PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 5
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,342,977 words · 1313 reading sections
Section 781
friends. Agricola completely retracted his erroneous views, but the tenderness of the old confidence and love was never restored. XIV. Literary Activity. — The activity of Luther in the period which followed his return to Wittenberg was largely directed to the internal shaping of the Evangel- ical (Lutheran) Church. A…
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5. Among the paintine/s of renown, the first place his- torically is due to Luther's portrait by Lucas Cranach. It is now in the possession of Winter, in Heidelberg. The copies and engravings of it have been multiplied by millions. Busts or portraits of Luther are found in many of the Protestant (Lutheran) churches on …
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The best known by English hands are by Bower (1813), Riddle (1837), and John Scott (London, 1832; New York, Harpers, 1833). The Schunbei-g-Cotta Fam- ily (1864) is the best picture of Luther from an English pen ; little more than the frame is fiction. From the hands of American authors we have lives by Sears (1850),We…
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II. Origin and Extent. — The rupture with the dominant part of the Church of Rome, and the formation of the new communion, was made inevitable bv the Diet at Spires in 1529, at which the solemn protestation of the evangelical princes was presented, in opposition to the imperial recess (decree) in its bearing on the gre…
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HI. Organization and Constitution. — The first fresh impulses of the evangelical life of faith was not allowed to shape a complete congregational life in entire accord- ance with the pure principles which had been restored. Although the early Lutheran princes were, as a bodv, men of devoted piety, yet the interests of …
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During Luther's lifetime the Lutheran Church had taken a firm and final position over against the Roman Catholic. The Augsburg Confession was the rallying point of the friends of the revised faith. The Apology detended the Confession in Melancthon's incomparable manner; the Schmalcald Articles gave forth Luther's trump…
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and the theosophy of Oetinger, the dominion of the meiliicvalism of the seventeentli century was broken. Under the infiuence of rationalism, at the end of the eighteenth century, tlie points of distinction between the Lutheran and the Reformed churches, both in Church life and in theology, lost more and more their sign…
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LUTHERAN^ 577 LUTHERAN forward where their proper goal lies, they turn back- wards. They are constantly recurring to the point on which the confessional differences originally rested. They desire to establish by the Church confessions what they hold to be the real substance of the evangelical faith. Yet they must th…
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The forms established in the aera of the Reformation w-ere more or less broken through, or altered in a very wretched manner, in consequence of the theological rev- olution which marked the 18th century. With the re- ligious life, whose reviving poAver was felt towards the close of the first quarter of the 19th century…
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of apologies in various degrees, and final excommunicar tion. The Church service is conducted according to the agenda which have been in use ; the preaching on free texts requires the permission of the Board of the High Consistory ; the Lord's Supper is an essential part of the chief service. The Lutherans are not obli…
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LUTHERANS IN AMERICA. L Earh/ Ilistor//.— The celebrated German divine, Dr. Henry Melchior Miihlenberg (q. v.), is generally and justly recognised as the founder of the Lutheran Church in America. He arrived in this country in 1742. Long previous to his coming, however, the Lutherans had gained a footing here. Adherent…
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LUTHERANS IN AMERICA 580 LUTHERANS IN AMERICA epoch in which it assumed organic form. No man could have heen more eminently fitted than was H. M. Muhlenberg for the mission to be accomplished. ''He jwssessed piety, learning, experience, skill, industry, and perseverance.'' He was, moreover, " deeply interested in the …
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Not so auspicious was the outlook at the close of the eighteenth century. On October 7, 1787, the patriarch and founder of the Lutheran Church in America de- parted this life, and the Church was bereft of its great stronghold. There had been slowly growing, ever since the establishment of American independence, a decid…
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presided over by Dr. Chas. P. Krauth, of Philadelphia. At this meeting there were only nine synods, represent- ing 511 ministers, 971 congregations, and 141,875 com- municants. Two other synods — the Danish-Norwegian Augustana Synod and the Indiana Synod — had, how- ever, announced their intention to join the " Council…
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Lutz, Johaiin Lud'wig Samuel, a distin- guished Gemian theologian, historian, and biographer, was bom at Bern in 1785; studied tirst in his native city, then at the universities of Tiibingen and Gottin- gen; was in 1812 appointed professor of the gymna- sium, and rector of the literary' school of Bern ; in 1824 became …
