PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 5
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,342,977 words · 1313 reading sections
Section 721
Louis dying Sept. 1, 1715, was succeeded by his great- grandson, Louis XV. His son the dauphin and his eldest grandson died at an earlier period. Some of his children, the fruit of an adulterous connection with Madame de Montespan, were legitimized during his lifetime, but the act was aimulled after his death. In regar…
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de St. 3faur; D. Clemencet, Preface de V Edition des (Euv7-es du St. GTegoire de Xazianze ; B. Hareau, Hist. Litter, du Maine, ii, 175 ; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, xxxii, 28 sq. Love (prop. n^rtS;, ajuini) is an attachment of the affections to any oljjcct, accompanied with an ar- dent desire to promote its happines…
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The New Covenant is therefore the full revelation of the spirit and object of the divine love. The incarna- tion of the Son of God is the revelation of God himself, and leads to his self-impartation by the Holy Spirit. Hence the eternal love discloses itself as being, in its inner nature, the love of the Father for the…
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Love also derives a special determination from the personality, the spiritual and essential organization of the one who loves, and also his particular position. It manifests itself in friendship as a powerful attraction, a hearty sympathy of feelings, a strong desire for being together and enjoying a communion of thoug…
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Love - feast. In the article Agape (q. v.) the subject has been treated so far as it relates to an in- stitution in the early Church. It remains for us here only to speak of the love-feast as observed in some Prot- estant churches, especially the Methodist connection. In a strictly primitive form, the love-feast is obs…
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Lovejoy, O'wen, a Congregational minister, broth- er of the preceding, was born at Albion, Maine, in 1811. From 1836 to 185-1: he was minister in charge of a Con- gregational Church at Princeton, 111. He was elected a member of Congress by the Repubhcans of the third district of lUinois in 1856 ; was re-elected in 1858…
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Biblical LiteratU)-e, s. v. ; Griitz, Gesch. der Jnden, xi, 131 sq. Lowell, Charles, D.D., a Unitarian Congregation- al minister of note, son of judge John Lowell, to whom Massachusetts is indebted for the clause in her Consti- tution which abolished slavery, was born in Boston Aug. 15, 1782, and was educated first at…
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Lowrie, John Marshall, D.D., a Presbyterian divine, was born in Pittsburg, Pa., July 16, 1817, and | was educated for two years in Jefferson College, Can- onsburg. Pa., and afterwards at Lafaj'ette College, Eas- ton, Pa. (class of 1840); and then at the Theological Seminary at Princeton, N. J. (class of 1842). In AprO,…
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LOWTH 534 LOYOLA edit, 1842, 8vo). This elegant and beautifid version of the evangelical ])rophet, of which learned men in ever\' part of Europe have been unanimous in their eidogiums, and' which is alone sufficient to transmit his name to posterity, aimed " not only to give an exact and faithful representation of t…
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Loyola, Ignatius of, St., or, with his full Spanish name, Don Inigo Lopez de Recalde, the founder of the Jesuits, was born in 1491, in the Castle of Loyola, which was situateil not far from Azpeytia, in the Spanish prov- ince of (Juipuscoa. lie was the youngest of the eleven children of Don Bertand, Sefior d'Aguez y de…
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After passing ten months in JManresa, Ignatius, in Jan- uary, 1523, embarked at Barcelona for the Holy Land. He spent a few days in Eome, then went to Venice, where he embarked for Jerusalem on July 14, and arrived there on September 4. It was his wish to re- main here, in order to labor for the conversion of the peopl…
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of his failing health, he appointed father Nadal his as- sistant. During the following spring he believed him- self to have sulticiently recovered to do without this support, but during the summer of 155G his health broke entirely down, and he died on July 31, 1556. The only three wishes which he professed to have, the…
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were doubtless the Lubim and kindred tribes, particularly the ]Mashawasha-u and Tahen-nu of the Egj'ptian mon- uments, all of whom appear to have ultimately taken their common name of Libyans from the Lubim. They seem to have been first reduced by the Egyptians about B.C. 1250, and to have afterwards been driven inland…
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Lucas DE TuY (or Tudensis), a Spanish theologian and writer, was born at Leon, where he became canon of St. Isidore, and was afterwards appointed deacon of Tuy, in GaUicia. In 1227 he made a journey to Jeru- salem, saw pope Gregory IX in Italy, and also the gen- eral of the Order of Franciscans. He was appointed bishop…
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Lucernariuni (Xvxi'ni^i'a), a name given to the evening service of the ancient Church, because ere it began it was usually dusk, and the place had to be lighted up with lamps. See Bingham, Antiqu. Chris- tian Church, bk. xiii, ch. ix, § 7. See Hours ; Vesi>ers. Lucia, St., a Roman Catholic saint of the 3d or the begin…
