College (class of 184(), and, after completing a theological course, was employed for a time as agent and financial secretary of the college. Having decided to devote himself to the…
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4. As a less definite modification of this last view we may mention, finally, that others have regarded the phrase in question as meaning simply " the day of the Lord," the substantive being merely exchanged for the adjective, as in 1 Cor. xi, 20 : icvptaKov otinvov, "the Lord's Supper," which woidd make it merely syno…
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LORD'S DAY 507 LORD'S DAY passages seem scarcely adequate to prove that the dedi- cation of the first day of the week to the purposes above mentioned was a matter of apostolic institution, or even of apostolic practice. But, it may be observed, that it is, at any rate, an extraordinary coincidence, that almost as so…
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The strange heretic, Bardesanes, who, however, de- lighted to consider himself a sort of Christian, has the following words in his book on " Fate," or on " the Laws of the Countries," which ho addressed to the emperor M. Aurelius Antoninus: "What, then, shall we say re- specting the new race of ourselves who are Christ…
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The results of our examination of the principal writ- ers of the two centuries after the death of St. John may be thus summed up. The Lord's day (a name which has now come out more prominently, and is connected more explicitly with our Lord's resurrection than be- fore) existed during these two centuries as a part and …
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LORD'S PRAYER 509 LORD'S SUPPER the year A.D. 321, in a public edict, which was to apply to Christians as well as to pagans, he put especial honor upon a clay already honored by the former — judiciously calling it by a name which Christians had long employ- ed without scruple, and to which, as it was in ordinary use…
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I. Name. — It is called '• the Lord's Supper" (KvpiaKuv Sel-Tn'ov) in 1 Cor. xi, 20 because it was instituted at supper-time. Synonymous with this is the phrase " the Lord's table" (rpaini^a Kvpiov, 1 Cor. x, 21), where we also find the name "the cup of the Lord" (TroTtjpiov Kv- piov). Many new terms for it were early …
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cxviii, followed by a prayer, and this was accordingly known as the cup of the HaUel, or of the Song. (10.) There might be, in conclusion, a fifth cup, provided that the "great Hallel" (possibly Psa. cxx-cxxxvii) was sung over it. See Passover. Comparing the ritual thus gathered from rabbinic writers with the N. T., a…
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3. Later N.-T. Indications. — In the account given by the writer of the Acts of the life of the first disciples at Jerusalem, a prominent place is given to this act, and to the phrase which indicated it. Writmg, we must re- member, with the definite associations that had gather- ed round the words during the thirty 3'e…
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LORD'S SUPPER 512 LORD'S SUPPER feast. Each was tli inking of his own supper, not of that to wliich \'.e now tind attached the distinguishing title of •■ the Lords Supper." When the time for that came, one wa>i hungry enough to be looking to it with physioal, not spiritual craving; another so overpowered with wine a…
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The recurrence of the same liturgical words in Acts xxvii, 35 makes it probable, though not certabi, that the food of which Paul thus partook was intended to have, for himself and his Christian companions, the character at once of the Agape and the Eucharist. The heathen soldiers and saUors, it may be noticed, are said…
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priests should partake of the cup. The' Hussites de- manded the admission of the laity also to a partaking of the cup, and the refusal of this demand by the Coun- cil of Constance was one of the causes of the Hussite War, The doctrine that Christ existed wholly iii either of the elements (for which doctrine the theolog…
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We sec, from 1 Cor. xi, 24, that in the apostolic Church the bread was broken. This custom was dis- continued in the Roman Church when, in the 12th and 13th centuries, the host or holy wafer was cut in a pe- culiar way, so as to represent upon it a crucified Saviour. Luther retained the wafer, but the lieformed churche…
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4. Persons by ichom, and the Marnier in which the Lord's Supper is received. — In the primitive Church all baptized persons were admitted to the Lord's Supper; afterwards the catechumens and the lapsi were excluded from it. Communion of infants is found in an early pe- riod, and is still used in the (Jreek Church. See …
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Lorenz, Johanx IMichael, a German theologian, was born at Strasburg June 16, 1692. and was educated at the university of that city. In 1713 he obtained the degree of A.M. ; in 1714 he was appointed preacher in his native place; in 1722, professor ordinarj' of divinity at his alma mater. In addition to this, he was appo…
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But now as to the church of the Santa Casa itself. It stands near the centre of the town, in a piazza which pos- sesses other architectural attractions, the chief pf which are the governor's palace, built from the designs of Bra- mante, and a fine bronze statue of ]iope Sixtus V. The grcfu central door of the church is…