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2. A small place in the district of the Hittites, found- ed by an inhabitant of the former Luz, who was spared on the destruction of this place by the tribe of Benja- min (.ludg. i. 2(!); and tliis seems to dispose of the iden- tifii'ation with the ruins still found on ^It.Gcrizira (Stan- ley, p. 231 s(i.\ bearing the …
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Luzzatto, Simone (Heb. Simcha), a noted rabbi, who floiu-ished at Venice about 1590, exerted no small influence on the Italian Jews of the 16th century. He was an associate of Leo da Modena (q. v.), and aided the latter greatly by his superior abilities. He died in 1G63. He wrote Via della Fede, in which he teaches tha…
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Lyc'ia {AvKia, prob. from \vkoq, a wolf; according to some, from its earliest king, Lycus; for a Shemitic origin of the name, see Simonis, Onomast. N. T. p. 101 ; Sickler, Handh. p. 568), a province in the south-west of Asia Minor, opposite the island of Rhodes, having Pam- ]jhylia on the east, Phrygia on the north, Ca…
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LYDDA 585 LYDIA cry by Cassius when he inflicted the calamity of his presence upon Palestine after the death of Julius Caesar (Josephus, /Inf. xiv, 11,2; xii, 0). In the New Testa- ment the place is only noticed under the name of Lyd- da, as the scene of Peter's miracle in healing yEneas (Acts ix, 32, 35). Some year…
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Lydgate, John, an ancient English theologian, celebrated particularly as a poet, one of the successors of Chaucer, was a monk of the Benedictine abbey of Bury St. Edmunds, in Suffolk. The dates of only a (aw of the events of his life have been ascertained. He was ordained a subdeacon in 1389, a deacon in 1393, and a pr…
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2. A woman of Thyatira, "a seller of purple," who dwelt in the city of Philippi, in IMacedonia (Acts xvi, 14, 15). A.D. 47. The commentators are not agreed •whether " Lydia" should be regarded as an appellative, or a derivative from tlie country to which the woman belonged, Thyatira, her native place, being in Lydia. T…
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MINIANISM. Lye, Edward, an English philologist and clergy- man, was born at Totnes, Devonshire, and was educated at Hertford College, Oxford; took holy orders in 1719; was presented to the living of Haughton Parya, North- amptonshire; in 1750 became vicar of Yardley Hast- ings, and died in 1767. He acquired distinctio…
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Lynde, Sir Humphrey, an English writer of note, was born in 1579, and was educated first at Westminster School, and then at Christ Church, Oxford ; was made bachelor of arts in 1600. He was a member of several Parliaments, and enjoyed other national honors, but he deserves a place here only on accomit of his works, amo…
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Lyons, James Gilbourne, D.D., LL.D., an epis- copal clergyman and educator, a native of England, em- igrated to America in 1844, and began his clerical labors at St. Mary's Church, Burlington, N. J. In 1846 he re- moved to Philadelphia, and established himself as a teacher of the classics. His educational success secur…
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(6.) What Josephus says of Abila and the tetrarchy in the reigns of Caligula and Claudius (i. e. about twen- ty years after the time mentioned in Luke's Gospel) is, that the former emperor promised the " tetrarchj' of Lv- sanias" to Agrippa {A nt. xviii, 6, 10), and that the latter actually gave to him "Abila of Lysani…
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LYSCZYNSKI 590 LYSIAS "when Josephiis says some part of the house or posses- sion of Zemdonis was allotted to Philip, he thereby de- clares that the larger part of it belonged to another. Tliis other was Lysanias, whom Luke mentions" (see also Krebsius, Observat. p. 112). 4. It is not irrelevant to state that other…
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1. A Syrian "nobleman of the blood royal" whom Antiochus Epiphanes, when setting out for Persia, ap- pointed guardian of his son, and regent of tliat part of his kingdom which extended from the Euphrates to the borders of Egypt (1 Mace, iii, 32; 2 Mace, x, 11 ; com- pare Josephus, .4?!/. xii, 7, 2 ; Appian, De rebus Sy…
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Lysons, Daniel, an English divine and writer, eldest son of the Rev. Samuel Lysons, rector of Rod- marton, in Gloucestershire (1804-33), was educated at Gloucester and at St.jNIary's Hall, Oxford, at which uni- versity he attained the degree of jM.A. in 1785. Later he filled the curacy of Putney. He died Jan. 3, 1834. …
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Lytle, David, a minister of the Methodist Episco- pal Church, was born, of Presbyterian parentage, at Sa- lem, N. Y., Oct. 31, 1826, was converted in the Metho- dist Episcopal Church in 1817, joined the Church in 1818, was licensed to preach in 1854, and joined the Troy Conference. He successively preached at Granville…
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MAACAH 593 MAARATH written in the original Maacath (Hebrew Madkafh', TTD'S'O, Sept. Maxa^i,Yn\g. Machati, Auth.Vers. "jNIa- achathites"). The identification of the Chaldee version with the district of Epicairus ('ETriicaipoc), mentioned by Ptolemj' (v, 16, 9) as Ij'ing between Callirrhoe and Livias, as also that of …