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great comic poet, he had recourse to raillery and satire to accomplish the great objects he had in view. His study was human character in all its varieties, and the times in which he lived furnished ample materials for his observation. INIany of his picttures, though drawn from the circumstances of his own days, arc tr…
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X.ia J) "Hprt/cXJ/e, Hercules Gallicus; Tlioi rov ijX'iKTQov t) TMV KVKi'wi', l)e Electro sen Cy'jnv< ; Yltpi rod o'Ikoi', JJe Doviui ; lln/i Tuiv SiipdSijJi', JJe DipsacUbus ; Tvpciv- voKTOVog, Ti/rannicida (perhaps spurious) ; 'A7rofo;piir- ro/iivog, Abdicatus (attributed sometimes to Libanius); ^dXapii; vrpoiTog Kai…
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LUCIAN 541 LUCIAN^ Contemplanteg, is a very elegant dialogue, but of a graver turn than the preceding ; it is a picture of the smallness of mankind when viewed from a philosophic as well as a physical height. The KaTcnzXovq )) TvpavvoQ, Kataplus sice Tyrannus, is, in fact, a dialogue of the dead. "OvtipoQ i] 'AXtKrp…
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Lucian has been translated into most of the European languages. In French the best editions are by Belin de Ballu in 1788 (6 vols. 8vo), and by Eugene Ta'lbot (Par. 1857, 2 vols. 18mo). Among the English versions may be named one by several parties, including W. Moyle, Sir H. Shere, and Charles Blount (Lond. 1711). It …
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There have been three other persons of the name of Lucian connected witli the history of the Churcli : one suffered martyrdom in 250; the second was the first bish(jp of Beauvais ; and the third wrote, about 415. a letter on the whereabouts of the body of St. Stephen. See, besides the authorities already quoted, Tillem…
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Lucifer, bishop of Cagliari, in Sardinia, sumamed Calaritanus, a noted character in ecclesiastical history, the founder of an independent sect known as Lucife- rians, flourished about the midcUe of the 4th centurj-. At the Council of M'dan, held in 354, he appeared as , joint legate with Eusebius of Vercelli from pope …
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The imperfect transcription of the name has led to the identification of Lucius with three distinct persons : (1.) [Lucius] Furius Philus (the lists, Clinton, Fasti Hdl. iii, 114, give P. Furius Philus), who was not consul till B.C. 136, and is therefore at once excluded. (2.) Lucius Caecilius Metellus Calvus, who was …
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In the Apostolical Constitutions, vii, 46, it is stated that Paul consecrated Lucius bishop of Cenchrea?, which is probably a mere inference from the supposition that the epistle to the Romans was written from that Corin- thian port. Different traditions make Lucius the first bishop of Cyrene and of Laodicea, in Syria.…
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Luck, JoiiANN Philipp, a German theologian, was born at Erbach Aug. 28, 1728. In 1745 he entered the University of Jena. In 1750 he became preacher at Giitterbach; two years later, town -pastor at Michel- stadt ; in 1757, assessor of the Consistory ; two years af- terwards, counsellor of the same; and in 1781 was ap- p…
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Lucopetrians is the name given to a sect of fa- natics and ascetics who believed in a double Trinity, rejected marriage, scorned all external forms of worship, and adopted absurdly allegorical interpretations of Scrip- ture. They were believed to have had as their founder an ecclesiastic by the name of Lucopetrus, but …
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Ludamilia, Elisabeth von Schwahzburg Ru- dolkstadt, a noted female hymnist of German)-, was born April 7, 1640, and died March 12, 1672. She wrote 215 hymns, many of which are the pearls of (Jermaa sacred song. They were published entire in 1687, un- der the title LJie Stimme der Freundin (new edit. 1868). See her biog…
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There can be no doubt that but one nation is intended in these passages, and it seems that thus far the prepon- derance of evidence is in Aivor of the Mizraitish Ludim. There are no indications in the Bible known to be posi- tive of mercenary or allied troops in the Egyptian ar- mies, except of Africans, and perhaps of…
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every respect Dr. Ludlow was " a mighty man," physi- cally, mentally, spiritually ; as a theologian, a preacher, and a leader of men. He was fidl of power. His intellect was like his bodily frame, massive, compact, and vigorous. His will and las emotional nature were equally strong. His spirit and labors in the pulpit,…
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Luhith, " as a Hebrew word, signifies ' made of boards or posts' (Gesenius, Thesaurus, p. 748) ; but why assume that a Moabitish spot should have a Hebrew name ? By the Syriac interpreters it is rendered ' paved with flag- stones' (Eichhorn, All//. Eihliothek, i, 845, 872). In the Targums {Pseudojon. and Jerus. on Numb…
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LUITPRAND 550 LUKE nistoria Longohardorum ; Anastasius,T'7te Ponfif.; Mu- ratori, Annales Script. Itul. ; lioefcr, Xouv. Hioff, Gener. vol. xxxii; Keichel, See oj' Rome in the Middle Ages, p. bi. sq. ; Milman, Hist. Lat. Christ, ii, 374 sq. (J. H.W.) Luitprand, or Liutprand, a distinguished Italian historian, is su…