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Loria, Salomo, a noted rabbi, was born at Posen in 1510. Gifted with great talents, he devoted himself to a thorough research of Jewish literature. On ac- count of his onslaughts on Jewish tradition he became involved in manifold controversies with his colleagues, and was persecuted ; but, though personally disliked on…
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Lort, JMiCHAEL, D.D., an English theologian, was born in 1725 ; entered Trinity College, Cambridge, 1745 ; became professor of Greek at Cambridge in 1759 ; rec- LO-RUHAMAH 518 LOSS tor of St. Matthew, London, in 1771 ; prebendary of St. Paul's in 1780. He died in 1790. His works were. Pa- pers in Archceolofjy, 1777…
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XiOSliiel, George Henry, a bishop of the Moravian Church, celebrated as a preacher, hymnologist, and au- thor, was born Nov. 7, 1740, at Angermiinde, in Cour- land, where his father had charge of a Lutheran parish. In early life he joined the Moravians, and studied both theology and medicine at their college at Barby, …
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Lost Tribes. See Captivity ; Israel. Lot (properly P^iS or P"lh, goral', KXrjpoc, literally a pebble, used ancientlj' for balloting; other terms occa- sionally thus rendered are 53n or ?3Il, che'bel, a po?-- Hon, Dent, xxxii, 9; 1 Chron. xvi, 18; Psa. cv, 11, re- ferring to an inheritance ; and \ayx(tt'(^j to obtain b…
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In the sacred ritual of the Hebrews we find the use of lots but once prescribed, namely, in the selection of the scape-goat (Lev. xvi, 8 sq.). The two inscribed tablets of boxwood, afterwards of gold, were put into an urn, which was shaken, and the lots drawn out (Joma, iii, 9; iv, 1). See Atonejiknt, Day of. Eventuall…
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Not many years after his separation from Abraham (B.C. 2080), Lot was carried away jirisoner by Chedor- laomer, along with the other inhabitants of Sodom, and was rescued and brought back by Abraham (Gen. xiv), as related under other heads. See Aisraham ; Ciiedor- T.AOJIER. Tliis exploit procured for Abraham much ce- l…
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'Lot's Wife." isolated needle of rock, which really does bear a curious resemblance to an Arab woman with a child upon her shoulder. The Arab legend of Lot's wife differs from the Bible account only in the addition of a few frivolous details. They say that there were seven cities of the plain, and that they were all m…
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This circumstance is the Last which the Scripture re- cords of the history of Lot, and the time and place of his death are unknown. A traditional respect has been shown to his memory (also that of his wife, who is call- ed Edith, Vi'^l'^S [one of his daughters being called Plutith, ni::lb5], in the tract Pirke Elieser…
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Louis I (German Ludwiij, Latin Ludovictis), called " Le Debonnaire," and also '' t/ie Pious,^' youngest son of Charlemagne, was born at Casseneuil A.D. 778. The great empire of the West had just been recreated by the heroic efforts of Charles, therefore honored with the title of "the Great;" but it was not absolutely t…
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LOUIS I 524 LOUIS I time, however, the emperor fell ill, and died on an island of the Khiiie near Mentz, in June, 840, after sending to his son Lothaire the imperial crown, his sword, and his sceptre. Of what account this last act of Louis was may be inferred from the partition of the dominion. Lo- thaire, as empero…
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father in his train, he halted at Compiegne, and sum- moned a council of his prelates to accomplish the work from which his savage nobles shrunk. With unfalter- ing willingness they undertook the odious task, declar- ing their competency through the power to bind and to loose conferred upon their order as the vicars of…
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The most celebrated acts in the life of Louis worthy of special record in our work are his efforts to advance the Christian religion by the foundation of two relig- ious institutions, viz., the monasterj^ of Corvey and the archbishopric of Hamburg. The former he built for la- borers among the Saxon colony he had caused…
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Louis XIV OP France, grandson of Henry IV, and third of the Bourbons, was born in 1638. The re- gency of his mother, Anne of Austria, controlled by car- dinal Mazarin (q. v.), continued during the minority of the sovereign. So far, indeed, as the policy of Mazarin was concerned, it prevailed until his death in 1661, L…
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Louis's relif/ions and ecclesiastical polic?/ is exhibited in connection with his treatment of the national ('hurch, and its central head, the papacy; his action with refer- ence to a division of sentiment among different portions of this national Church ; and, last of all, in his treat- ment of his Protestant subjects…
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As, however, these proved insufficient to the attain- ment of the desired end, and the law still guaranteed the legal existence of the as j-et unconverted Protes- tants, more vigorous steps were taken prior to the final one in the direction of annoyance and severitj'. With- out, therefore, revoking the existing law, it…
954 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.