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Ma'ai (Heb. Maay', ^^"0, perhaps compassionate ,- Sept. has two names, 'lo^tw, 'Aia, the first syllable of the former being apparently taken from the last of the pre- ceding name Gilalai ; Vulg. Maai), one of the priests appointed to perform the music at the celebration of the completion of the M'alls of Jerusalem afte…
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8. Son of Ithiel and father of Kolaiah, a Benjamite, one of whose descendants resided at Jerusalem after the exile (Neh. xi, 7). B.C. long ante 536. 9. One of the descendants of Judah who resided at Jerusalem after the captivity; he was the son of Ba- ruch, and his genealogy is traced back to one Shiloni (Neh. xi, 5).…
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extant. He now became the general favorite of eccle- siastical students, and soon was brought to the notice also of his sovereign, Louis XIV, who sent him on literary missions, as the result of which we have from him Mu- seum Italicum (1689), a kind of antiquarian itinerary of Italy. Besides descriptions of the towns a…
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Mabon, John Scott, an eminent educator of the (Dutch) Reformed Church, was born in Scotland in 1784 ; came to this country with his parents in 1796 ; gradu- ated with Iiigh honors at Union College (1806), and at the theological seminary in New Brunswick (1812); was tutor in Union College 1814-15 ; rector of the gram- m…
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3. JIacarius of Antioch, a patriarch in the Church of Antioch in the 7th century, is noted for liis avowal, at the third Constantinopolitan Council (A.D. 680-81), of his belief in the doctrine •' that Christ's will was that of a (iod-man (Btcn'cpii;))i')." See IMonothelites. He and his Ibllowers (known as jfaatriinis) …
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I. The Xame. — The original term Maccuhee (Jt Maic- Ka^alor) has been varioush' derived. Some have main- tained that it was derived from the banner of the tribe of Dan, which contained the last letters of the names of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Others imagine that it was formed from the combination of the initial let- …
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MACCABEE 698 MACCABEE dedicated to Olympian Jove, and his altar erected upon the altar of burnt-of!cTin,£C, which the first book of Mac- cabees, apparently quoting Daniel, calls the setting up of the abomination of desolation. When, therefore, Apel- les. the king's ofhcer (Josephus, Ant. xii, G, 2), came to Jlodin t…
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many centuries before as the site of Joshua's great vic- tory over the allied forces of the Canaanites, was des- tined now to -ivitncss a victor}' scarcely less glorious, wrought Ijy a small band of Jews, spent and hungry, against the disciplined troops of Syria. Seron was com- pletely overthrown, and his army scattere…
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Menelaus, the high-priest at this time, had purchased his elevation to that rank by selling the sacred vessels of the Temple. Hoping to serve his own ends, he join- ed himself to the army of Lysias, but was slain bj' com- mand of Antiochus. Onias, the son of the high-priest whom Menelaus had supplanted, fled into Egypt…
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MACCABEE GOO MACCABEE aroused. His friendship for Jonathan, however, was soon at an end, and, contrary to his promises, he threat- ened to make war upon liim unless lie paid the tribute which previous kings had exacted. This menace might have been carried out had not a formidable antagonist at home arisen in the per…
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5. We trace now the fortunes of the next member of the family, John Hyrcams. Having been unani- mously proclaimed high-priest and ruler at Jerusalem, his first step was to march against Jericho, and avenge the death of his father and brothers. Ptolemy held there in his power the mother of Hyrcanus and her sur- viving s…
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G. Aristobulus succeeded his father as high-priest and supreme governor. He was the first, also, after the captivity, who openly assumed the title of king. He threw his mother, who claimed the throne, into prison, and starved her to death. Three of his brothers, also, he held in bonds. Antigonus, the other one, bj' who…
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found, however, a troublesome enemy in Antigonus, the son of Aristobulus, who allied himself with the Parthi- ans, and for a time held Jerusalem and kept Herod in check. At jNIasada, also, a city on the west coast of the Dead Sea, Antigonus was nearly successful, until Herod at last compelled him to raise the siege. He…
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2. The war, thus brought to a noble issue, if less fa- mous, is not less glorious than any of those in which a few brave men have successfully maintained the cause of freedom or religion against overpowering might. The answer of Judas to those who counselled retreat (1 Mace, ix, 10) was as true-hearted as that of Leoni…
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4. The collection of the so-called Psalms of Sohvion furnishes a strong confirmation of the belief that all the canonical Psalms are earlier than the Maccabivan a?ra. This collection, which bears the clearest traces of unity of authorship, is, almost beyond question, a true Jlacca- bsean work. There is every reason to …