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II. Scripture History. — All that can be with certainty known of Luke must be gathered from the Acts of the Apostles and the Epistles of Paul. The result is but scanty. He was not born a Jew, for he is not reckoned among them " of the circumcision" by Paul (comp. Col. iv, 11 with ver. 14). If this be not thought conclu…
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III. Tradiiionary Notices. — The above sums up all we really know about Luke ; but, as is often the case, in pro- portion to the scantiness of authentic information is the copiousness of tradition, increasing in definiteness, be it remarked, as it advances. His Gentile descent being taken for granted, his birthplace wa…
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Additional evidence of the early acceptance of Luke's Gospel may be derived from the qucestio vexata of its relation to the Gospel of iMarcion. This is not the place to discuss this subject, which has led critics to the most opposite conclusions, for a full account of which the read- er may be referred to De '\^'ette, …
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Notwithstanding tlie almost unanimous consent of the fathers as to the Pauline origin of Luke's Gospel (TertuU. adv. Marc, iv, 5, " Lucre digestum Paulo ad- scribere solent ;'' Irenajus, Cont. llcer. iii, 1 ; Origen apud Euseb. Hist. Eccl. vi, 25; Euseb. Hist. Eccl. iii, 4; Je- rome, De Vir. Illust. 7), there is Uttle …
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It has been remarked that there is nothing in which Luke is more characteristically distinguisheil from both the evangelists than in his selection of our Lord's para- bles. There are no less than eleven quite peculiar to him: (1.) The two debtors; (2.) (iood Samaritan; (3.) Friend at miihiight; (4.) Kich fool; (5.) Bar…
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The chief characteristic of Luke's Gospel which dis- tinguishes it from those of the other synoptists, espe- cially Matthew, is its universality. The message he delivers is not, as it has sometimes been mistakenly de- scribed, for the Gentiles as such, as distinguished from the Jews, but for mm. As we read his record, …
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To turn from the internal to the external character- istics of Luke's Gospel, these we shaU find no less mark- ed and distinct. His narrative is, as he promised it should be, an orderly one (/ca3-f5/)f, i,3) ; but the order is one rather of subject than of time. As to the other synoptists, though maintaining the princi…
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The Hebraistic character is more perceptible in the hymns and speeches incorporated by him than in the narrative itself. The following are some of the chief Hebraisms that have been noticed: (1.) the very fre- quent use of tyivtTo in a new subject, especially tyn'fro iv T(^, with the accusative and infinitive, correspo…
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On comparing the Gospel with the Acts, it is found that the style of the latter is more pure and free from Hebrew idioms, and the st3'le of the later portion of the Acts is more pure than that of the former. Where Luke used the materials he derived from others, oral or writ- ten, or both, his style reflects the Hebrew …
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VIII. Eor ichom written. — On this point we have cer- tain evidence. Luke himself tells us that the object he had in view in compiling his gospel was that a certain Theophilus " might know the certainty of those things wherein he had been (orally) instructed." Nothing more is known of this Theophilus, and it is idle to…
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conf. Marc, iv, 7.) But any objection founded on this would apply to the third chapter as well ; and the his- tory of our Lord's childhood seems to have been known to and quoted by Justin Martyr (see Apology, i, § 33, and an allusion. Dial, cum Tryph. 100) about the time of Marcion. There is therefore no real gromid fo…
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mia, and studied at the Universitj' of Prague, where he attained to the degree of A.B. A member of the Utra- quist, or National Church, he quitted Prague in conse- (luoncc of dilHcuhies with the Koman Catholics, sought out the Brethren, whose simple faith and stanch con- fession of it attracted him, and joined their co…
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Lully (Lull or Lulle), Raymond, surnamed the Doctor 1 lluminatus, an eminent Spanish philosopher and theologian, was born at Palma, on the island of Bla- jorci, about 1234. In early life he followed his paternal profession of arms, and abandoned himself to all the license of a soldier's life. Even when married he con- …
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Lully appears to have been in many points in ad- vance of his contemporaries. Although at the time of his conversion he incUned to a life of asceticism, he af- terwards declared himself strongly against the monastic spirit of his age. He deplored it as a great evil that pious monks retired into solitudes, instead of gi…
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Lump (nban, debeluh'), a round mass of any sub- stance pressed together, specially of dried figs (2 Kings XX, 7; Isa. xxxviii, 21; "cake," 1 Sam. xxv, 18; xxx, 12 ; 1 Chron. xii, 40). The Greeks adopted the Heb. term in a softened form, TraXa^t], which the Sept. uses. This was the usual shape in which tigs were preserv…
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Lunsfoi'd, Lewis, a Baptist preacher, bom in Strat- ford Co., Va., in 1753, began to preach when seventeen at the Potomac (now Hartwood) Church. Later he travelled in Westmoreland, Northumberland, Lancaster, and all the counties of the northern Virginia Neck, and several churches sprang up as the fruit of his toil ; am…
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Lupus, Christian. See Wolf. «. Lupus, Servatus, or Loup de Ferrikres, a French ecclesiastical writer, was bom in the neighbor- hood of Sens about the year 805; studied at the abbey of Ferrieres, and afterwards at Fulda, under the cele- brated Rabanus Maurus. Eginhard instmcted him in the classics. In 836 he returned t…
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false witness, blasphemies." In Rom. i, 24 : " Wherefore God also gave them up to uncleanness, through the lusts of their own hearts;" and ver. 26, it is not God who awakened the lusts, but man, who had withdrawn from God, and made gods unto himself to worsliiii. In view of its tinal object, this estrangement from (Jod…
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Lustration, a formal anil public application of water in token of consecration or expiation. Such acts were prevalent not only among heathen nations, more especially those of the southern climates, such as the Indians, Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans (compare Wet- stein, Nov. Test. Evanrj. Matth. iii, 6), but also among …
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Luther grew up under pious but rigorous discipline. His father was characterized by severity, tempered with great honesty and clearness of judgment. Luther's mother was a woman of earnest piety, which, however, had also a tinge of harshness, Luther went to school at Magdeburg in 1497, in 1498 to Eisenach, and in 1501 h…
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livered his earliest theological lectures, were the Psalms and the E)iistle to the Bomans. The kctures rested upon a study of the Vulgate and of the fathers. Philos- ophy he still jirized, but most of all as a handmaid to true theology, which, he says, " searches for the kernel of the iiut, the marrow of the fruit." A…
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III. First Mofements as a Reformer (Oct. 31, 1517- May 4, 1521). — On the 31st of October, 1517, at midday, Luther affixed to the castle church at Wittenberg nine- ty-live theses, wliich lie proposed to defend at the uni- versity, completely denying the position on which Tet- zel rested the merits of indulgences. lie d…
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While the elector, in the interest of the university, protected Luther, Rome avoided coming to the last ex- tremity. As early as Feb., 1518, the pope had instructed the general of the Augustinian Order, Gabriel Venetus, to turn Luther from the path he \vas following. As this measure failed of success, Luther had been c…
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test the question. If reconciliation were to be had at all, the sermon "Of the Freedom of a Christian Man" (Wittenb. 1520) breathed the very spirit in which alone it was possible. It is " pleasant, without polemics, fuU of devoutness, and of the overwhelming might of love to God and love to man. In it the reformatory p…
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V. The Wartbiirr/ Exile and the Return (May 5, 1521- 1522). — On Luther's return from Worms the imperial herald accompanied him to the border of Hesse. At this point Luther, with no companion but Amsdorf, turned his face towards jMiJhra, to visit his grandmother. At Altenstein, May 4, in the Thuringian Forest, he was s…
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LUTHER 568 LUTHER (Lutheran) princes declined to participate in the coun- cil. Jlelancthon in 1545 prepared the "Wittenberg Reform, the sketch of a plan of iininn. To this Luther gave his subscription, but shortly afterivards published his book Af/(ii>ist the Papacy at Rome, founded by the Devil, one of the very ti…
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Luther had six children : 1. John, born June 7, 1526, was a jurist in Konigsberg, and died there Octobf r 28, 1575. Some of his descendants were found in Bohemia m 1830 in a state of poverty. 2. Elizabeth, born Dec. 10,1527; died Aug. 3, 1528. ^3. Madeleine (Magdalene), born May 4, 1529 ; died Oct. 20, 1542. 4. Martin,…
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tumn, careless of consistency with its first buddings in the cold rains of Jlarch. That Luther was unselfish, earnest, honest, inflexibly brave in danger, full of ten- derness and humanity, the ideal of Germanic strength and of Germanic goodness ; that he was one of the great creative spirits of the race, mighty in wor…
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Those who do not sympathize with his conservatism yet admit that Luther's personal religious character was deep and consistent, and that in the sphere of conscience, and \vhere he stands on the verities of his own internal experience, he is the unshakable reformer. But it is said by these objectors that where his own i…
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XIII. Polemics and Irenics. — Inflexilile in his opposi- tion to Rome, he yet showed himself solicitous to pre- serve peace while peace was possible. Very gradually and very cautiously he declared himself for the right of armed resistance, when, in the conscientious judgment of men learned in the law, the nature of the…
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Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.