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[some] days (1 Mace, i, 60-64). Noiv when they shall fall, they shall be holpen with a little help (1 Mace, i, 28 ; 2 Mace, v, 27 ; Judas Mace, with nine others . . .) ; and many shall cleave to them [the faithful followers of the law] with hypocrisy [dreading the prowess of Judas: 1 Mace, ii, 46, and yet ready to fall…
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8. Little can be said of the condition of literature and the arts which has not been already anticipated. In common intercourse the Jews used the Aramaic dialect which was established after the return : this was " their own language'" (2 Mace, vii, 8, 21, 27 ; xii, 37) ; but it is evident from the narrative quoted that…
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For a table of contemporary Syrian kings, see Axti- ocnus; and for further information, see Milman, Hist, of the Jeics, vol. ii ; Prideaux, Connection, vol. ii (Oxford, MACCABEES, BOOKS OF 60G MACCABEES, BOOKS OF 1838); Ewald, Geschichte des V. Israel, vol. iii, part ii; HerzfeUl, Geschichie d. Volkes Isr.; Kaphall…
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Though the book occupies the first position, it ought, according to the historic order, to be the fourth of Mac- cabees, inasmuch as its narrative commences at a later period than the other three books. Tradition, however, in determining the priority of position, was evidently guided by the age and the intrinsic value …
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Though the strictly historical character of the book precludes any description of the religious and theological notions of the day, so that no mention is made in it of a coming Messiah or a future state, even in the dying speech of Mattathias, wherein he exhorts his sons to sac- rifice their lives for the law of God a…
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As to the Ueh. Mef/illath Aniiochiis (O^I^UiX r35"2) still existing, which was first published in the editions of the Pentateuch of 1491 and 1505 along -with the oth- er MegiUoth ; is given in the Spanish and Italian Kitual for the Festivals (C"iTlTn^) of 1555-50, etc.; is insert- ed, with a Latin translation, in Barto…
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Of commentaries and exegetical helps we specially mention the works of Drusius and Grotius, reprinted in the Crilici Saci-i ; Calmet, Commentaire Literal, etc., vol. viii (Paris, 1724); Michaelis, Deutsche Uebersetzung des 1 Maccab. B.'s 7nit Ainer/d: (Gottingen luid Leipsic, 1778); FAchhorn, Binleit. in die ajwh-yphis…
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III. A iifhor, Bate, and original Language. — The com- piler of this book distinctly declares that the original author of it, or of the " five books" from which he con- densed the narrative before us, was " Jason of Cyreiie" (ii, 23). Herzfeld thinks that this Jason is the same as Jason, the son of Eleazar, whom Judas …
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IV. Historical and Eelifjious Character. — As the avowed design of the book is religio-didactic and parre- netie, the aim of the writer was not to recount a series of dry facts in chronological order, but rather to select such events from the period on which he treats, and ar- range, embellish, and comment upon them in…
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V. Canonicity. — Though portions of this book are in- corporated in the Jewish writings, and foi'm a part of the ritual, viz., the martyrdom of the seven brothers and their mother (ch. vi, 1-42), which is not only men- tioned in the Talmud {Giltiii, 57, b), the Midrash of the ten commandments (ed. Jellinek, JBeth Ha-Mi…
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I. Title and Position. — This book is improperly called the '• third of Maccabees," since it does not at all record the exploits of the Maccabajan heroes, but narrates events of an earlier date. It, however, derives its name from the fact that this appellation, which originally be- longed to Judas, was afterwards used …
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in. Historical Character. — Though the parrenetic de- sign of the book made the writer so modify and embel- lish the facts which he records as to render them most subservient to his object, yet the assertion of Dr. David- son, that " the narrative appears to be nothing but an absurd Jewish fable" (^Introduction to the …
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MACCABEES, BOOKS OF 613 MACCABEES, BOOKS OF book (e. g. i':s beginning with 6 dt ^iXoTrartop, and its reference, in tcov TrpoaTroStSiiyfisvwv, ii,25,to some pas- sage not contained in the present narrative), which has led to the supposition that it is either a mere fragment of a larger work (Ewald, Davidson, etc.), or…
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1. The introduction, comprising ch. i, 1-12, contains the resume of the whole book, and the grand problem for discussion, viz. whether the rational will, permeated and regulated by true piety, has perfect mastery over the passions (on avToSkcsTvoTOQ \_avTOKpaTu)p] tart tCov ttu- Srwv fvffel3riQ XoyiCiioq). 2. The firs…
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V. Versions and Exe;/itical Helps. — The book was translated into SjTiac, the JIS. of which is in tlie Am- brosian Library of MUan ; into Latin, but loosely, by- Erasmus; and again, greatly improved, by Combetis, BibliotheccB Grcecorum patrum auciorium 7iovissimum (pars i, Paris, 1672). This version is in the editions…
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Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.